The Evolution,Characteristics of Poverty and the Innovative Approaches to Poverty Alleviation

The emergence and evolution of poverty follows a pattern.At different developmental stages,poverty takes on different characteristics,which calls for specific anti-poverty policies.Ever since its reform and opening up,China has resorted to three different kinds of anti-poverty policies in succession.By shifting its focus to national economic development,China has lifted itself out of universal poverty.With the policy of development-oriented poverty alleviation,China has mitigated regional poverty.Now,China is on a path to eradicate individual poverty with the policy of targeted poverty alleviation.The future will see China put in place some forward-looking social policies to prevent and reduce new poverty issues.

New Approaches to Targeted Poverty Alleviation in the Age of Big Data——On Improving the Results of Targeted Poverty Alleviation Programs(10)

Since the State Council issued the Action Plan on Promoting the Development of the Big Data Industry,big data-enabled information integration and processing applications have increasingly become the basic strategic resources for the building of a modern governance system in China.When it comes to poverty reduction,given that we are currently at a critical stage in the battle to eradicate poverty,it's important that we apply the big data way of thinking and big data technology to the development and integration of poverty alleviation resources.This paper examines the need to apply big data technology in targeted poverty alleviation and discusses how big data technology can be integrated into targeted poverty alleviation programs and how the big data way of thinking meshes with the idea of targeted poverty alleviation.It is believed that the application of big data technology can significantly improve the results of targeted poverty alleviation programs and that the building of big data-powered poverty alleviation platforms is a new approach to implementing the targeted poverty alleviation strategy.This paper calls for changing our way of thinking regarding targeted poverty alleviation and points out the directions for targeted poverty alleviation in the age of big data,with a view to promoting the extensive application of big data technology in the field of poverty reduction and improving the results of poverty alleviation and eradication programs.

An Unconventional Model of Poverty Alleviation Directed by the Human Rights Approaches:based on an Observation of the Targeted Poverty Alleviation Policy and Its Practice in Weixian County of Hebei Province

Against the background that poverty alleviation is increasingly linked to the human rights-based approach in the international community,an issue arises concerning how to assess the targeted poverty alleviation strategy in China from a human rights perspective.The human rights-based approach emphasiz connecting poverty alleviation with those rights recognized in international human rights conventions,with a focus on the notion of multi-dimensional poverty and the empowerment and accountability in the process of poverty alleviation.The targeted poverty alleviation in China embodies the notion of capability poverty and adopts a multi-dimensional poverty alleviation strategy.The principles of empowerment and accountability have also been implemented to a large extent.All of the elements existing in the targeted poverty alleviation model such as super political will,government dominance,targeted implementation and unconventional mobilization are critical to ensuring the eventual success of poverty alleviation and human rights protection therein.Generally speaking,some deficiencies in respect of empowerment and rule of law in targeted poverty alleviation will not hinder the overall effectiveness of poverty alleviation.Nevertheless,it will be very helpful to reinforce the empowerment and rule of law in order to insure the fairness and sustainability in poverty alleviation,especially in the inevitable transition from an unconventional model ofp overty alleviation to a conventional one in future.

Re–innovation on Thought and Mode of Poverty Alleviation in Rural Areas of Western China Under the Goal of Finishing Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects

Over 70 percent of China's remaining impoverished people live in rural areas in the western region. With constraints such as relatively adverse natural conditions and extreme decentralization as well as a rapid decrease of marginal benefit of the current poverty alleviation mode, it is an inevitable choice to reform and innovate on the mode in a bid to realize the development goal of helping 55.75 million poor people under the present poverty line to shake off poverty by 2020. This paper makes a comparative analysis of the status quo of poverty alleviation work and the current poverty–relief policies in 12 provinces in western China from the perspective of supply and demand and proposes an innovative means for a new mode of poverty al eviation by incorporating poverty–relief resource management, improving rural human capital development, and marketizing poverty–relief project selection mechanisms. Interconnected development of new urbanization and industrialization will be its focus, reform of the household registration and land system will be its driving force, and the implementation of a supervision network and a strong focus on ecological environments will be its support.

Value,Characteristics and Innovation Direction of Poverty Alleviation by Enterprises in the Era of Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation

It is a new field to arouse the motive force of poverty alleviation and improve the poverty alleviation performance research by actively mobilizing enterprises to participate in poverty alleviation and development. In the context of mass entrepreneurship and innovation,the innovation research has already formed the perfect union with the theories related to management science and the economics,but its combination with the sociology,especially with the enterprise-led poverty alleviation research is also very scarce. Under the premise of affirming the mode of enterprise participation in poverty alleviation,this paper explores and analyzes the practical value of this model in three aspects: innovating poverty alleviation model,enhancing the poor people's self-restoration ability,weakening the dual structure of urban and rural areas. This paper clarifies the internal relations among the subjects under the model. This paper also puts forward the innovation direction of poverty alleviation by enterprises in the future in big data focusing,innovative thinking embedding,model innovation,information feedback of the main body,which provides a theoretical basis and direction guidance for the follow-up related research.

Does poverty-alleviation-based industry development improve farmers'livelihood capital?

Targeted poverty alleviation is a unique approach adopted in China to help achieve the vision of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects and the"Chinese Dream".Industrial development as a means of poverty alleviation is an integral part of the"Five-pronged Poverty Alleviation Measures"Project of targeted poverty alleviation,and a critical foundation for other poverty alleviation measures.In this study,a comprehensive evaluation method was used to measure farmers'livelihood based on the framework of sustainable livelihood.Specifically,the effects of industrial development on farmers'livelihood capital were estimated by employing the propensity score matching combined with the difference-in-differences(PSM-DID)approach.Findings suggest that industrial development had a significantly positive effect on the livelihood capital of farmers.Industrial development can significantly enhance farmers'human,social and financial capital,while it cannot significantly affect the natural and physical capital.Industrial development had heterogeneous effects on farmers'livelihood capital,more efficiently impacting on the non-poor than the poor.The effects on farmers'livelihood capital varied across regions,with Guizhou experiencing a larger effect than Sichuan.However,the effect was insignificant for farmers in Gansu.To improve farmers'livelihood capital,it is necessary to take measures to strengthen their human capital,promote the innovation of financial products,and make good use of their social capital;it is also essential to strengthen the support of industrial development to the poor.

Causes for Middle Income Trap and Recommendations for China's Leaping Paths

The middle income trap is an objective challenge faced in the development of the economy. There is provision in both the amount and time. It is worth studying why some Latin American countries have fallen into this trap for decades. This paper analyzed the causes for the middle income trap of Latin American economies. On this basis,it came up with recommendations for China's leaping paths,including accelerating the structural reforms on the supply front to promote industrial transformation and upgrading,deepening the reform and increasing the efficiency with institutional innovation as the core,protecting legitimate property rights,reforming the income distribution,combining accurate poverty alleviation,narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor,performing administration according to laws,vigorously developing education,expanding the opening up,and keeping sustainable growth,so as to successfully leap over the middle income trap.

新时代农民讲习所的创新扩散历程、举措与走向

新时代农民讲习所是我国继续教育助力脱贫攻坚和乡村振兴的创新性典范,源于探究农业技术推广过程的创新扩散理论可为系统总结新时代农民讲习所的实践经验提供参考。纵观新时代农民讲习所的发展轨迹,其创新扩散历程包括为新问题寻求创新方案、重新定义及升级调整、常规化、扩散推广等四个阶段。在新时代农民讲习所的创新扩散过程中,其采取的典型举措主要有精选“创新代理人”担任讲习员、谋求与农民“客户需求”的最大相容性、利用乡土知识系统克服讲习的“空心管偏见”、打造讲习的“技术集群”、注重讲习的“可试性”与“可观察性”。在全面推进乡村振兴的新征程中,可从以下方面着力进一步促进新时代农民讲习所的创新扩散:一是秉持“再创造”发展理念,因应形势及时调整讲习内容、讲习方式和讲习员队伍组成;二是优先培养“创新者”和“早期采用者”,充分发挥其在当地社会系统内的榜样带动和人际说服作用;三是拓展数字化“传播渠道”,推进讲习的数字化转型并提升农民的数字素养;四是综合运用“中心化”与“非中心化”扩散系统,构建“专家讲授+现场观摩+交流讨论”的混合式讲习模式。

李保国扶贫模式及其对乡村产业振兴的启示

在推进乡村全面振兴背景下深入学习和践行“李保国精神”具有重要的现实意义。通过对河北农业大学李保国教授生前打造的帮扶基地进行梳理调研,选取富岗苹果和绿岭核桃2个典型案例进行研究,提取“科技”“品牌”“人才”三要素进行剖析,分析其产业扶贫模式的内在逻辑和实现路径,总结出李保国教授在产业扶贫中科技成果供给的有效性和技术创新的集成性以及在主导产业、产业模式、科技传播方面连续升级,持续深入推进乡村产业发展的特点。针对乡村全面振兴背景下产业融合发展的现状与问题,要进一步弘扬践行“李保国精神”,把科技引领和创新作为全面推进乡村振兴的抓手,始终把生态文明建设贯穿乡村振兴全过程。

“相对贫困”治理绩效评价体系研究——基于包容性创新视角对扶贫绩效指标的编码分析

“相对贫困”治理与包容性创新具有高度的契合性,两者都遵循质量、公平原则,关注可持续的内生动力因素,倡导全员参与和成果共享。从减贫成效、管理成效、社会成效和能力成效对2013—2020年中央及省级单位颁布的扶贫绩效考核评价体系进行分类编码分析。当前我国扶贫绩效考核体系的包容性存在偏差,长远来看,扶贫绩效考核要与扶贫实践的长久性、深刻性、复杂性与动态性相符合,要不断平衡经济与社会、能力指标,平衡体制内与体制外指标,平衡结果与过程指标,以提高考核体系的包容性、前瞻性和操作性。

论资产为本社区发展模式的四种取向

资产为本社区发展模式已成为一个被广泛认同的社区发展实践模式。通过梳理现有的理论和实践成果发现,学界已经形成了理解资产为本社区发展实践模式的四种取向:资产建设取向、权利取向、社区驱动取向和优势取向。不同的理论和实践取向将产生不同的社区发展思路和方向。在后扶贫时代以及乡村振兴背景下,资产为本社区发展模式给予当下的反贫困和乡村振兴工作四点重要启示:看待乡村和贫困农户的视角要实现从问题取向到优势视角的转变;尝试探索金融方法在反贫困中的创新性运用;培育乡村和贫困人群的主体性;积极推动农村、农民的组织化。

“达则兼济”:民营企业数字创新能力对精准扶贫深度与广度的影响

民营企业的数字创新能力可能影响其精准扶贫深度与广度。区别于传统资源配置理论中定义的消耗性、稀缺性资源,数字创新能力为企业创造的数字资源则具备高度可再现性、可重复迭代更新等特征。民营企业能够将相关数字资源与贫困地区、贫困人口的特征深度结合,真正参与到针对当地的“造血式”扶贫中,进而提高其在精准扶贫方面的投入深度。同时,数字创新能力使民营企业得以将相似的数字技术投放到不同情况的贫困地区,根据当地实际扶贫需要设计不同的扶贫方式,从而提高企业精准扶贫的投入广度。综合国泰安上市公司扶贫数据库、巨潮网上市公司年度报告和社会责任报告文本以及Incopat专利数据库等多个数据源,对2016~2020年2 259家上市公司的8 840条观测值进行面板混合效应回归,发现企业数字创新能力增强了扶贫深度与扶贫广度。实证研究结果表明:行业集中度提高了民营企业数字创新能力对精准扶贫深度与广度的积极作用;政治联系增强了民营企业数字创新能力对精准扶贫深度的积极影响,但限制了企业将数字资源分配到更多地区的潜力。不同于以往只考察个别企业的扶贫案例研究,本文通过实证研究得到具有普适性意义的结论:数字创新能力促进民营企业广泛而深入地投入精准扶贫;数字创新范式使共同富裕的社会实践对民营企业而言不再是“挟太山以超北海”,而是转化为“为长者折枝”。

“目标—行动—反馈”框架下Z县脱贫攻坚到乡村振兴的衔接路径——基于产业发展的视角

脱贫攻坚到乡村振兴的有效衔接是建成社会主义现代化新农村,实现中国式现代化的关键所在,然而,该问题在目前阶段仍然面临着理论与实践的挑战。基于解答疑问和应对挑战的内在逻辑驱动,文章首先梳理了从脱贫攻坚转向乡村振兴的宏观政策背景,揭示了有效衔接的重要性和必要性;其次在“目标—过程—反馈”的分析框架下,从地方政策目标接续、产业发展行动变革、成果反馈机制构建三个方面对山西省Z县的案例资料展开分析,以期更全面地呈现基层实践中的衔接路径和基层治理样态,尝试为我国乡村振兴提供破解难题的关键路径参考。

后扶贫时代产业扶贫的多重制约与可持续治理

产业扶贫是实现精准脱贫的重要手段。与脱贫攻坚时期产业扶贫政策聚焦于精准扶贫不同,后扶贫时代关注相对贫困与多维贫困治理,强调贫困人口的多维发展和区域经济的均衡发展,产业扶贫面临新的发展形势。当前,我国产业扶贫面临产业链和价值链关键环节缺失、产业发展路径僵化、扶贫福利不足等多重制约。从可持续治理来看,产业扶贫的优化路径应从建立特色产业培育机制、构建扶智人才激励机制、完善扶贫利益共同体等方面探寻,以期在未来持续发挥扶贫产业的现实价值,形成区域经济增长和个体持续增收的良性循环。

脱贫长效机制建设的路径模型及优化——基于井冈山市的案例研究

构建长效脱贫机制、提高贫困人口和地区的内生发展能力,是实施乡村振兴战略的优先任务。从反贫困创新的理论视角切入,以在全国率先脱贫的井冈山市为案例,深入分析三十年来该市扶贫管理机制及脱贫路径,发现井冈山市成功脱贫得益于贫困户精准管理、挂点帮扶队伍管理和帮扶资金项目管理三大长效机制的成功实施,以及生活性扶贫、生产性脱贫和自我发展性帮扶三大路径的融合推进。在"井冈山经验"基础上,提炼出贫困地区长效脱贫管理机制及脱贫路径优化模型,为推进创新驱动发展战略与乡村振兴战略深度融合、加快反贫困创新与乡村振兴提供理论启示和实践借鉴。

科技扶贫项目管理创新研究:理念与实践

现阶段中国扶贫开发工作将着重解决贫困地区"生活好"的问题,科技助推"造血式"产业扶贫面临供给侧改革、创新创业、科技体制改革、"互联网+"和国家五大发展新理念等利好政策机遇,而现有科技扶贫项目管理制度与之不相适应,改革刻不容缓。研究认为,"造产业、造人才、造服务、造机制"是科技扶贫工作的着力点,科技扶贫项目应树立"简化流程、方便基层、以人为本、注重绩效"的管理新理念,并应构建以项目分类管理、定向转移支持、经费科目"一提二放三增三减"为核心的管理新制度:提高间接费中的绩效支出比例,放开劳务费和设备费使用范围,增加基础设施维修改造费、新技术新品种引进费、租车费,取消出版文献费、国际合作费、燃料动力费。新制度框架符合国家科技体制改革的整体取向,对全国科技扶贫实践提供参考。

后精准扶贫时代多维贫困的识别与治理——以大连市为例

在后精准扶贫时代,收入贫困得到改善的同时,健康、教育、就业和生活水平等维度仍存在剥夺情况。基于精准扶贫基本方略,探究不同维度贫困状况对精准脱贫的实现具有重要意义。基于国家统计局大连调查队住户收支与生活状况调查数据,结合MPI多维贫困指数和A-F双界限法构建多维贫困指标体系。在指标选定和权重设置上,基于Rasch模型对指标进行筛选,使用等权法和难度权重法两种方式设置权重并对结果加以比较,最终通过测算和分解多维贫困指数分析多维贫困群体的特征。研究发现,收入不再是衡量和识别贫困的唯一标准;受教育年限、饮用水、洗澡设施等多项指标被剥夺情况较为严重;农村地区多维贫困发生率远高于城市,但平均被剥夺程度差距不大;贫困程度与家庭人口呈正相关关系。当下应进一步提高多维贫困识别的科学性和可操作性,实现体系规范化和指标标准化。

可行能力方法视阈下的精准扶贫:国际实践及对本土政策的启示

使现有标准下7 017万农村贫困人口全部脱贫,是实现2020年全面建成小康社会战略目标的重要要求。长期以来,我国扶贫工作中存在运动式扶贫、瞄准目标偏离等问题,为此,有必要将精准扶贫思想贯彻在扶贫实践中。通过分析可行能力方法的理论特征,本文提出可行能力与精准扶贫在贫困识别、长效脱贫和脱贫成效评估三方面具有耦合性,是极具可操作性的指导精准扶贫实践的理论视角。结合拉美地区精准扶贫实践的经验和教训,本文从个体和家庭能力发展、因地因户施策、政策瞄准效果评估和专业扶贫队伍建设等四方面,提出可行能力方法对于我国精准扶贫政策的启示。

贵州省脱贫攻坚及可持续发展研究

贵州省作为全国精准扶贫和精准脱贫攻坚战的前沿重镇和开放式脱贫试验区,在精准反贫困上取得的进展和经验具有全国性意义,同样,其面临的基本困难和问题,也是全国性特点的表征。随着2020年临近,绝对贫困意义上全部脱贫指日可待。但是,全部脱贫是否具有可持续性?2020年以后脱贫政策如何延续?2020年后农村是否还存在贫困问题?如果存在,又会是什么样的情况以及如何开展反贫困?与之前有什么差别?文章围绕这些问题,展开讨论和分析。