Effect of Industrial Effluents on Embryos of Lefteye Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

The studies have been carried out in laboratory on the effect of dyeing,electroplating, pesticide effluents and their intermixture on embryos of lefteye flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus ). The main toxic substances in dying effluent are aniline ( 20 mg/L ) andphenol ( 24 mg/L ). The main toxic substances in electroplating effluent are Zn ( 1 970 mg/L ). Cu (9 mg/L ) and Pb ( 7.5 mg/L ). The main toxic substances in pesticide effluent are monocrotophos andphosphite. The test results indicate that the lowest concentrations of dyeing, electroplating,pesticide effluents and their intermixture, having significant effect on the hatch rate anddevelopment of P. olivaceus embryos, are 0.5 %, 0.15 %, 0.25 % and 0.25 %, respectively; and theincipient LC_(50) of dyeing, electroplating, pesticide effluents and their intermixture are 3.38 % (2.29 %～3.87 % ), 0.81 % ( 0.71 % ～0. 92 % ). 1.57 % ( 1.37 %～1.82 % ) and 1.48 % ( 1.24 %～1.76% ). Based on the incipient LG_(50) values, the toxicity sequence of the three industrial effluentsis in the order of electroplating effluent > pesticide effluent > dyeing effluent.

The Effect of Industrial Effluents on the Quality of Onukpawahe Stream, Tema-Ghana

Industrial effluents discharged into surface water body present a high percent of pollution in Ghanaian streams and rivers. The current study assessed the effects of industrial effluent on the quality of Onukpawahe stream which receives industrial effluents from the Tema Metropolis. Effluent samples were collected from six （6） selected industries and the water samples were collected from sixteen （16） different locations on the Onukpawahe stream. Various physico-chemical parameters such as BOD, TDS, Conductivity, COD, pH, TSS, Turbidity, Temperature, Colour, Sulphate, Phosphate, Ammonia and Nitrate were analysed during the current investigation. The average values of all the physico-chemical parameters （except pH and DO） were all above the EPA sector specific effluent guidelines. It was established in the study that the industries have polluted the stream and have grievously compromised the quality of the Onukpawahe stream. The surface water and industrial effluent must be monitored by the authorities in order to prevent further degradation of the river quality.

Haematological and Hepatic Responses of the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus to Sublethal Exposure of Industrial Effluents from Ologe Lagoon Environs,Lagos,Nigeria

The present study is on the haematological and hepatic responses of the African catfish fingerlings Clarias gariepinus to sublethal toxicity of industrial effluents(IE)from the environment of Ologe Lagoon,Lagos,Nigeria.The fish were cultured in five concentrations of industrial effluents:0%(control),5%,15%,25%,and 35%.Trials were carried out in triplicates for twelve(12)weeks.The culture system was a static renewable bioassay and was carried out in the fisheries laboratory of the Lagos State University,Ojo-Lagos.Weekly physico-chemical parameters:Temperature(°C),pH,conductivity(ppm)and dissolved oxygen(DO in mg/L)were measured in each treatment tank.Haematological parameters:packed cell volume(PCV),red blood cells(RBC),white blood cell(WBC),neutrophil and lymphocytes etc.,and hepatological alterations were measured after 12 weeks.The physico-chemical parameters showed that the pH ranged from 7.82±0.25~8.07±0.02.DO ranged from 1.92±0.66~4.43±1.24 mg/L.The conductivity values increased with increase in concentration of I.E.While the temperature difference remained insignificant with mean value range between 26.08±2.14~26.38±2.28.The DO showed significant differences at p<0.05.Though survival was 100%during the sublethal study,haematological results showed that C.gariepinus had PCV ranging from 13.0±1.7~27.7±0.6,RBC ranged from 4.7±0.6~9.1±0.1,and neutrophil ranged from 26.7±4.6~61.0±1.0 amongst others.The highest values of these parameters were obtained in the control and lowest at 35%.While the reverse effects were observed for WBC and lymphocytes,the liver shows normal liver cells in the control(0%),but at higher toxic levels,there were:vacoulation,destruction of the hepatic parenchyma,tissue becoming eosinophilic(i.e.tending towards Carcinogenicity)and severe disruption of the hepatic cord architecture.This study therefore shows that disposal of effluents into the aquatic environment affects the health of fishes by impairing normal hepatic functions and hindering vital physiological processes if exposure continues for a long period of time(sublethal effect).

Quality of effluents from Hattar Industrial Estate

Of 6634 registered industries in Pakistan, 1228 are considered to be highly polluting. The major industries include textile, pharmaceutical, chemicals (organic and inorganic), food industries, ceramics, steel, oil mills and leather tanning which spread all over four provinces, with the larger number located in Sindh and Punjab, with smaller number in North Western Frontier Province (NWFP) and Baluchistan. Hattar Industrial Estate extending over 700 acres located in Haripur district of NWFP is a new industrial estate, which has been developed with proper planning for management of industrial effluents. The major industries located in Hattar are ghee industry, chemical (sulfuric acid, synthetic fiber) industry, textile industry and pharmaceuticals industry. These industries, although developed with proper planning are discharging their effluents in the nearby natural drains and ulti- mately collected in a big drain near Wah. The farmers in the vicinity are using these effluents for growing vegetables and cereal crops due to shortage of water. In view of this discussion, there is a dire need to determine if these effluents are hazardous for soil and plant growth. So, effluents from different industries, sewage and normal tap water samples were collected and analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total soluble salts (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen, cations and anions and heavy metals. The effluents of ghee and textile industries are highly alkaline. EC and TSS loads of ghee and textile industries are also above the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), Pakistan. All the effluents had residual sodium carbonates (RSCs), carbonates and bicarbonates in amounts that cannot be used for irrigation. Total toxic metals load in all the effluents is also above the limit i.e. 2.0 mg/L. Copper in effluents of textile and sewage, manganese in ghee industry effluents and iron contents in all the effluents were higher than NEQS. BOD and COD values of all the industries are also above the NEQS. On the whole, these effluents cannot be used for irrigation without proper treatment otherwise that may cause toxicity to soil, plants and animals as well add to the problems of salinity and sododicity. Similarly, these effluents cannot be used for fish farming.

Impact of industrial effluent on growth and yield of rice(Oryza sativa L.) in silty clay loam soil

Degradation of soil and water from discharge of untreated industrial effluent is alarming in Bangladesh. Therefore, buildup of heavy metals in soil from contaminated effluent, their entry into the food chain and effects on rice yield were quantified in a pot experiment. The treatments were comprised of 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% industrial effluents applied as irrigation water. Effluents, initial soil, different parts of rice plants and post-harvest pot soil were analyzed for various elements, including heavy metals. Application of elevated levels of effluent contributed to increased heavy metals in pot soils and rice roots due to translocation effects, which were transferred to rice straw and grain. The results indicated that heavy metal toxicity may develop in soil because of contaminated effluent application.Heavy metals are not biodegradable, rather they accumulate in soils, and transfer of these metals from effluent to soil and plant cells was found to reduce the growth and development of rice plants and thereby contributed to lower yield. Moreover, a higher concentration of effluent caused heavy metal toxicity as well as reduction of growth and yield of rice, and in the long run a more aggravated situation may threaten human lives,which emphasizes the obligatory adoption of effluent treatment before its release to the environment, and regular monitoring by government agencies needs to be ensured.

Evaluation of Effluent Discharge from Steel Manufacturing Industries on the Proliferating Environmental Degradation in Nairobi Metropolitan in the Republic of Kenya

The overall objective of this study was to establish the effects of steel industrial effluent on Nairobi metropolitan water system and its impact to the society. The study sought to identify various types of wastes produced by factories, assess how the waste generated is managed and disposed, examine the effects of effluent discharge on Nairobi River and finally propose mitigation measures. The research adopted a qualitative design and employed a number of methods: direct observations, document reviews to content analysis of the past studies, which in the end generated invaluable data. The study revealed that there are four categories of waste generated: solid waste, liquid waste, footbath chemicals as well as thermal wastes. It was also found that waste management in place was not effective enough leading to water and soil pollution. Other causes of pollution were found out to emanate from gasses contamination to the air and chemicals used during steel processing. The findings will inform the community of the harmful effects of untreated water and how it impacts on their health and productivity. It will also help the stakeholders in the environmental conservation to articulate issues of policy and influence agenda setting in the national and sub-national levels.

Acute effects of chlorpyryphos-ethyl and secondary treated effluents on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in Carcinus maenas

The acute effects of commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos-ethyl （Dursban ） and the secondary treated industrial/urban effluent （STIUE） exposure on acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） and butyrylcholinesterase （BuChE） activities in hepatopancreas and gills of Mediterranean crab Carcinus maenas were investigated. After 2 d of exposure to chlorpyriphos-ethyl, the AChE activity was inhibited in both organs at concentrations of 3.12 and 7.82 μg/L, whereas the BuCHE was inhibited only at higher concentration 7.82 μg/L of commercial preparation Dursban~. The exposure of crabs to Dursban （3.12 μg/L） showed a significant decrement of ACHE activity at 24 and 48 h, whereas the BuChE was inhibited only after 24 h and no inhibition for both enzymes was observed after 72 h. Moreover, a significant repression of AChE activity was observed in both organs of C. maenas exposed to 5% of STIUE. Our experiments indicated that the measurement of AChE activity in gills and hepatopancreas of C. maenas would be useful biomarker of organophosphorous （OP） and of neurotoxic effects of STIUE in Tunisia.

Trace metals distribution in synodontis membranaceus, sediments, Asystasia Gangetica and Platostoma Africanium from Ofuafor River around Delta Glass Factory in Ughelli North Local Government Area, Delta State Nigeria

The trace metals analysis in synodontis membranaceus (head and tail), bottom sediments, Asystasia Gangetica and Platostoma Africanium were carried out using atomic absorption spectrometer of model Perkin Elmer 3110. Metals analysed were copper, nickel, mangenese, chromium, iron lead and cobalt. These metals were detected in the above samples. Vegetation samples concentration in copper, manganese, chromium, iron and cobalt were higher than those obtained in bottom sediments. The tail part of the fish contents of trace metals were also higher than those of the head. The results obtained in this work exceeded the results of water analysis carried out by Omoregha on the same river. Metals such as copper, nickel, manganese and chromium were below detection limit in the water from the same river. The bioaccumulation of these trace metals in these samples were traced to activities of Delta Glass Factory.

Impact of Flow Rate in Integration with Solar Radiation on Color and COD Removal in Dye Contaminated Textile Industry Wastewater:Optimization Study

Dyes are an integral part of the dying industry and have significantly resulted in environmental pollution by altering the standardwater quality after their discharge into the water bodies.The culprits behind the altered water quality are the pretreatment chemicals used during dying manufacturing processes.Various advanced treatmentmethods using conventional and advanced treatment options including solar energy have been put forth by researchers for the treatment of the dying effluents but,these methods have not proved significantly considerable.Therefore,the present study intends to check the efficiency of solar parabolic trough collector for treating the dying effluents in terms of color and COD.However,other wastewater parameters(BOD,nitrate and phosphate)have also been considered for this experimental analysis.Four standard flow rates(0.5,1.3,1.95 and 2.6 L/M)were maintained during the experiment for six hours at solar intensity(849.3±21.2W/m^(2))and the optimized flow rate(1.95 L/M)was detected and considered for further study during the present experiment.The color concentration showed a significant reduction(≥76.4%)by treatment with the designed solar reactor.Similar significant results were also noticed in terms of COD(79%).In this context,the current experimental study provides ideas on the decolorization and COD reduction efficiency with optimal flow rate in terms of cost-effectiveness with designed experimental reactor which could be further used and implemented for advanced scientific purposes.

Industrial water treatment and industrial marine outfalls： Achieving the right balance

Industrial water treatment and industrial marine outfalls both function together to reduce the pollutant concentrations in the effluent and mitigate the potential impact on the environment. The former uses environ- mental treatment technology with energy and material cost considerations, while the latter utilizes the natural assimilation potential of the coastal water environment achievable at the outfall location. Because of their synergistic nature, marine outfalls are now commonly used for the disposal of partially treated domestic and industrial effluents in many coastal cities around the world, with many successful examples of low and acceptable risks to the environment. The objective of this paper is to review their balance from both environmental and economic considerations. We also discuss the end-of-the-pipe and mixing zone approaches for industrial effluents, and give some recommendations particularly for developing coun- tries. Finally, we emphasize that a compulsory and vigorous monitoring program is essential regardless of how the balance is achieved.

Corporate environmental responsibility in Ethiopia:a case study of the Akaki River Basin

This research is aimed at investigating Corporate Environmental Responsibility in Manufacturing Enterprises in the Akaki River basin on protecting the urban environment with particular emphasis on twenty selected industries.To attain its objective,the study employed a mixed methods research approach.Data were collected by employing tools such as questionnaire,key informant interview,group discussions and observation.The findings of the research show that corporate environmental responsibility is very low.The majority of Large Scale Industries encompassed in the survey did not show considerable effort on protecting the environment responsibly.The reasons identified by this research are among others the absence of corporate environmental responsibility,low pressure from the enforcing institutions,and lack of financial and human resources.As a result,the Akaki River is highly polluted mainly through toxic industrial effluents released with little or no prior treatment.The consequences are countless.The populations living across the river are facing health deteriorations and economic damages.Based on the findings of this study,setting up strong institutions which are capable of developing new laws and implementing the existing environmental legal framework is commended.