Water Supply Networks as Cyber-physical Systems and Controllability Analysis

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) is a system of systems which consists of many subsystems that can stand alone in an individual manner and can be taken as a typical complex network. CPS can be applied in the critical infrastructures such as water supply networks, energy supply systems, and so on. In this paper, we analyze the structure of modern city water supply networks from the view of CPS theory. we use complex network theory to build an undirected and unweighted complex network model for the water supply networks to investigate the structural properties, and present the structure of the water supply networks and detect communities by a spectral analysis of the Laplacian matrix. Then, we analyze the structure and controllability of water supply networks by the structural controllability method. The results show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed complex network model. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

Iodization of Village Water Supply in the Control of Endemic Iodine Deficiency in Rural Sarawak, Malaysia

A simple water iodizing system, which incorporates the Venturi principle in combination with the controlled release mechanism of a silicone-sodium iodide elastomer, for the iodization of rural piped-water supply in the control of endemic iodine deficiency has been developed and its effectiveness evaluated in three Iban longhouse villages in the iodinedeficient district of Lubok Antu, Sarawak. Urines were collected for iodine assays from women aged 15-40 years before and at 6 and 12 months after the connection of the iodinating device; goiter assessment was performed on the women at the start and end of the 1-year study. Water samples were collected for iodine assays at 2-weekly intervals. In all three villages, significant and sustained increases in median urinary iodine excretions,reaching levels recommended for an iodine-suffcient population, were observed; goitre prevalences were reduced in all the villages (by 22.6% to 35.8%). The iodine levels in the water ranged from 34 μg/l to 212 μg/L. In the control village, median urinary iodine excretions remained essentially unchanged but a small increase in goiter prevalence was observed. The iodized water was well received by the villagers and no adverse effects of water iodization were observed. The system functioned unattended throughout the one year period. The cost of providing supplemental iodine via the iodizing device is approximately 60 cents (U.S.) per family per year which is affordable by either the Government or the villagers. It is concluded that the iodizing system offers a new cost-effective strategy for the control of endemic iodine deficiency in Sarawak and may have applications in other areas with similar water sources

Model predictive control for water management and energy security in arid/semiarid regions

This paper aims to develop a realistic operational optimal management of a water supply system in an arid/semiarid region under climate change conditions.The developed model considers the dynamic variation of water demand,rainfall,weather,and seasonal change in electricity price.It is mathematically developed as a multi-constraint non-linear programming model based on model predictive control principles.The model optimises the quantities of water supplied by each source every month and improves the energy efficiency in a water supply system with multiple types of sources.The effectiveness of the developed MPC model is verified by applying it to a case study and comparing the results with those obtained with an open loop model.Results showed that using the MPC model leads to a 4.16%increase in the water supply cost compared to the open loop model.However,when considering uncertainties in predicting water demands,aquifer recharges,rainfall,and evaporation rate,the MPC model was better than the open loop model.Indeed,the MPC model could meet the water demand at any period due to its predictability of variations,which was not the case with the open loop model.Moreover,a sensitivity analysis is conducted to verify the capacity of the developed model to deal with some phenomena due to climatic changes,such as in rainfall.

Setting up the Goal of Eliminating Outbreaks of Blue-green Alga, Innovating the Idea of Controlling the Taihu Lake, and Ensuring the Safety of Water Supply in the Taihu Lake

Since the water supply crisis in the Taihu Lake on May 29,2007,the control of the Taihu Lake has achieved remarkable results,and the eutrophication has been greatly reduced.Existing problems are as follows:outbreaks of blue-green alga still appear seriously every year,and there is no goal to eliminate outbreaks of blue-green alga;the load into the lake greatly exceeds the environmental capacity;reed wetlands are greatly reduced;there is still the possibility of a water supply crisis;the research of eliminating outbreak of blue-green alga is weak.In this paper,the experience of controlling the Taihu Lake is summarized,and the ultimate goals of eliminating eutrophication and outbreaks of blue-green alga and restoring wetlands and biodiversity are proposed.Control measures are proposed,such as deepening the promotion of the lake chief system,establishing the lake chief system in an all-round way,and increasing applied scientific and technological efforts and capital investment.The necessity and possibility of further controlling the Taihu Lake to eliminate outbreaks of blue-green alga should be recognized.Relying on controlling eutrophication alone cannot eliminate outbreaks of blue-green alga.The point that phosphorus control is the key to eliminate outbreaks of blue-green alga is not suitable for the Taihu Lake.The integration ideas of"three types"of technologies should be innovated.The first one is"double reduction and double increase"measures to eliminate eutrophication,of which"double reduction"is to reduce external point sources and non-point sources and internal blue-green alga in sediment;for external sources,the treatment standard of sewage plants should be paid special attention to.The second one is"double algae removal"measures to salvage blue-green alga,suppresses and kills algae.The blue-green alga on the surface,middle and bottom of water should be thoroughly salvaged and eliminated from various water areas.The third one is"double restoration"measures to restore wetlands and biodiversity.The area of wetlands should be restored to the area from the 1960s to the 1970s before outbreaks of blue-green alga,and vegetation coverage reaches 25%-30%.The Taihu Lake is controlled in different waters to ensure water supply safety in water sources.Five suggestions are proposed,such as revising the"Overall Plan for the Comprehensive Treatment of Water Environment in the Taihu Lake Basin"again,incorporating the goal of eliminating outbreaks of blue-green alga in the plan,setting up this research topic,greatly improving sewage treatment standards in local legislation.

Research and application of GIS information system of Pipeline Network of Oil Field Water

Pipeline network of oil fi eld water is established on the basis of GIS geographic information and SCADA platform, and monitorthe running state of water supply system in oil fi eld mining area in real time through data acquisition, instrument measurement and control,wireless network, water quantity, water pressure and other on-line monitoring equipment. The water supply system is formed, and the informationof mass water supply system is analyzed and processed in a timely manner. The system manages the entire production, management and serviceprocesses of the water supply system in a dynamic manner in order to ensure water supply safety management, and realize the modernization,intelligence and information mode operation of the water supply system in the mining area.

Control of Water Supply in Pipe Networks Nonlinear Case

The paper deals with control of supply in pipe networks based on so-called Dynamic Virtual Distortion Method. Making use of the analytical network model of this installation and using presented below, the so-called Virtual Distortion Method （VDM）, the control of water supply can be performed. Minimization of supply pressure in inlets to the network, subject to inequality constraints imposed on outlet pressure （in chosen nodes） is discussed. Taking advantage of pre-computed influence vectors, the real-time control strategy can be realised with small computational effort and therefore, can be managed with use of hardware-based controllers. Non-linear constitutive relation （water flow vs. pressure head） has been assumed.

Site Selection of Waste Slag Yard and Design of Protective Measures in Water Supply Project of Drawing from the Songhua River in Central Cities of Jilin

Water supply project of drawing from the Songhua River in central cities of Jilin is taken as research object.On the basis of analyzing project characteristics and natural conditions of the project area,site selection of waste slag yard of water diversion project and design of water and soil conservation measures are discussed.Rationality of site selection of waste slag yard and pertinence of prevention and control measures of water and soil loss in waste slag yard are analyzed,and comprehensive utilization of waste slag in large-scale production and construction projects is explored.

Predictive Zone Control of Pressure Management for Water Supply Network Systems

In this paper we address the problem of pressure management in water supply system （WSS） network. The model-based predictive control （MPC） strategies have some important features to deal with WSS. By hydraulic analysis of WSS, the predictive model is derived from the dynamic model and static model of WSS. Through WSS, the consumers＇ demands are required to be met at all times according to some operational constraints that must be satisfied. The constraints of flow through actuators, the water level of reservoirs and the consumer areas＇ pressure demand are determined by a specific system. In this work, we develop a constrained MPC controller that considers the zone control of the pressure outputs and incorporates steady state economic targets in the control cost function. The designed management strategies are applied to a case study and simulation results, covering different aspects, are provided. The output nodal pressure can be controlled in the desired zone by optimal scheduling the actuators of the WSS. If the variation range of reservoir＇s water level is broader, the rate of flow through the actuators is gentle, and vice versa.

基于水资源供需关系的江河源头优先保护区划分方法研究——以广东省漠阳江流域为例

江河源头保护对区域水安全具有重要意义,如何提取江河源头的关键信息并构建评估体系,是水生态环境分区管控体系研究的重点与难点之一。深入剖析水循环、生态系统服务理论中江河源头与人类活动的供需关系,将生态系统服务评估方法整合应用到水生态环境分区管控中,提出基于水资源供需关系的江河源头优先保护区划分方法,并以漠阳江流域为案例开展研究,评估识别其江河源头优先保护区。结果表明:1)基于生态系统服务供需与流转格局、水资源供给服务功能量核算、重要性指数计算及分级等研究方法,采用ArcGIS软件空间叠加运算功能,按行政村(社区)统计水资源自盈余量(SWS)、水资源供给服务路径长(TL)指标,通过SWS、TL可以精准刻画流域内的水资源供需及流转格局,基于SWS、TL加权计算的江河源头保护重要性指数可以有效表征流域内各地区差异。2)对漠阳江流域评估分析,按重要性指数将流域分为极重要区、较重要区、一般重要区、生态发展区、城市开发区5级,面积占比分别为17.8%、36.9%、36.6%、7.2%、1.5%。极重要区主要包括漠阳江从源头至大河水库段集水区、天露山西部降雨高值区等区域,较重要区包括极重要区外围连片山区、潭水河上游连片山区,一般重要区大部分是平原地带的农业区,生态发展区包括上游、中游大型城镇以及下游阳江市主城区周边大型城镇,城市开发区为下游阳江市主城区。划分的5级分区在水资源供给、开发利用等方面的统计指标均呈较好的梯度分布,构建了全流域的上游水资源供给与下游水资源利用的水生态环境分区管控格局。3)建议将漠阳江流域连片极重要区划为江河源头优先保护区,加强水源涵养林建设,并重点保护百涌自然保护区等生物多样性关键区,加大重点保护植物、特有植物、重点保护动物及其栖息地的保护修复力度。

智能变压供水系统在某园区淡旺季中的应用

针对某旅游园区供水系统在淡旺季和人流量变化中的需求差异,提出了一种基于物联网和自适应控制的智能供水系统设计方案。原系统仅根据预测供水需量及系统压力,在每日不同时段进行变频设置控制,不能根据实际需求量实现动态调节。为了实现供水模式根据实际用水流量的智能控制,系统通过无线传感器网络和云平台实时监控供水压力和流量,并结合历史数据进行优化配置。经测试,该方案能有效稳定供水压力和流量,显著提升供水系统的灵活性和节能效果。总结了系统设计、施工、调试及运行效能分析的经验,以为类似工程提供一定参考。

城市给排水系统防漏与堵漏技术研究及实践

广州市作为中国南方的重要城市,其给排水系统的运行状况直接关系到城市的正常运转和居民的生活质量。本文以广州市为例,深入分析了其给排水系统面临的渗漏与堵塞问题,通过具体的数据和案例分析,探讨了问题的成因、影响及解决方案。通过引入智能监测系统、应用新型环保材料、加强施工质量控制和运维管理等多方面措施,提出了提升广州市给排水系统运行效率和安全性的综合策略。

控制性供水湖泊旱限水位确定方法——以洱海为例

旱限水位作为干旱预警以及工程抗预案的重要指标和依据,对科学指导湖泊开展抗旱调度具有重要的作用。本文针对控制性供水湖泊的特征,在充分考虑湖泊自身生态健康稳定的同时,结合湖泊兴利调节逆序递推计算,提出了一种控制性供水湖泊旱限水位计算方法,以洱海为例,验证了该方法的合理性。结果表明:通过设定旱限水位,在考虑湖泊最小生态需求的基础上,通过在干旱前期预留水量,可有效缓解干旱年份的湖泊周边地区的严重缺水情况;在设置旱限水位后,连旱最不利年份下洱海环湖供水缺水量减少1023万m^(3),引洱入宾农业灌溉用水减少1016万m^(3),环湖城市供水、引洱入宾灌溉严重缺水月数分别减少11、10个,低于最低生态水位月数减少15个。本研究为水旱灾害防御部门制定湖泊旱限水位、指导湖泊开展抗旱调度提供了一套通用算法,能够为干旱防御决策提供科学依据和技术支撑。

变化条件下长江口防洪御潮及供水保障研究进展与展望

近一个世纪以来,全球气候变暖导致海平面持续上升,增加了整个长江口的水深,抬高了潮汐和风暴潮的基础水位,使得河口咸潮入侵,洪水和风暴潮发生的频率和强度增加。同时,由于长江流域水土保持和水库群建设,进入河口的泥沙量锐减,加剧了河口咸潮上溯,对区域人群生产生活产生一定影响。从全球气候变暖背景下长江口海平面上升和演变规律、长江口人类活动与气候变化影响下的动力要素变化、河口咸潮入侵时空分布和水盐交换机制及供水安全风险、海平面上升对海堤防洪御潮能力的影响、长江口地区防洪御潮韧性等5个方面总结归纳了现有研究成果,提出未来研究的方向,以期对保障河口地区水资源安全利用和防洪御潮能力提升提供参考。

基于可控破坏的供用水系统极限调控理论框架

特大干旱作为一种极端气候现象,会导致严重的水资源短缺、经济社会损失和生态环境破坏。为抗旱减灾,应该在供水侧尽可能挖潜增供,在用水侧尽可能压缩减用,即供用水系统的极限调控。为了供用水系统的可持续,特大干旱条件下供用水系统的调控,既要挑战极限又要确保破坏可控。本研究在“概念内涵—理论框架—调控策略”的总体思路下,引入耗散结构理论和熵理论,分析了特大干旱条件下供用水系统特点,探讨可控破坏的概念、内涵及判别方法,创建特大干旱条件下基于可控破坏的供用水系统极限调控的理论框架,提出特大干旱条件下供用水系统的极限调控策略,为特大干旱应对提供理论指导和方法支持。

煤矿井下供水管网智能调控策略方法研究

煤矿井下供水管网系统是保证煤矿安全生产的关键环节,针对煤矿井下供水管网系统能耗高、管网漏损率高以及调控复杂度增加等问题,以陕西亭南煤矿井下实际供水系统工况展开智能调控策开研究。综合管网影响调控因素建立两级优化调度模型,通过一级优化调度确定每个水泵房的最佳供水压力与供水量,然后以泵组的运行费用为目标函数,建立二级优化模型寻求水泵的最佳运行方案。求解模型中针对传统遗传算法易陷入局部最优解的问题,采用了组合变异算子进行改进。实验结果表明,通过优化调度后,煤矿井下供水系统的能耗明显降低,节能效果显著,在保障供水系统的安全运行的前提下平均日节能8.8%。

煤矿联合泵房供水系统智能化升级改造

煤矿供水系统的智能化转型升级是提升煤矿智能化水平的重要环节,文章针对某煤矿联合泵房供水系统自动化程度低、难以实现恒压供水等问题,采用PID控制、变频调速、工业互联网等先进技术对其进行智能化升级改造,设计了高效稳定的智能供水控制系统和管理系统,大大提升了系统自动化、信息化、智能化水平。

智能控制技术在二次供水补氯系统中的应用

本文主要阐述智能控制技术在二次供水补氯系统中的应用。在二次供水生产过程中,应用智能控制技术能够有效解决人工投加的不确定性问题。智能控制技术借鉴人工投加经验,通过可编辑逻辑控制器(PLC)分类控制和智能算法,解决因进水流量突变而引起的次氯酸钠投加量不可控的问题。实际应用表明,该系统投加效果良好,既降低原材料消耗,减少人工工作量,又降低投加风险,使出站水余氯稳定在合适范围内,使水质符合国家标准,保证供水安全,为二次供水智能化生产提供了一种较好的选择方案。

基于FCM-GA灌溉供水管网减压阀布设优化

为探究灌溉供水管网中存在的漏损过高以及局部压力过大的问题,提出了一种基于FCM-GA的供水管网减压阀布设优化方法,该方法借助MATLAB、EPANET、MATLAB-EPANET-Toolkit以及PlatEMO平台等工具,对西班牙的BIN管网进行分区布置减压阀并优化阀后压力,以不同分区方案的成本与降漏效果为控制指标,筛选出最优方案。结果显示:最优方案(分5个区)将整个管网的漏损率降低至7.45%,相较初始管网降低了20.04%,降低的漏损费用可达114€/d,在减压阀服务年限内可收回成本并达到盈利,并实现对整个管网系统的压力管理,提高了管网的稳定性和可靠性,有利于减少管网事故发生。因此,基于FCM-GA的灌溉供水管网减压阀布设优化是一种安全、低成本和高效益的降漏与控压方法,在有效降低灌溉用水费用的同时,可更好地实现节水灌溉。

对某城乡供水工程自动化控制的设计和应用研究

城乡供水自动化是解决农村饮水安全的重要措施,能够有效保证供水工程的管理决策能力和应用服务水平。总结了某城乡供水项目中自动化控制的设计和应用,不仅能有效的弥补水利工程建设过程中存在的不足,此外在实现水利工程长远发展、提高水利工程管理水平中也发挥了重要性作用,可以实现城乡供水后期运行中节水、减员、降本、增效的功能优势,推动了城乡供水的均等化服务,有效巩固当地的脱贫攻坚工作。

极端枯水年黄河流域水资源安全保障策略研究

受变化环境影响,黄河流域水文节律非稳态增强,特枯和连枯等极端水文干旱事件不断加剧,流域水资源安全面临严峻挑战。基于现状用水和工程条件下极端枯水年黄河流域水资源面临的供需矛盾加剧、水生态环境脆弱等严峻形势,提出水资源安全保障目标为通过多种调控措施增加流域供水量,避免因水资源短缺造成的流域经济社会和生态环境严重破坏,保持流域水资源系统的基本功能、结构、服务能力及恢复能力;提出供给侧调控对象主要为地表水、地下水、非常规水和外调水等水源,需求侧调控对象主要为不同区域、不同行业的用水户;提出结构化流域水资源供需双侧协同分析方法和模型。从以上3个方面构建了极端枯水年黄河流域水资源安全保障框架,分析了需水分层、多水源挖潜增供、分类分层韧性调控等策略。研究表明:通过采取多项调控措施组合可以在一定程度上缓解极端枯水年份黄河流域水资源严重失衡问题,但是流域经济社会发展和河流生态环境仍然面临较大不利影响,需要加快南水北调西线调水工程建设和完善黄河水沙调控体系等长效之策。