The sluggish kinetics of complicated multiphase conversions and the severe shuttling effect of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)significantly hinder the applications of Li-S battery,which is one of the most promising candid...The sluggish kinetics of complicated multiphase conversions and the severe shuttling effect of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)significantly hinder the applications of Li-S battery,which is one of the most promising candidates for the next-generation energy storage system.Herein,a bifunctional electrocatalyst,indium phthalocyanine self-assembled with carbon nanotubes(InPc@CNT)composite material,is proposed to promote the conversion kinetics of both reduction and oxidation processes,demonstrating a bidirectional catalytic effect on both nucleation and dissolution of Li_(2)S species.The theoretical calculation shows that the unique electronic configuration of InPc@CNT is conducive to trapping soluble polysulfides in the reduction process,as well as the modulation of electron transfer dynamics also endows the dissolution of Li_(2)S in the oxidation reaction,which will accelerate the effectiveness of catalytic conversion and facilitate sulfur utilization.Moreover,the InPc@CNT modified separator displays lower overpotential for polysulfide transformation,alleviating polarization of electrode during cycling.The integrated spectroscopy analysis,HRTEM,and electrochemical study reveal that the InPc@CNT acts as an efficient multifunctional catalytic center to satisfy the requirements of accelerating charging and discharging processes.Therefore,the Li-S battery with InPc@CNT-modified separator obtains a discharge-specific capacity of 1415 mAh g^(-1)at a high rate of 0.5 C.Additionally,the 2 Ah Li-S pouch cells deliver 315 Wh kg^(-1)and achieved 80%capacity retention after 50 cycles at 0.1 C with a high sulfur loading of 10 mg cm^(-2).Our study provides a practical method to introduce bifunctional electrocatalysts for boosting the electrochemical properties of Li-S batteries.展开更多
The effects of various contaminants in the electrolytic refinement of indium were investigated using a glow discharge mass spectrometer(GDMS).The effects of several factors such as the indium ion(In3+)concentration,th...The effects of various contaminants in the electrolytic refinement of indium were investigated using a glow discharge mass spectrometer(GDMS).The effects of several factors such as the indium ion(In3+)concentration,the sodium chloride(NaCl)concentration,the current density,the gelatin concentration,the pH,and the electrode distance,were examined.Significant variations in impurity levels concerning gelatin concentration were observed.Both the gelatin and In3+concentration were moderately positively correlated with the Pb content.The Sb concentration was associated positively with the NaCl concentration,while the Ti concentration had an adverse correlation with the NaCl concentration.The Bi element content was positively linked to the electrode distance.As the current density increased,Cu,Pb,and Bi impurities initially rose and then eventually declined.Notably,a critical current density of 45 A·m^(-2) was identified in this behavior.展开更多
The hydrothermal synthesis of In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2)–In_(2)O_(3)is investigated as well as the properties of sensor layers based on these compounds.During the synthesis of In_(2)O_(3),intermediate products In(OH)_(3)...The hydrothermal synthesis of In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2)–In_(2)O_(3)is investigated as well as the properties of sensor layers based on these compounds.During the synthesis of In_(2)O_(3),intermediate products In(OH)_(3)and InOOH are formed,which are the precursors of stable cubic(c-In_(2)O_(3))and metastable rhombohedral(rh-In_(2)O_(3))phases,respectively.A transition from c-In_(2)O_(3)to rh-In_(2)O_(3)is observed with the addition of CeO_(2).The introduction of cerium into rh-In_(2)O_(3)results in a decrease in the sensor response to hydrogen,while it increases in composites based on c-In_(2)O_(3).The data on the sensor activity of the composites correlate with XPS results in which CeO_(2)causes a decrease in the concentrations of chemisorbed oxygen and oxygen vacancies in rh-In_(2)O_(3).The reverse situation is observed in composites based on c-In_(2)O_(3).Compared to In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2)–In_(2)O_(3)obtained by other methods,the synthesized composites demonstrate maximum response to H_(2)at low temperatures by 70–100℃,and have short response time(0.2–0.5 s),short recovery time(6–7 s),and long-term stability.A model is proposed for the dependence of sensitivity on the direction of electron transfer between In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2).展开更多
The soil chemistry of gallium, indium, and thallium is not well defined, particularly with emerging evidence that these elements have toxic properties and may influence food safety. The purpose of this investigation w...The soil chemistry of gallium, indium, and thallium is not well defined, particularly with emerging evidence that these elements have toxic properties and may influence food safety. The purpose of this investigation was to estimate the soil concentrations of gallium, indium, and thallium and determine if these elements have a soil chemistry like aluminum and therefore demonstrate significant concentration correlations with aluminum. Twenty-seven soil series were selected, and the elemental concentrations were determined using aqua regia digestion with analytical determination performed using inductively coupled plasma emission-mass spectroscopy. The concentrations of gallium, indium, and thallium generally compared with the known literature. Aluminum-gallium and aluminum-thallium exhibited significant concentration correlations across the soil horizons of the sampled soils. Aluminum, gallium, and thallium did demonstrate concentration increases in soil horizons having illuviation of phyllosilicates, implying these phyllosilicates have adsorption and isomorphic substitution behaviors involving these elements.展开更多
High energy density Li-CO_(2)batteries have attracted much attention owing to the"two birds with one stone"feature in fixing greenhouse gas CO_(2)and providing renewable energy.However,poor reversibility of ...High energy density Li-CO_(2)batteries have attracted much attention owing to the"two birds with one stone"feature in fixing greenhouse gas CO_(2)and providing renewable energy.However,poor reversibility of the discharge product Li_(2)CO_(3)is one of the main problems that limit its application,resulting in poor cycling stability and severe polarization.Herein,copper indium sulfide(CIS),a semiconducting non-precious metal sulfide,is fabricated as cathode catalysts for high-performance Li-CO_(2)batteries.Combined with the synergistic effect of bimetallic valence bonding and coordinated electron transfer,Li-CO_(2)batteries using CIS cathodes exhibit high full specific discharge capacity,excellent rate capability and cycle stability,namely it delivers a high specific full discharge capacity of 8878μAh cm^(-2),runs steadily from 10 to 100μA cm^(-2),and performs a stable long-term cycling behavior(>1050 h)under a high energy efficiency of 84%and a low charge voltage of approximately 3.4 V at 20μA cm^(-2)within 100μAh cm^(-2).In addition,a flexible Li-CO_(2)pouch cell is constructed to reveal the potential of employing CIS to fabricate flexible high energy storage devices in practical applications.This work shows a promising development pathway toward next-generation sustainable energy storage devices.展开更多
The Dulong deposit,located in the Laojunshan area of southeastern Yunnan,China,is an important polymetallic deposit due to its high reserves of tin,zinc,and indium.The occurrence state of indium is critical for unders...The Dulong deposit,located in the Laojunshan area of southeastern Yunnan,China,is an important polymetallic deposit due to its high reserves of tin,zinc,and indium.The occurrence state of indium is critical for understanding its supernormal enrichment mechanism.Previous studies investigated the occurrence state of indium(including the valence state)based on the indium content in sphalerite and the correlation between metal concentrations.However,more evidence is needed to better constrain indium occurrence at the micro-,nano-,or even atomic scale.In this study,EPMA-FIB-SEM-TEM and XPS techniques were employed to investigate the indium distribution characteristics and occurrence state in sphalerite from the Dulong Sn–Zn–In polymetallic deposit.The maximum concentration of indium in the indium-rich sphalerite samples is 0.37%,and the results of the EPMA analysis showed a relatively homogeneous distribution of indium in sphalerite.The FIB-SEM-TEM results demonstrated that the lattice stripes of sphalerite were periodically and continuously distributed at the nanoscale,confirming that sphalerite in the deposit was an excellent single crystal structure,and the peak heights of the various characteristic peaks of indium in the EDX spectra were relatively close to each other,with no distinct peaks of high indium content.In addition,the XPS results indicate that the element valence state of indium in sphalerite is In^(3+),and it combines with S^(2-)to form a bond.These results indicate that indium in sphalerite of the Dulong deposit is uniformly distributed at both the micro-and nanoscale,and there is no indium-independent mineral.In^(3+)enters the crystal lattice of sphalerite by replacing Zn2+in the form of isomorphic substitution.展开更多
Zinc ferrite is the principal constituent in zinc neutral-leach residue（NLR） which is commonly treated by hot-acid leaching in electrolytic zinc plants. Reductive leaching of zinc ferrite with sphalerite concentrate...Zinc ferrite is the principal constituent in zinc neutral-leach residue（NLR） which is commonly treated by hot-acid leaching in electrolytic zinc plants. Reductive leaching of zinc ferrite with sphalerite concentrate as a reducing agent was performed. It was found that leaching of zinc ferrite in the presence of sphalerit concentrate was a viable process that effectively extracted zinc and indium and converted Fe^3＋ into Fe^2＋ at the same time. Reflux leaching tests by two stages were performed to achieve extractions of 98.1% for zinc and 97.5% for indium, and a Fe^2＋/Fe^3＋ molar ratio of 9.6 in leach solution was also obtained. The leaching behaviors of other elements, such as iron, copper and tin were also studied. The results showed that iron and copper were completely leached, whereas tin presented lower extraction values.展开更多
The optimized leaching techniques were studied by technical experiment and neural network optimization for improving indium leaching rate. Firstly, effect of single technical parameter on leaching rate was investigate...The optimized leaching techniques were studied by technical experiment and neural network optimization for improving indium leaching rate. Firstly, effect of single technical parameter on leaching rate was investigated experimentally with other parameters fixed as constants. The results show that increasing residual acidity can improve leaching rate of indium. Increasing the oxidant content can obviously increase leaching rate but the further addition of oxidant could not improve the leaching rate. The enhancement of temperature can improve the leaching rate while the further enhancement of temperature decreases it. Extension leaching time can improve the leaching rate. On this basis, a BPNN model was established to study the effects of multi-parameters on leaching rate. The results show that the relative error is extremely small, thus the BPNN model has a high prediction precision. At last, optimized technical parameters which can yield high leaching rate of 99.5%were obtained by experimental and BPNN studies：residual acidity 50-60 g/L, oxidant addition content 10%, leaching temperature 70 ℃ and leaching time 2 h.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21935006).
文摘The sluggish kinetics of complicated multiphase conversions and the severe shuttling effect of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)significantly hinder the applications of Li-S battery,which is one of the most promising candidates for the next-generation energy storage system.Herein,a bifunctional electrocatalyst,indium phthalocyanine self-assembled with carbon nanotubes(InPc@CNT)composite material,is proposed to promote the conversion kinetics of both reduction and oxidation processes,demonstrating a bidirectional catalytic effect on both nucleation and dissolution of Li_(2)S species.The theoretical calculation shows that the unique electronic configuration of InPc@CNT is conducive to trapping soluble polysulfides in the reduction process,as well as the modulation of electron transfer dynamics also endows the dissolution of Li_(2)S in the oxidation reaction,which will accelerate the effectiveness of catalytic conversion and facilitate sulfur utilization.Moreover,the InPc@CNT modified separator displays lower overpotential for polysulfide transformation,alleviating polarization of electrode during cycling.The integrated spectroscopy analysis,HRTEM,and electrochemical study reveal that the InPc@CNT acts as an efficient multifunctional catalytic center to satisfy the requirements of accelerating charging and discharging processes.Therefore,the Li-S battery with InPc@CNT-modified separator obtains a discharge-specific capacity of 1415 mAh g^(-1)at a high rate of 0.5 C.Additionally,the 2 Ah Li-S pouch cells deliver 315 Wh kg^(-1)and achieved 80%capacity retention after 50 cycles at 0.1 C with a high sulfur loading of 10 mg cm^(-2).Our study provides a practical method to introduce bifunctional electrocatalysts for boosting the electrochemical properties of Li-S batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52074180)the Science and Technology Major Project of Yunnan Province(202302AB080020)+2 种基金the Independent Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy,Shanghai University(SKLASS 2023-Z07)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(19DZ2270200)the Program for Professor of Special Appointment(Eastern Scholar)at SIHL,Shanghai Sailing Program(19YF1416500).
文摘The effects of various contaminants in the electrolytic refinement of indium were investigated using a glow discharge mass spectrometer(GDMS).The effects of several factors such as the indium ion(In3+)concentration,the sodium chloride(NaCl)concentration,the current density,the gelatin concentration,the pH,and the electrode distance,were examined.Significant variations in impurity levels concerning gelatin concentration were observed.Both the gelatin and In3+concentration were moderately positively correlated with the Pb content.The Sb concentration was associated positively with the NaCl concentration,while the Ti concentration had an adverse correlation with the NaCl concentration.The Bi element content was positively linked to the electrode distance.As the current density increased,Cu,Pb,and Bi impurities initially rose and then eventually declined.Notably,a critical current density of 45 A·m^(-2) was identified in this behavior.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation(grant No.22-19-00037),https://rscf.ru/project/22-19-00037/.
文摘The hydrothermal synthesis of In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2)–In_(2)O_(3)is investigated as well as the properties of sensor layers based on these compounds.During the synthesis of In_(2)O_(3),intermediate products In(OH)_(3)and InOOH are formed,which are the precursors of stable cubic(c-In_(2)O_(3))and metastable rhombohedral(rh-In_(2)O_(3))phases,respectively.A transition from c-In_(2)O_(3)to rh-In_(2)O_(3)is observed with the addition of CeO_(2).The introduction of cerium into rh-In_(2)O_(3)results in a decrease in the sensor response to hydrogen,while it increases in composites based on c-In_(2)O_(3).The data on the sensor activity of the composites correlate with XPS results in which CeO_(2)causes a decrease in the concentrations of chemisorbed oxygen and oxygen vacancies in rh-In_(2)O_(3).The reverse situation is observed in composites based on c-In_(2)O_(3).Compared to In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2)–In_(2)O_(3)obtained by other methods,the synthesized composites demonstrate maximum response to H_(2)at low temperatures by 70–100℃,and have short response time(0.2–0.5 s),short recovery time(6–7 s),and long-term stability.A model is proposed for the dependence of sensitivity on the direction of electron transfer between In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2).
文摘The soil chemistry of gallium, indium, and thallium is not well defined, particularly with emerging evidence that these elements have toxic properties and may influence food safety. The purpose of this investigation was to estimate the soil concentrations of gallium, indium, and thallium and determine if these elements have a soil chemistry like aluminum and therefore demonstrate significant concentration correlations with aluminum. Twenty-seven soil series were selected, and the elemental concentrations were determined using aqua regia digestion with analytical determination performed using inductively coupled plasma emission-mass spectroscopy. The concentrations of gallium, indium, and thallium generally compared with the known literature. Aluminum-gallium and aluminum-thallium exhibited significant concentration correlations across the soil horizons of the sampled soils. Aluminum, gallium, and thallium did demonstrate concentration increases in soil horizons having illuviation of phyllosilicates, implying these phyllosilicates have adsorption and isomorphic substitution behaviors involving these elements.
基金supports by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52072352,21875226,U20A2072,52102320)the Foundation for the Youth S&T Innovation Team of Sichuan Province(2020JDTD0035)+1 种基金Tianfu Rencai Plan,the Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Sichuan Province(2017JQ0036)the Chengdu Talent plan,Science and Technology Projects for Administration for Market Regulation of Sichuan Province(SCSJ2020016).
文摘High energy density Li-CO_(2)batteries have attracted much attention owing to the"two birds with one stone"feature in fixing greenhouse gas CO_(2)and providing renewable energy.However,poor reversibility of the discharge product Li_(2)CO_(3)is one of the main problems that limit its application,resulting in poor cycling stability and severe polarization.Herein,copper indium sulfide(CIS),a semiconducting non-precious metal sulfide,is fabricated as cathode catalysts for high-performance Li-CO_(2)batteries.Combined with the synergistic effect of bimetallic valence bonding and coordinated electron transfer,Li-CO_(2)batteries using CIS cathodes exhibit high full specific discharge capacity,excellent rate capability and cycle stability,namely it delivers a high specific full discharge capacity of 8878μAh cm^(-2),runs steadily from 10 to 100μA cm^(-2),and performs a stable long-term cycling behavior(>1050 h)under a high energy efficiency of 84%and a low charge voltage of approximately 3.4 V at 20μA cm^(-2)within 100μAh cm^(-2).In addition,a flexible Li-CO_(2)pouch cell is constructed to reveal the potential of employing CIS to fabricate flexible high energy storage devices in practical applications.This work shows a promising development pathway toward next-generation sustainable energy storage devices.
基金financially supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(42072094,42162012)。
文摘The Dulong deposit,located in the Laojunshan area of southeastern Yunnan,China,is an important polymetallic deposit due to its high reserves of tin,zinc,and indium.The occurrence state of indium is critical for understanding its supernormal enrichment mechanism.Previous studies investigated the occurrence state of indium(including the valence state)based on the indium content in sphalerite and the correlation between metal concentrations.However,more evidence is needed to better constrain indium occurrence at the micro-,nano-,or even atomic scale.In this study,EPMA-FIB-SEM-TEM and XPS techniques were employed to investigate the indium distribution characteristics and occurrence state in sphalerite from the Dulong Sn–Zn–In polymetallic deposit.The maximum concentration of indium in the indium-rich sphalerite samples is 0.37%,and the results of the EPMA analysis showed a relatively homogeneous distribution of indium in sphalerite.The FIB-SEM-TEM results demonstrated that the lattice stripes of sphalerite were periodically and continuously distributed at the nanoscale,confirming that sphalerite in the deposit was an excellent single crystal structure,and the peak heights of the various characteristic peaks of indium in the EDX spectra were relatively close to each other,with no distinct peaks of high indium content.In addition,the XPS results indicate that the element valence state of indium in sphalerite is In^(3+),and it combines with S^(2-)to form a bond.These results indicate that indium in sphalerite of the Dulong deposit is uniformly distributed at both the micro-and nanoscale,and there is no indium-independent mineral.In^(3+)enters the crystal lattice of sphalerite by replacing Zn2+in the form of isomorphic substitution.
基金Project(2014CB643404)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProjects(51564030,51474117,51304093,51364022)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+1 种基金Project(0120150070)supported by Yunnan Applied Basic Reach Project,ChinaProject(ZD2014003)supported by the Education Department of Yunnan Province,China
文摘Zinc ferrite is the principal constituent in zinc neutral-leach residue（NLR） which is commonly treated by hot-acid leaching in electrolytic zinc plants. Reductive leaching of zinc ferrite with sphalerite concentrate as a reducing agent was performed. It was found that leaching of zinc ferrite in the presence of sphalerit concentrate was a viable process that effectively extracted zinc and indium and converted Fe^3＋ into Fe^2＋ at the same time. Reflux leaching tests by two stages were performed to achieve extractions of 98.1% for zinc and 97.5% for indium, and a Fe^2＋/Fe^3＋ molar ratio of 9.6 in leach solution was also obtained. The leaching behaviors of other elements, such as iron, copper and tin were also studied. The results showed that iron and copper were completely leached, whereas tin presented lower extraction values.
基金Project(2012BAE06B01)supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China
文摘The optimized leaching techniques were studied by technical experiment and neural network optimization for improving indium leaching rate. Firstly, effect of single technical parameter on leaching rate was investigated experimentally with other parameters fixed as constants. The results show that increasing residual acidity can improve leaching rate of indium. Increasing the oxidant content can obviously increase leaching rate but the further addition of oxidant could not improve the leaching rate. The enhancement of temperature can improve the leaching rate while the further enhancement of temperature decreases it. Extension leaching time can improve the leaching rate. On this basis, a BPNN model was established to study the effects of multi-parameters on leaching rate. The results show that the relative error is extremely small, thus the BPNN model has a high prediction precision. At last, optimized technical parameters which can yield high leaching rate of 99.5%were obtained by experimental and BPNN studies：residual acidity 50-60 g/L, oxidant addition content 10%, leaching temperature 70 ℃ and leaching time 2 h.
