Restructuring water industry in China: towards sustainable urbanization

In its urbanization course, China is faced with a scarcity of water resources in terms of both water quantity and quality. The development of water industry is a fundamental way to alleviate water shortage. Influenced by the traditional planned economy, Chinas urban water industry has been mainly owned and run by local municipal governments. Their tight fiscal budgets have led to very inadequate investments in water industry and thus, caused a slow development of water industry. In this case, restructuring urban water industry is very important. Based on the discussion concerning the trend of demand for and supply of urban water resources, this paper explores such strategic issues as water industry organization and integrated approaches addressing water scarcity. These are followed by a discussion of introducing market mechanism for restructuring water industry.

Application of Fe-Based Amorphous Alloy in Industrial Wastewater Treatment:A Review

Amorphous alloy(MGs)is a solid alloy with disordered atomic accumulation obtained by ultra-rapid solidification of alloy melt.The atom deviates from the equilibrium position and is in metastable state.Up to now,a large number of MGs have been applied to the treatment of dye and heavy metal contaminated wastewater and ideal experimental results have been obtained.However,there is no literature to systematically summarize the chemical reaction and degradation mechanism in the process of degradation.On the basis of reviewing the classification,application,and synthesis of MGs,this paper introduces in detail the chemical reactions such as decolorization,mineralization,and ion leaching of Fe-based amorphous alloy(Fe-MGs)in the degradation of organic and inorganic salt wastewater through direct reduction or advanced oxidation mechanism.Compared with crystalline materials,the higher reaction rate of Fe-MGs can be attributed to lower activation energy,negative redox potential,loose product layer,and band structure with downward shift of valence band top.Finally,some suggestions and prospects are put forward for the limitations and research prospects of MGs in the environmental field,which provides a new idea for the synthesis of new environmental functional materials.

The Industrial Production of Water Dedicated to Absorption of Gases

The paper presents a flow plasma reactor permitting modification of the properties of water/aqueous solutions by stochastic resonance amplification of vibrations of selected chemical species in water with electromagnetic noise generated during a plasma discharge. The main parameters characterizing the quality for super-pure water, tap water and water from the intake in Besko (Poland) before and after the process in the plasma reactor were presented for comparison. In addition, the 17O NMR (the full width at half maximum) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) methods were used to determine differences in physicochemical parameters between the untreated and plasma-treated water. It has been established that the water subjected to plasma treatment shows much different gas absorption properties than the untreated water samples, as a function of temperature and pressure, in this paper we report exemplary data for CO2, oxygen and acetylene. The improved gas absorption properties of the plasma-treated water make it attractive for the use in industrial processes. It is worth pointing to a great capacity of the new reactor (4000 l/h), and low energy consumption (20 MJ/h) for the treatment of the above mentioned volume flow rate of water.

Treatment of Reused Comprehensive Wastewater in Iron and Steel Industry With Electrosorption Technology

Electrosorption technology was used to treat the reused comprehensive wastewater from iron and steel industry. A problem of relatively high conductivity of wastewater which greatly affects the reuse was examined, and industrial test was conducted for the reused water advanced deionization and purification in a comprehensive wastewater treatment plant o{ WISCO [Wuhan Iron and Steel （Group） Corporation]. The results of the on-site in- dustrial test showed a satisfactory treatment performance for the reused water even at a flow rate of 1 000 L/h in a standard 500 L/h unit. The average conductivity decreased by about 70%, from 580--780 μS/cm to 100--350 μS/cm. The average removal efficiency of CI and Ca2＋ was about 75% and 68%, respectively, and CODcr of the treated wa- ter was also reduced in some degree while the pH value was almost unchanged. The energy consumption was as low as 0.6 kWh/t, which was remarkably superior to the conventional technologies. Therefore, it is entirely feasible that the novel eleetrosorption technology can be used in enhanced desalination and purification treatment of reused com- prehensive wastewater in iron and steel industry.

Coking wastewater treatment for industrial reuse purpose: Combining biological processes with ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis

A full-scale plant using anaerobic, anoxic and oxic processes （A1/A2/O）, along with a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor （MBR）, nanofiltration （NF） and reverse osmosis （RO） integrated system developed by Shanghai Baosteel Chemical Co. Ltd., was investigated to treat coking wastewater for industrial reuse over a period of one year. The removals reached 82.5% （COD）, 89.6% （BOD）, 99.8% （ammonium nitrogen）, 99.9% （phenol）, 44.6% （total cyanide （T-CN））, 99.7% （thiocyanide （SCN-）） and 8.9% （fluoride）, during the A1/A2/O biological treatment stage, and all parameters were further reduced by over 96.0%, except for fluoride （86.4%）, in the final discharge effluent from the currently operating plant. The pilot-scale MBR process reduced the turbidity to less than 0.65 NTU, and most of the toxic organic compounds were degraded or intercepted by the A1/A2/O followed MBR processes. In addition, parameters including COD, T-CN, total nitrogen, fluoride, chloride ion, hardness and conductivity were significantly reduced by the NF-RO system to a level suitable for industrial reuse, with a total water production ratio of 70.7%. However, the concentrates from the NF and RO units were highly polluted and should be disposed of properly or further treated before being discharged.

Modeling demand/supply of water resources in the arid region of northwestern China during the late 1980s to 2010

Water demand increases continuously with an increasing population and economic development. As a result, the difference between water supply and demand becomes a sig- nificant issue, especially in arid regions. To figure out the utilization of water resources in the arid region of northwestern China （ARNWC）, and also to provide methodologies to predict the water use in future, three models were established in this study to calculate agricultural irri- gation, industrial and domestic water use in the ARNWC from the late 1980s to 2010. Based on river discharges in the region, the supply and demand of water resources at the river basin level were analyzed. The results indicated that agricultural irrigation demand occupies more than 90% of the total water use in the ARNWC. Total water demand increased from 31.97 km3 in the late 1980s to 48.19 km3 in 2010. Most river basins in this arid region were under me- dium and high water stress. Severe-risk river basins, such as the Shiyang river basin and the eastern part of the northern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains, were found in this region. It was revealed that the water supply became critical from April to May, which was the season of the lowest water supply as determined by comparing monthly water consumption.

Wastewater treatment in 2050:Challenges ahead and future vision in a European context

1.Introduction The current state of the wastewater industry is one of transition.In Europe,in the last 2 decades,we have seen a significant improvement on river water quality after implementation of the Urban Waste Water Treatment European Directive(91/271/EEC)[1],and the European Water Framework Directive[2].Up to 97% of the population have now access to safely managed wastewater treatment services.

Energy production and consumption prediction and their response to environment based on coupling model in China

The paper presents the prediction of total energy production and consumption in all provinces and autonomous regions as well as determination of the variation of gravity center of the energy production, consumption and total discharge of industrial waste water, gas and residue of China via the energy and environmental quality data from 1978 to 2009 in China by use of GM（1,1） model and gravity center model, based on which the paper also analyzes the dynamic variation in regional difference in energy production, consumption and environmental quality and their relationship. The results are shown as follows. 1） The gravity center of energy production is gradually moving southwestward and the entire movement track approxi-mates to linear variation, indicating that the difference of energy production between the east and west, south and north is narrowing to a certain extent, with the difference between the east and the west narrowing faster than that between the south and the north. 2） The gravity center of energy consumption is moving southwestward with perceptible fluctuation, of which the gravity center position from 2000 to 2005 was relatively stable, with slight annual position variation, indicating that the growth rates of all provinces and autonomous regions are basically the same. 3） The gravity center of the total discharge of industrial waste water, gas and residue is characterized by fluctuation in longitude and latitude to a certain degree. But, it shows a southwestward trend on the whole. 4） There are common ground and discrepancy in the variation track of the gravity center of the energy production consumption of China, and the comparative analysis of the gravity center of them and that of total discharge of industrial waste water, gas and residue shows that the environmental quality level is closely associated with the energy production and consumption （especially the energy consumption）, indicating that the environment cost in economy of energy is higher in China.

A Study of Chinese Government’s Policies in Industrial Pollution Mitigation

China＇s rapid economic growth poses serious concerns over environmental degradation, especially in the context of higher pollution levels resulting from unprecedented industrial activity. It is commonly held that government policies are effective in the form of investment in pollution control and the imposition of a discharge fee on industrial units for the purpose of safety of environmental quality. In this study, we find that government policies do not prove to be successful in controlling air pollution in comparison to water pollution. Furthermore, air pollution is increasing, while water pollution is following a stable, decreasing curve. Hence, some reforms need to be implemented in government policies, particularly those concerning the effectiveness of investment in environmental protection and improving managerial skills in industry.