The application of industrial accounting in corporate finance industry

In the increasingly fierce market competition, economic efficiency of enterprises is the fundamental for enterprise＇ s development and survival; accounting plays an important role in enterprise management. The appearance of accounting industry is to meet the economic needs of management within the organization and gradually developed, its main functions is to improve operating efficiency and to establish and provide a variety of data and information, such as internal management needs. Based on this, the paper makes an analysis about the role that industry accounting play for corporate financial management in China.

An Investigation into the Reorganization of the Big Four and the Consolidation of the Accounting Industry

The Big Four is the name given to the top four professional consultancy firms of the world namely Pw C(Price Waterhouse Coopers), KPMG, Ernst and Young and Deloitte. These firms provide audit, accounting, taxation, financial and other professional consultancy to the clients(being businesses and companies). The paper discusses the reasons for the formation of the Big Four and the future aspects of the big four. It was found that the current market structure and the existing status of the Big Four will not change in the near future and there is near to impossible chances of new entrants in the auditing and accounting markets because of barriers to entry established by the Big Four in the existing market.

The Development of Accounting Regulation in Extractive Industries in Australia, South Africa and Canada

In view of the economic significance of extractive industries, the special accounting issues raised, and the numerous calls over many years for standardization, there has been less regulation of their accounting than as expected. The development of accounting regulations and practices in the extractive industries in 3 countries is reviewed, which are Australia, South Africa and Canada.

Management Accounting Practices in the Portuguese Lodging Industry

This paper aims to characterize management accounting techniques at the Portuguese lodging industry, identifying the techniques adopted and the determinants of adopting them and their adequacy for the decision-making process. It is also a purpose to understand the extent to which the industry adopts the Uniform System of Accounts for the Lodging Industry （USALI）. The sample includes 35 hotels, which were analyzed in the years 2009 and 2010. Evidence is found supporting the fact management accounting is a tool incorporated in the daily management practices of hotels and useful to support the decision-making process. The proportion used of traditional management accounting techniques is higher than the proportion of use of contemporary ones. The adoption of these techniques is influenced by the fact of the hotels being subsidiaries of a multinational hotel chain, as well as by their annual turnover. In Portugal, there is a weak use of USALI. It is more used in the large hotels and in hotels with a foreign control. Management accounting supports hotels to improve their performance, thus becoming relevant to analyze management accounting practices used by them, particularly which instruments and techniques. In this context, this study, the first of its kind in Portugal, is justified with the increasing need for accurate and actual information of the accounting practices of the hotels operating in Portugal.

An input-output model for energy accounting and analysis of industrial production processes： a case study of an integrated steel plant

To promote sustainability, it has become increasingly vital to properly account material and energy flows in industrial production processes. Therefore, a generic process-level input-output （IO） model was developed to provide an integrated energy （material） accounting and analysis approach for industrial production processes. By extending the existing processlevel IO models, the production, usage, export and loss of by-products were explicitly considered in the proposed IO model. Moreover, the by-products allocation procedures were incorporated into the proposed IO model to reflect individual contributions of products to energy consumption. Finally, the proposed model enabled calculating embodied energy of main products and total energy consumption under hierarchical accounting scope. Plant managers, energy management consultants, governmental officials and academic researchers could use this input-output model to account material and energy flows, thus calculating energy consumption indicators of a production process with their specific system boundary requirements. The accounting results could be further used for energy labeling, identifying bottlenecks of production activities, evaluating industrial symbiosis effects, improving materials and energy utilization efficiency, etc. The model could also be used as a planning tool to determine the effect that a particular change of technology and supply chains may have on the industrial production processes. The proposed model was tested and applied in a real integrated steel mill, which also provided the reference results for related researches. At last, some concepts, computational issues and limi- tations of the proposed model were discussed.

Tourist Attraction Development in Denmark and Its Impact on Regions

This paper presents an investigation on the definitions of different concepts within cultural, tourism and creative industries, and experienced economy. The statistical approach is used in this analysis, both relating to the data presentation and the application of the Danish regional model for the economic assessment of tourist attraction. The research aim of the paper is two-fold： firstly, to discuss and highlight the development of cultural and tourist attractions both at national and regional level; secondly to show that tourist attractions play an important role both in destination marketing and the economic contribution to the Danish regions. The paper describes the trends of cultural and tourist attractions in Denmark both in the economic terms and in terms of numbers of visitors at attractions. Tourist attractions have an effect on tourists＇ choice of their destination. The last part of the paper focuses on the case studies within which the economic impacts of tourist attraction on the regions are presented. The Danish inter-regional model is applied for analyzing the economic and employment effects of these tourist attractions. The conclusion is drawn in the last section.

New Changes of Mobile Banking Industry and Mobile Terminal-Bank Account Problem Solving Model in the Digital Era

In the digital era, the mobile-empowered customers have new power in the palms of their hands, which means that their shoppingand buying behaviors are being totally transformed by the ability to buy anything at any time from any place. Bank account is the base camp ofmoney in economic activity, therefore who wins the mobile terminal who embraces bank accounts, who embraces bank accounts who achievesthe world, for the winner can master customer resource and business foundation. This passage focuses on the issue that how to create bankaccounts on mobile terminal for mobile banking industry in the digital era, introduced the developing background of mobile banking industry,analyzed the main challenges mobile banking industry faces, and finally concluded a workable mobile terminal-bank account problem solvingmodel from strategy level, technical level and marketing level.