Different mechanisms underlie similar species-area relationships in two tropical archipelagoes

Despite much research in the field of island biogeography,mechanisms regulating insular diversity remain elusive.Here,we aim to explore mechanisms underlying plant species-area relationships in two tropical archipelagoes in the South China Sea.We found positive plant species-area relationships for both coral and continental archipelagoes.However,our results showed that different mechanisms contributed to similar plant species-area relationships between the two archipelagoes.For coral islands,soil nutrients and spatial distance among communities played major roles in shaping plant community structure and species diversity.By contrast,the direct effect of island area,and to a lesser extent,soil nutrients determined plant species richness on continental islands.Intriguingly,increasing soil nutrients availability(N,P,K)had opposite effects on plant diversity between the two archipelagoes.In summary,the habitat quality effect and dispersal limitation are important for regulating plant diversity on coral islands,whereas the passive sampling effect,and to a lesser extent,the habitat quality effect are important for regulating plant diversity on continental islands.More generally,our findings indicate that island plant species-area relationships are outcomes of the interplay of both niche and neutral processes,but the driving mechanisms behind these relationships depends on the type of islands.

On Collectivism-Individualism dimension in Chinese and Western Family Relationships

Western culture emphasizes on individualism,individual freedom and personal choice,while Chinese people put more emphasis on collectivism.Collectivism-Individualism value differences can also be reflected in Chinese and Western Family Relationships,which may sometimes lead to conflicts between the couples in the cross-cultural marriage and their families.

Updating conventional soil maps by mining soil–environment relationships from individual soil polygons

Conventional soil maps contain valuable knowledge on soil–environment relationships.Such knowledge can be extracted for use when updating conventional soil maps with improved environmental data.Existing methods take all polygons of the same map unit on a map as a whole to extract the soil–environment relationship.Such approach ignores the difference in the environmental conditions represented by individual soil polygons of the same map unit.This paper proposes a method of mining soil–environment relationships from individual soil polygons to update conventional soil maps.The proposed method consists of three major steps.Firstly,the soil–environment relationships represented by each individual polygon on a conventional soil map are extracted in the form of frequency distribution curves for the involved environmental covariates.Secondly,for each environmental covariate,these frequency distribution curves from individual polygons of the same soil map unit are synthesized to form the overall soil–environment relationship for that soil map unit across the mapped area.And lastly,the extracted soil–environment relationships are applied to updating the conventional soil map with new,improved environmental data by adopting a soil land inference model(SoLIM)framework.This study applied the proposed method to updating a conventional soil map of the Raffelson watershed in La Crosse County,Wisconsin,United States.The result from the proposed method was compared with that from the previous method of taking all polygons within the same soil map unit on a map as a whole.Evaluation results with independent soil samples showed that the proposed method exhibited better performance and produced higher accuracy.

人际关系对受贿决策的影响——中美跨文化比较

以往研究表明人际关系对腐败行为有重要影响,但不同文化下这种关系效应是否存在差异尚缺乏探讨。通过两个实验分别考察了中美不同文化下直接关系和间接关系对受贿决策的影响。结果发现,一方面,中美两国被试均出现随着关系距离增加受贿概率降低的关系效应;另一方面也表现出文化差异,中国被试的关系效应强于美国被试,而且风险对于关系效应的文化差异有显著的调节作用。上述结果支持人际关系距离对受贿决策的影响同时存在跨文化的一致性和差异性。

Biodiversity responses to insular fragmentation in Amazonia: Two decades of research in the Balbina Hydroelectric Reservoir

As hydropower development expands across lowland tropical forests,flooding and concomitant insular fragmentation have become important threats to biodiversity.Newly created insular landscapes serve as natural laboratories to investigate biodiversity responses to fragmentation.One of these most iconic landscapes is the Balbina Hydroelectric Reservoir in Brazilian Amazonia,occupying>400000 ha and comprising>3500 forest islands.Here,we synthesise the current knowledge on responses of a wide range of biological groups to insular fragmentation at Balbina.Sampling has largely concentrated on a set of 22 islands and three mainland sites.In total,39 studies were conducted over nearly two decades,covering 17 vertebrate,invertebrate,and plant taxa.Although species responses varied according to taxonomic group,island area was consistently included and played a pivotal role in 66.7%of all studies examining patterns of species diversity.Species persistence was further affected by species traits,mostly related to species capacity to use/traverse the aquatic matrix or tolerate habitat degradation,as noted for species of vertebrates and orchid bees.Further research is needed to improve our understanding of such effects on wider ecosystem functioning.Environmental Impact Assessments must account for changes in both the remaining habitat amount and configuration,and subsequent long-term species losses.

关系再造:基层社会的个体动员实践及内在逻辑——基于浙江省嘉兴市秦村的分析

作为一种联结机制,关系在基层社会治理实践中得到了相当广泛的应用。伴随着基层社会治理基础和治理结构的变化,村干部通过个体之间的熟人关系来协调公共事务的空间逐渐缩小。为此,建立在行政任务之上的工作关系、以基层党组织为基础的政治关系、以生活需求为载体的邻里关系和以村民小组为基础的竞争关系等新的关系类型,成为动员村民参与社会治理的重要抓手。不同类型的关系,既体现了治理主体的需求特性,也体现了治理主体之间的依赖性和交换性,维持着乡村社会的基本秩序。

基于实时流处理的自适应冰雪爱好者旅客群体划分模型研究

准确高效识别旅客群体是铁路制定运营策略以及提高旅客服务质量的关键因素之一。以铁路旅客实名制购票数据以及出行数据为基础,构建旅客个体特征以及社交关系特征特性,并进行向量化表示,综合考虑现有准确度较优的深度学习模型存在的模型复杂、计算量大等问题,利用知识蒸馏以及边缘计算相结合的思路,基于知识蒸馏实现模型压缩降低内存成本和加速计算,同时对训练的模型进行分割,采用边缘计算就近实时计算的特性,将拆分后的部分模型部署在应用服务器节点,从而减低了模型的推理时延与能耗,以适应实时售票过程中对旅客群体的实时划分。最后以冰雪快运服务推荐为例,验证该模型的准确率以及预测效率,为铁路针对旅客群体的个性化客运产品设计以及营销策略优化提供决策建议。

正当防卫法理基础的个人主义重述

正当防卫的法理基础无需诉诸超个人主义元素,但个人主义既有学说存在难以契合实定法的局限,以个人主义进路阐释正当防卫的困局有赖于方法论的转变。纵向上,援引民法学领域结构分化的利益衡量论,以公民基本权利为核心的法治国基础利益经由正当防卫制度利益约束当事人利益;横向上,在主体间性视阈下,秉持理性存在者相互承认的权利观,正当防卫的法理基础在于对公民间法权关系的肯认。据此,触发防卫权的不法侵害以公民间法权关系受损为核心,作为防卫对象的不法侵害人仅以自由意志支配为必要而不以罪责为条件,防卫权存续时段以法权关系受损且具有即时修复可能性为限。上述观点基本可以解释当前的刑法理论并与实定法契合,在我国正当防卫司法实践中是较为妥当的方案。

家事司法修复家庭关系的经验研究

家事审判改革强调修复家庭关系在家事案件处理中的重要性,但西南地区X法庭家事审判实践的经验研究表明,家事司法修复家庭关系的效度并不彰显。法官将家庭关系修复贯穿于审判的全过程后,依然很难修复夫妻一方离婚意愿强烈的婚姻关系,在面对代际关系冲突时也只能用法定权利义务关系去简化复杂的家庭关系。家事司法在修复家庭关系中能力有限,根本原因在于在当前社会条件下面临多重制约,包括开放社会带来的不稳定性、家庭成员之间的个体意识冲突、现代法律与家庭价值的冲突等。因此,家事审判改革应当在完善心理辅导、多元调解、单位联动等配套机制的同时,积极引导家庭成员树立有利于家庭关系和谐稳定的价值观念,建立能够有效稳定家庭关系的社会机制。

桂西北干热河谷天然次生林群落个体密度对木本植物枝叶关系的影响

以雅长林场12个个体密度具有差异的天然次生林群落为对象,采用标准化主轴估计法比较不同个体密度群落木本植物枝叶大小及数量差异,分析密度制约因素对植物枝叶关系的影响。结果表明:不同密度植物的小枝横截面积与总叶面积均存在显著正向的异速生长关系,且回归方程存在共同斜率。中、高密度群落植物的小枝横截面积-总叶面积回归方程的截距显著高于低密度,说明高密度群落植物的单位面积枝条上所支撑的总叶面积大于低密度群落植物。不同密度群落植物的小枝横截面积与分梢密度均存在显著负向的异速生长关系,且存在显著小于1的共同斜率。各密度间小枝横截面积-分梢密度回归方程的截距无显著差异,说明在资源竞争加剧的情况下,植物并未改变枝条大小和数量的生物量投资比例。不同密度植物枝叶关系的回归方程在全部个体水平和大个体水平中均存在共同斜率,表明密度竞争无法改变植物的枝叶关系。在个体密度变化情况下,Corner法则对桂西北干热河谷天然次生林群落木本植物仍具有普适性。不同密度小枝横截面积与总叶面积的回归方程截距存在差异,说明群落个体密度增大,植物会重新权衡枝条与叶片的生物量及资源利用策略。

Carbon isotopic characteristics and their genetic relationships for individual lipids in plants and sediments from a marsh sedimentary environment

The carbon isotopes of individual lipids in herbaceous plants and tree leaves in Ruoergai marsh were measured by the GC-IRMS analytical technique in order to understand the inherent relationships of carbon isotopes between sedimentary and plant lipids from typical marsh environment. The analytical results show that the carbon isotopic compositions of n-alkanes in different kinds of plants differ significantly. Mean δ 13C values of n-alkanes in her-baceous plants (?32.2‰―?36.9‰) are 3.3‰ lower than those in woody plant (?27.2‰― ?35.0‰). The carbon isotopic compositions of fatty acids in organisms (?30.3‰― ?36.2‰) are very similar to those of n-alkanes and the δ 13C values for unsaturated fatty acids are within the range of those for saturated fatty acids. The differences in δ 13C values between plant lipids are obvious and range from 2.4‰ to 7.8‰. It is observed that the carbon isotopic compositions of sedimentary lipids are closely related to those of plant lipids. The carbon isotopic compositions (?27.0‰―?36.9‰) of n-alkanes, ≥C16 fatty acids, n-alkanols, sterols and n-alkanones in the sediments are similar to those of plant lipids and the carbon isotopic compositions of short-chain sedimentary lipids are similar to those of long-chain sedimentary homologues. These indicate that the sedimentary lipids are derived from high plants. However, the δ 13C values of C14:0 and C15:0 fatty acids in the sediments are lighter than those of the same carbon number saturated homologues in plants, reflecting the genetic features partially derived from bacteria. These data provide scientific evidence for carbon isotope-applied research of individual lipids.

Hydrogen isotopic characteristics and their genetic relationships for individual n-alkanes in plants and sediments from Zoigê marsh sedimentary environment

To understand internal relations of their hydrogen isotopic compositions in typical marsh environment, we, using GC-IRMS analytical technique, measured the hydrogen isotopes of individual n-alkanes in the herbaceous plant, woody plant leaf, and sediments from Zoigê marsh in China. The results show significant differences in the hydrogen isotopic compositions of n-alkanes among the different kinds of plants and the different species in the same kind. δD values of n-alkanes in the herbaceous plants (from -254‰ to -184‰) are lighter than those in woody plant leaf ( from -195‰ to -142‰ ), and the hydrogen isotopic compositions of n-alkanes in K. tibetica P. are lighter than P. pratensis L. The mean δD values of n-alkanes in the sediments from Zoigê marsh reflect that they were derived from herbaceous plants, which is consistent with the peat samples being composed mainly of herbaceous plant remnants. The significant differences in hydrogen isotopic compositions of n-alkanes among the sedimentary samples are caused possibly by environment factors and the difference in input quantity of different herbaceous plants. A certain negative correlation exists between the δ13C and δD values of n-alkanes in the samples, and plant types can be distinguished using the cross plot of δD vs. δ13C values of n-alkanes in the plants. These data and recognitions provide scientific basis for hydrogen isotopic applied research of individual n-alkanes.

二重性表征:彝族乡村青年女性的亲密关系实践

亲密关系随着文化、地域的差异而存在多样性的表征样态。根据自身生命历程的变化,当代中国彝族青年女性的亲密关系经历了从共享式亲密关系到家庭式亲密关系的转变。未婚彝族青年女性亲情—友情—爱情三位一体的亲密关系与已婚彝族青年女性嵌入家庭空间的亲密关系,两者并非截然不同的二元对立,而是体现了行动者主体本身生命亲密关系一体两面的二重性表征。

平台用工“去劳动关系化”的裁审困境与制度应对——以外卖配送员注册为个体工商户的案件为样本

平台用工“去劳动关系化”以注册个体工商户为典型表现,引发了裁审实践中用工关系法律定性、用工责任主体确定等方面的问题。通过制度分析可知,个体工商户的劳动关系主体资格不明确以及劳动关系认定规则无法识别隐蔽雇佣,是出现裁审困境的原因。为解决以上问题,平台用工争议的处理应当坚持劳动关系认定优先原则,明确个体工商户的劳动关系主体资格,适用混同用工规则确定用工责任主体,以实现对平台劳务提供者权益的有效保障。

基于不对称人际影响的舆论涌现模型研究

人际关系影响是舆论形成的重要因素。引入个体意见的不确定性以及个体间的信任因子,建立了个体间的不对称影响函数,以此为基础实现了一个舆论涌现的Agent仿真模型,仿真结果反映模型是合理有效的。对仿真结果的分析说明:个体意见的不确定性和个体间的相互信任,是影响最终舆论涌现形态与涌现速度的重要因素。

基于组织互动和个人关系的联盟演化模型

本文在以往相关研究的基础上进一步分析了联盟的过程特征 ,认为联盟机制、个体关系以及组织层次的互动是构成联盟过程最主要的因素 ,同时这三者在联盟中也是发展和演化的子过程 ,它们之间存在着相互影响。在此基础上 ,本文建立了一个关于联盟过程的演化模型并简要的讨论了该模型的管理意义。

组织学习和知识共享影响因素试析

在综合他人研究的基础上,界定了“组织学习”“知识共享”的概念及二者的关系;分析了“组织学习和知识共享”的影响因素及影响因素间的辩证互动关系,并提出组织应采取的主要对策或建议。

关系因素与个体因素在儿童早期社会能力中的作用

采用儿童早期行为评价量表、亲子关系量表和师生关系量表,对443名幼儿的父母和教师进行了测查,在生态系统理论的框架下探讨了儿童性别、年级及父子、母子、师生关系对早期社会能力的影响。结果发现:小班和中班儿童的师生关系好于托班;女孩的社会能力高于男孩,小班和中班儿童的社会能力高于托班。控制了性别与年级的作用之后,父子、母子与师生关系对儿童社会能力都有显著的正向预测作用,但三者的平均值具有最强的预测作用,这一结果支持了多重关系作用于儿童发展的"平均化假说"。

个体噪声防护的职业接触人群听力损失的剂量-反应关系研究

目的准确评价工作场所中使用个体听力防护的噪声接触人群的听力损失。方法对50家企业的3 432名接触噪声工人进行纯音听力测试并对50家接触噪声企业进行职业卫生调查。结果50家噪声接触企业进行职业流行病调查显示噪声强度(92.1±4.9)dB,累积噪声暴露量(CNE)为(103.43±6.66)dB(A).年;在3 432名接触噪声作业人员的听阈检查中,高频损失1 272人(37.06%),语频损失133人(3.88%);高频和语频损失的发生率随累积噪声强度的增大而增大,其发生率与CNE存在剂量-反应关系(P<0.01)。结论高频和语频的发生率随累积噪声强度的增大而增大,呈剂量-反应关系。