Differences of the Silencing Effect at Cellular Level and Individual Level

[Objective]The aim was to compare the silencing effect of three vectors containing shRNA quartet of different lengths at cellular level and individual level.[Method]To silence EGFP gene,three shRNA quartets of 21,27 and 29 bp composed of hU6,mU6,h7SK and hH1 promoters were constructed and then cloned into silencing vectors.After the vectors were transfected into Vero cells or injected into mouse muscle,real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was conducted to detect the mRNA level of EGFP gene.[Result]All the three vectors showed better silencing effect;in which,the silencing effect at the cellular level was far higher than that at individual level.[Conclusion]Multi-site tandem expression shRNA may show better silencing effect;intramuscular injection maybe a transgenic method for baby mouse.

Individual Learner Differences and Second Language Acquisition

Learners differ,so does their language acquisition.Studies show there are several personality factors affecting the process of language of learning.This paper attempts to indicate these factors to help learners have a better understanding of their own learning.

Individual differences in English Learning Strategies

Some learners' personal factors, such as gender, major, motivation and language proficiency, influence the use of language learn- ing strategies. This paper reports the results of a survey study which investigates the individual differences and the employment of English learning strategies, examines the association between enjoyment and strategy use, motivation and strategy use, gender and strategy use, major and strategy use, English proficiency and strategy use.

Regional Differences of the Urinary Proteomes in Healthy Chinese Individuals

Objective Urine is a promising biomarker source for clinical proteomics studies.Regional physiological differences are common in multi-center clinical studies.In this study,we investigate whether significant differences are present in the urinary proteomes of individuals from different regions in China.Methods In this study,morning urine samples were collected from healthy urban residents in three regions of China(Haikou,Xi’an and Xining)and urinary proteins were preserved using a membrane-based method(Urimem).The urine proteomes of 27 normal samples were analyzed using LC-MS/MS and compared among three regions.Functional annotation of the differential proteins among the three areas was analyzed using the DAVID online database,and pathway enrichment of the differential urinary proteins was analyzed using KEGG.Results We identified 1898 proteins from Urimem samples using label-free proteome quantification,of which 56 urine proteins were differentially expressed among the three regions(P<0.05).Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that inter-regional differences caused less significant changes in the urine proteome than intersex differences.After gender stratification,16 differential proteins were identified in male samples and 84 differential proteins were identified in female samples.Among these differential proteins,several proteins have been previously reported as urinary disease biomarkers.Conclusions Urimem will facilitate urinary protein storage for large-scale urine sample collection.Regional differences are a confounding factor influencing the urine proteome and should be considered in future multicenter biomarker studies.

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING

Individual differences in foreign language learning have long been the concern of linguists and language teachers. Researches on this subject have been carried out in schools, universities and other educational institutions and great achievements have been made. As it is, there are many individual differences which affect the learning of foreign languages, such as intelligence, aptitude, motivation, personality, attitude,

Moderators of occupational pressure in female health professionals—Individual differences and coping skills

Individual differences and coping skills have influential impacts on stress process by influencing the eventual outcomes of the stressors, contributing to either wellbeing, or illness and negative experiences. The aim of this paper is to explore the individual differences and coping strategies of a cohort of women with health professionals’ occupational pressure. This is a cross-sectional survey, informed by the transactional model of stress and coping framework, and carried out on women health professionals (n = 203) from the Kuala Lumpur Hospital. Multiple regressions were conducted to examine the potential moderators of stress. Women Health Professionals reported stress with six out of eight organizational sources of pressure, with relationship being a key stressor. Their individual differences (mean + SD) were characterised by low drive (7.6 + 1.9-8.2 + 2.0), low personal influence (10.8 + 2.0 to 11.7 + 2.3), moderate control (13.4 + 3.4 to 16.3 + 2.4), and high impatience behaviour (19.1 + 3.8 to 20.4 + 3.3). With Coping strategy, the Life-work-balance coping is a significant positive predictor for five out of the nine outcomes of occupational pressure [state of mind (p ress management guideline to ameliorate stress amongst those vulnerable workers. Future studies to examine individual differences of these female-dominated professions across health setting are needed to better inform the pressure-at-work issues for the increasing Asian women health professionals.

Individual Differences in Blood Alcohol Concentrations after Moderate Drinking Are Mainly Regulated by Gastric Emptying Rate Together with Ethanol Distribution Volume

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) differs greatly among individuals, even when people of the same sex and age drink alcohol under the same drinking conditions. In this study, we investigated the main factors involved in the internal reg-ulation of individual differences in BAC, focusing on the alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) genotype, blood acetal-dehyde concentration (BAcH), amount of habitual alcohol consumption, pharmacokinetic parameters of BAC, distribution volume of ethanol (Vd), and gastric emptying rate (GER) under the same drinking conditions. Twenty healthy Japanese males aged between 40 and 59 years old and having the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) genotype of ALDH 2*1/*2 were recruited for this study. The subjects were given 0.32 g ethanol/kg body weight in the form of commercially available beer (5%, v/v). The results showed that BAC-max differed greatly among individuals with a more than two-fold variation. When the BAC-time curve was compared among ADH1B genotypes (ADH1B*1/*1, *1/*2, and *2/*2), there were no differences in BAC among the genotypes. Although BAcH, monthly alcohol consumption, elimination rate of blood ethanol (β value) and ethanol disappearance rate from the body (EDR) can affect BAC, all of them had no correlations with BAC-max. However, Vd (liter/kg), ΔPlasma glucose concentration (ΔPGC = PGC30 min ? PGC0 min) and the serum concentration of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) did correlate with BAC-max. Model 2 in multiple linear regression analysis showed the optimal model for Vd and GIP with positive correlations with BAC-max. As GIP and ΔPGC are both reflected by gastric emptying rate (GER), we concluded that the individual differences in BAC after moderate drinking are mainly regulated by GER together with Vd. These findings demonstrate that together with body water content, the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in the regulation of individual differences in BAC, involving first pass metabolism of ethanol.

Differences in individual susceptibility affect the development of trigeminal neuralgia

Trigeminal neuralgia is a syndrome due to dysfunctional hyperactivity of the trigeminal nerve, and is characterized by a sudden, usually unilateral, recurrent lancinating pain arising from one or more divisions of the nerve. The most accepted pathogenetic mechanism for trigeminal neuralgia is compression of the nerve at its dorsal root entry zone or in its distal course. In this paper, we report four cases with trigeminal neuralgia due to an unknown mechanism after an intracranial intervention The onset of trigeminal neuralgia after surgical interventions that are unrelated to the trigeminal nerve suggests that in patients with greater individual susceptibility, nerve contact with the vascular structure due to postoperative pressure and changes in cerebrospinal fluid flow may cause the onset of pain.

The Effects of Individual Differences on English Vocabulary Learning

The English vocabulary study is a very complicated process,affected by lots of factors.This article will analyze several important individual differences among learners,such as,learning style,gender and learning strategy,exploring the most effective ways to expand English vocabulary.

Individual differences in English Learning Strategies

Some learners' personal factors,such as gender,major,motivation and language proficiency,influence the use of language learning strategies. This paper reports the results of a survey study which investigates the individual differences and the employment of English learning strategies,examines the association between enjoyment and strategy use,motivation and strategy use,gender and strategy use,major and strategy use,English proficiency and strategy use.

Teaching Strategies Used for the Students' Individual Differences

One of the biggest problems teachers face is a lesson where the students are at different levels-some with quite competent English,some whose English isn't very good,and some whose English is only just getting started.Students from the same class are different from one another in many aspects such as aptitude,motivation,personality,and attitude.Teachers face this problem every day,so what are the possible ways of dealing with the situation.In this article,the author can suggest how can we teachers design classroom activities to cater for the students'individual differences.

Emotional categorization: Individual emotional differences and laterality effects in healthy and persons with multiple sclerosis

A study examining affective information processing in persons with Multiple Sclerosis and healthy adults was carried out. It was hypothesized that individual characteristics could modulate participants’ emotional categorization and reaction times for categorization decisions. For example, individuals with negative valenced emotional profile (e.g. anxious) should choose negative emotional alternatives faster and more frequently. Participants consisted of two different populations: 80 right-handed healthy French-speakers, and 40 right-handed French- speakers with multiple sclerosis. The results showed a positive correlation between high- level of negative emotional sensibility and emotional categorization (decision and decision speed) for affective information presented on the right-side of the screen. For all participants there were more frequent emotional choices and faster decisions for left-side presented emotional alternatives. It seems individuals’ emotional differences in general and in MS populations modulate hemispheric asymmetry of processing emotional judgments.

The Exploration of Individual Differences in Second Language Learning

This paper mainly focuses on the influence of age and motivation in second language learning.Based on the theories of individual differences and an interview analysis,results obtained in this research include three aspects.Firstly,it is better to start a second language at an earlier age.Secondly,integrative motivation weighs more in the long-term success when learning a second language.Thirdly,creating better English environments is essential in EFL schools.

The Effects of Learner’s Individual Differences on the Written Corrective Feedback

From the perspective of individual learner differences,this paper aims to show the readers an outline of the influence of individual learner differences on written corrective feedback.Based on 200 eighth and ninth grade junior high school students’thinking patterns and tests,60 students were selected as subjects in this study.Based on the comparative analysis and error analysis in second language acquisition as the main theoretical basis,this study analyzed the common types of errors in the use of nonpredicate verbs in junior high school students and their causes.There are three main questions in this study:how about the error frequency of the five forms(present participle,past participle,infinitive,gerund and independent nominative structure)in the nonpredicate verb learning of junior high school students?What kind of mistakes do junior high school students make in the process of learning non-predicate verbs?According to the conclusion of the investigation and research,the author puts forward some suggestions from the aspects of teachers and students in the last part of the article.

The Causes of Individual Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is characterized by various symptoms including impaired social interactions,unusually repetitive behaviors,and highly restricted interests etc.People with ASD differ significantly on their clinical profiles and the causes of such individual difierences are not yet folly understood.The present paper provides an overview of the causes of individual differences in ASD from three different perspectives:genetic,environmental,and neurobiological perspectives.The present paper also describes one study design in detail within each perspective(i.e.,classical twin design,epidemiological case-control design,and magnetic resonance imaging),and explains how each study design is informative about the causes of ASD.

Individual Differences in Stress Responsiveness of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Its Vasopressinergic Regulation in Old Monkeys

Stress adaptation is fundamental for health, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) is one of its main mechanisms. Considerable data indicate that arginine vasopressin (AVP) related disturbances of stress adaptation can occur with aging. However, most studies of such kind have been performed on rodents, give contradictory results and fail to consider individual characteristics of the animals. The purpose of this study was to investigate individual HPA responsiveness to acute stress and its vasopressinergic regulation in old female rhesus monkeys that differ in their behavioral responses to stress. Animals with depression-like or anxiety-like behavior (DAB) responded with higher plasma levels of ACTH and AVP, lower levels of corticosteroids and higher cortisol/DHEAS molar ratios to restraint stress and to insulin-induced hypoglycemia compared with animals with healthy adaptive behavior. AVP and ACTH dynamics were closely correlated in most animals. AVP treatment produced differences in HPA responses similar to those produced by the stressors. The ACTH response to hypoglycemic stress in the DAB animal with highest HPA responsiveness was dramatically reduced by prior administration of a V1b receptor antagonist. These results suggest that the dysfunctions of HPA observed in old animals with DAB are caused by increased tone of the vasopressinergic system in regulation of HPA stress reactivity.

Differences of Confucianism and Individualism on the Development of Chinese and American Personalities

Different personalities are shaped by different cultures.Chinese Confucianism and American Individualism took totally different developing routes.Understanding and contemplating their differences in personality can greatly enhance inter-cultural communication between these two countries.Based on the present researches and studies,this paper discusses the differences and current situation of Chinese and American personalities.Relevant suggestions are initiated aiming at learning from each other’s strong points and bridging the gap as to enhance the development of healthy personality and harmonious world.

Metabolic syndrome and its individual components among people with type 2 diabetes: Prevalence, gender differences and its association with ischemic heart disease

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is common among people with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to assess the proportion of MS and its individual components among type 2 diabetic adults, to stratify these by gender and to determine their association with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Method: A cross-sectional multicentre study was conducted in public and private sector clinics in Karachi, Pakistan. A pretested structured questionnaire and medical records were used to collect information from 889 people with type 2 diabetes after informed consent. Chi-square test and odds ratios with 95% CI were used to assess the association of MS, its components and IHD. Adjusted odds ratios were used to evaluate the differences of MS and its components by gender. Results: In all, 70% of the participants had MS. The likelihood of having IHD among those with MS was higher (OR = 3.21;95%CI = 2.22 - 4.65). Of the individual MS components, obesity conferred the strongest association with IHD (OR = 2.57;95%CI = 1.91 - 3.43). Multivariate analysis showed an increased proportion of MS among women (AOR = 1.63;95%CI = 1.18 - 2.24). Of the individual MS components, women had a higher prevalence of obesity (AOR = 4.70;95%CI = 3.30 - 6.70). Conclusion: A very high burden of MS among type 2 diabetics has been identified in this study. Dedicated interventions are needed to prevent/delay the onset of MS and the associated morbidity and mortality.

Age-specific differences in the association between prediabetes and cardiovascular diseases in China:A national cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease(CVD)is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide,the global burden of which is rising.It is still unclear the extent to which prediabetes contributes to the risk of CVD in various age brackets among adults.To develop a focused screening plan and treatment for Chinese adults with prediabetes,it is crucial to identify variations in the connection between prediabetes and the risk of CVD based on age.AIM To examine the clinical features of prediabetes and identify risk factors for CVD in different age groups in China.METHODS The cross-sectional study involved a total of 46239 participants from June 2007 through May 2008.A thorough evaluation was conducted.Individuals with prediabetes were categorized into two groups based on age.Chinese atherosclerotic CVD risk prediction model was employed to evaluate the risk of developing CVD over 10 years.Random forest was established in both age groups.SHapley Additive exPlanation method prioritized the importance of features from the perspective of assessment contribution.RESULTS In total,6948 people were diagnosed with prediabetes in this study.In prediabetes,prevalences of CVD were 5(0.29%)in the younger group and 148(2.85%)in the older group.Overall,11.11%of the younger group and 29.59% of the older group were intermediate/high-risk of CVD for prediabetes without CVD based on the Prediction for ASCVD Risk in China equation in ten years.In the younger age group,the 10-year risk of CVD was found to be more closely linked to family history of CVD rather than lifestyle,whereas in the older age group,resident status was more closely linked.CONCLUSION The susceptibility to CVD is age-specific in newly diagnosed prediabetes.It is necessary to develop targeted approaches for the prevention and management of CVD in adults across various age brackets.

Review of Problems in Research of Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition

Although research on individual differences became the mainstream in SLA, it still obviously lag behind research on similarities over the whole. In order to find a clear developing direction for research in this field, main problems and difficulties arose in earlier research will be discussed. Suggestions and prospects for research on individual differences of SLA will be also proposed. The ideal of modifying one's way of teaching to suit the special requirements of each class or case should be the main trend of research on individual differences of SLA.