A Study of Methods to Identify Industry-University-Research Institution Cooperation Partners based on Innovation Chain Theory

Purpose： This study aims at identifying potential industry-university-research collaboration（IURC） partners effectively and analyzes the conditions and dynamics in the IURC process based on innovation chain theory.Design/methodology/approach： The method utilizes multisource data, combining bibliometric and econometrics analyses to capture the core network of the existing collaboration networks and institution competitiveness in the innovation chain. Furthermore, a new identification method is constructed that takes into account the law of scientific research cooperation and economic factors.Findings： Empirical analysis of the genetic engineering vaccine field shows that through the distribution characteristics of creative technologies from different institutions, the analysis based on the innovation chain can identify the more complementary capacities among organizations.Research limitations： In this study, the overall approach is shaped by the theoretical concept of an innovation chain, a linear innovation model with specific types or stages of innovation activities in each phase of the chain, and may, thus, overlook important feedback mechanisms in the innovation process.Practical implications： Industry-university-research institution collaborations are extremely important in promoting the dissemination of innovative knowledge, enhancing the quality of innovation products, and facilitating the transformation of scientific achievements.Originality/value： Compared to previous studies, this study emulates the real conditions of IURC. Thus, the rule of technological innovation can be better revealed, the potential partners of IURC can be identified more readily, and the conclusion has more value.

Evolution Characteristics of Government-Industry-University-Research Cooperative Innovation Network for China＇s Agriculture and Influ- encing Factors： Illustrated According to Agricultural Patent Case

Under the special background of China, the cooperative innovation between different government-industry-university-research institutes plays an increasingly important role in the agricultural field. However, the existing literature has paid little attention to it. Considering the cooperation patents, published in the agriculture field stemming from the Full-text Database of China Patents as the study object, the spatial and institutional attribute of the authors as the data source, and by combining the social network and spatial econometrics analysis, this paper analyzes the structure evolution characteristics of cooperative innovation networks of agricultural government-industry-university-research institute in the city level of China in 1985–2014, based on the triple helix theory, with the influence factors discussed. This shows that, 1) since 1985, China's agricultural innovation level has been substantially increased, but the development degree of the cooperative innovation network is low, and the patent cooperation mainly relies on authors in the same unit; 2) enterprises play a leading role in the agricultural cooperative innovation. The effect of the government and hybrid organizations driven by the government is not obvious; 3) the cooperative innovation in the province and city dominates, and a multi-pole pattern has been formed. The cooperative innovation network structure evolves from a single helix empty core and double helix multi core to a double helix hierarchical network; 4) the city's science, education funding and personnel investment are key factors determining the agricultural cooperative innovation, while the agricultural development of the city presents slight negative impacts on it. The spatial mismatch of supply and demand is present in the technical cooperative innovation of China's agriculture. Therefore, the science enhancement and education investment to big agricultural provinces should be promptly implemented.

Does Industry-University-Research Cooperation Matter? An Analysis of Its Coupling Effect on Regional Innovation and Economic Development

The dislocation between regional innovation and economic development directly influences the economic effect of regional innovation. However, no in-depth researches have been made on how to solve this problem. Using data from Henan Province, China,employing geographical detector technology, this paper focuses on testing whether the industry-university-research cooperation can contribute to coordinating the relation between regional innovation and economic development. It is shown that: 1) the industry-universityresearch cooperation in Henan Province is increasing gradually, and the network presents a core-edge structure, and the coupling degree between regional innovation and economic development is spatially unbalanced, which is similar to the spatial distribution of the intensity of industry-university-research cooperation;2) as an important approach to effectively connect scientific researches with market demands, the industry-university-research cooperation can help form an interactive, interconnected, coupled and coordinated virtuous relation between regional innovation and economic development. Compared with the cooperation between organizations of the same type and the separate innovation of organizations, the improvement of the industry-university-research cooperation level can better coordinate the relation between regional innovation and economic development;3) the cooperative innovation model between enterprises and universities can better promote the coupling between regional innovation and economic development, compared with many industryuniversity-research cooperation models. For underdeveloped areas lacking local knowledge base, industry-university-research cooperation should be considered as a long-term development strategy, especially using the knowledge sources of external universities and scientific research institutions to enhance innovation capability and achieve economic growth.

Structure, Evolution and Hot Spots of Cooperation Innovation Knowledge Network

Based on the statistics analysis of cooperation innovation articles, the paper analyses the distributing characteristics of cooperation innovation research papers. The distribution, structure and evolution of cooperation innovation research are studied through the social network and co-word method, combined with the information visualization technology. This study is based on the papers in the SSCI database during 2000-2014. The analysis and statistics of papers reveal distribution characteristics of the subject, time, institutions, countries and areas. The statistics shows that the research perspective of cooperation innovation from business and economics. The time distribution presents that research of cooperation innovation attracts enormous attention and the research achievement is increasing. From the distribution of organizations, countries and areas, North America and Europe countries maintain the leading position in this research field. But institutions and universities of China and other Asian countries or areas are witnessed their outstanding achievements in cooperation innovation research. Combining the co-word network analysis method, the paper studies the structure and content of cooperation innovation knowledge network in five stages and makes the net spectrum, visually showing the hot spots at various periods. The top highly cited papers in all five stages are reviewed simultaneously;their research hot spots and evolution process are concluded. The study shows 11 subjects including strategic alliances, social networks, R&D cooperation, R&D, technology transfer, alliances, knowledge management, social capital, entrepreneurship, trust, biotechnology are always the central issues in last 15 years. The focus of research is from the relationship between alliance and technology innovation to networking and knowledge innovation and then to open innovation.

Evolution Characteristics of Government-Industry-University Cooperative Innovation Network of Electronic Information Industry in Liaoning Province, China

It is important to optimize the cooperative innovation network for the improvement of economic competence and innovative power. Based on the patent information services platform, we obtain invention patent data for the electronic information industry in Liaoning from 1985 to 2015. This paper analyzes the cooperative innovation network structure, its spatiotemporal evolution and the triple helix relationship of government-industry-university(GIU) by using the social network analysis method and the triple helix theory as well as UCINet, ArcGIS and NetDraw. The empirical results show that: 1) the number of the subjects of the electronic information industry GIU cooperative innovation network in Liaoning demonstrates a gradual increase from 1985 to 2015, with the same trend in concentration. In terms of its subject and its centrality, the universities have a higher position, and the industries have a lower position,while the status of the government is still unclear. 2) The cooperative innovation network presents a core-periphery structure, and the polarization effect of innovation subjects tends to be obvious. There is certain distance-decay regularity in the cooperative innovation network, and a strong geographical proximity to cooperative innovation. 3) The compactness shows a downward trend as a whole. In terms of the extent of participation, the industries are better than the government but worse than the universities. This means that the cooperative innovation network of GIU in the electronic information industry in Liaoning is in the initial stage of formation.

Feature and Tendency of Technology Transfer in Z-Park Patent Cooperation Network:From the Perspective of Global Optimal Path

Purpose:This study aims to provide a new framework for analyzing the path of technology diffusion in the innovation network at the regional level and industrial level respectively,which is conducive to the integration of innovation resources,the coordinated development of innovative subjects,and the improvement of innovation abilities.Design/methodology/approach:Based on the Z-Park patent cooperation data,we establish Inter-Enterprise Technology Transfer Network model and apply the concept of Pivotability to describe the key links of technology diffusion and quantify the importance of innovative partnerships.By measuring the topologically structural characteristics in the levels of branch park and the technosphere,this paper demonstrates how technology spreads and promotes overall innovation activities within the innovation network.Findings:The results indicate that:(1)Patent cooperation network of the Z-Park displays heterogeneity and the connections between the innovative subjects distribute extremely uneven.(2)Haidian park owns the highest pivotability in the IETTN model,yet the related inter-enterprise patent cooperation is mainly concentrated in its internal,failing to facilitate the technology diffusion across multiple branch parks.(3)Such fields as“electronics and information”and“advanced manufacturing”are prominent in the cross-technosphere cooperation,while fields such as“new energy”and“environmental protection technology”can better promote industrial integration.Research limitations:Only the part of the joint patent application is taken into account while establishing the patent cooperation network.The other factors that influence the mechanism of technology diffusion in the innovation network need to be further studied,such as financial capital,market competition,and personnel mobility,etc.Practical implications:The findings of this paper will provide useful information and suggestions for the administration and policy-making of high-tech parks.Originality/value:The value of this paper is to build a bridge between the massive amount of patent data and the nature of technology diffusion,and to develop a set of tools to analyze the nonlinear relations between innovative subjects.

Diffusion mechanism simulation of cloud manufacturing complex network based on cooperative game theory

Cloud manufacturing is a specific implementation form of the "Internet + manufacturing" strategy. Why and how to develop cloud manufacturing platform(CMP), however, remains the key concern of both platform operators and users. A microscopic model is proposed to investigate advantages and diffusion forces of CMP through exploration of its diffusion process and mechanism. Specifically, a three-stage basic evolution process of CMP is innovatively proposed. Then, based on this basic process, a more complex CMP evolution model has been established in virtue of complex network theory, with five diffusion forces identified. Thereafter, simulations on CMP diffusion have been conducted. The results indicate that, CMP possesses better resource utilization,user satisfaction, and enterprise utility. Results of simulation on impacts of different diffusion forces show that both the time required for CMP to reach an equilibrium state and the final network size are affected simultaneously by the five diffusion forces. All these analyses indicate that CMP could create an open online cooperation environment and turns out to be an effective implementation of the "Internet + manufacturing" strategy.

数字化转型提升企业创新效率的网络机制——合作和知识双重创新网络结构洞的中介作用

企业数字化转型不仅拓展和优化了创新网络,也使创新网络在创新驱动发展中的作用日益重要。基于网络结构洞理论,从创新合作网络和创新知识网络(双重创新网络)角度分析数字化转型通过增强企业在创新网络中的“桥梁”作用来提升企业创新效率的机制,并采用沪深A股制造业上市公司2013—2021年的数据进行实证检验,结果发现:制造业企业数字化转型能够显著提升其创新效率,该作用在非国有企业中更为显著;双重创新网络结构洞是数字化转型影响企业创新效率的中介变量,即存在“数字化转型水平提高→双重创新网络结构洞增加→创新效率提升”的影响路径;企业组织韧性提高能够强化数字化转型对网络结构洞的正向影响,但对网络结构洞影响创新效率没有显著的调节作用。因此,应积极推进企业数字化转型,通过拓展和优化创新网络来促进企业创新效率提升,并不断提高企业的组织韧性以有效化解转型风险。

新兴技术合作创新网络形成影响因素研究--基于虚拟现实技术的专利数据

新兴技术具有复杂性与不确定性特征,通过建立合作关系,成为创新主体获取跨领域知识资源,实现技术知识重组与转化的关键。本文通过收集虚拟现实技术专利数据,构建新兴技术合作创新网络,分析其网络演化特征,运用随机指数图模型,从网络结构特征与创新主体知识属性,探究网络不同阶段的形成机制。结果表明:网络结构特征中的择优性与传递性,促进了网络形成。在知识属性中,知识多样性对网络形成具有持续促进作用;知识邻近性从促进网络形成进而演变为阻碍网络形成;知识组合潜力与知识组合机会,在网络后续的发展中起着促进作用。

协同创新理论下中国国家实验室建设路径探索——基于美国能源部国家实验室的经验启示

为推进中国国家实验室的开放和协同创新,运用协同创新理论,基于对美国能源部国家实验室协同创新的实践经验分析,结合中国当前面临被西方主要国家技术封锁的严峻形势,探讨协同创新促进中国国家实验室建设的路径。协同创新包含了多方创新主体、共同目标、优势互补和合理分工、复杂的相互作用和整体协同效应等五方面的核心要素,其结构从简单无序布局向高级有序组织变革转变为网络化创新结构,因此要确保协同创新成果实现,需要充分考虑不同主体之间的利益平衡和风险控制等因素。美国能源部国家实验室具有明确的战略目标与使命、充足的财政投入与多元化经费来源、高效的管理运行机制、人员组成多元化的强大科研团队,其发展总体呈现开放化、网络化的对外合作趋势,在协同创新方面形成了强化战略导向和目标聚焦、深化产学研合作、建立高效的协同机制、强化人才培养和团队建设,以及鼓励创新、营造宽容失败的文化氛围等经验举措。借鉴美国经验,深化国际合作和加强内部合作是应对挑战、促进国家实验室建设的两翼。因此,应对当前西方国家技术封锁,中国国家实验室建设须毫不动摇地坚持开放共享与合作交流的理念,强化顶层设计与政策引导,深化产学研用合作,建立高效协同机制,实现多领域协同创新、引领学科交叉创新,并积极融入创新联合体建设,弘扬科学家精神、营造鼓励创新探索的科研文化氛围。

知识产权保护对“一带一路”国家间创新合作的影响

当前全球创新网络正向区域化方向发展,呈现出与“西方中心论”话语体系下“南北冲突”模型所不同的发展态势。“一带一路”倡议下包含的政策沟通、设施联通、贸易畅通、资金融通和民心相通的“五通”合作模式为南南合作提供了新范式。利用零膨胀负二项模型,以2008—2019年incoPat数据库中“一带一路”国家申请的《专利合作条约》(PCT)专利数据作为研究样本,探究“一带一路”共建国家创新合作与知识产权保护的关系。结果表明:“一带一路”创新合作网络已从以俄罗斯为核心的单核心布局发展为以俄罗斯、中国和新加坡为核心的多核心集聚型布局,俄罗斯的主导地位下降、中国和新加坡后来居上;国家创新体量、知识产权保护水平和互联互通水平是“一带一路”共建国家间创新合作的重要影响因素。其中,提高知识产权保护水平和互联互通水平对处于区域创新网络外围位置的国家的促进作用更强,而处于网络核心位置的国家的创新合作则更依赖国家创新体量;增强互联互通水平有助于为创新合作搭建桥梁,缓解对知识产权正式制度的依赖;处于区域创新网络外围位置的后发国家可以在维持知识产权标准以保护本国工业基础的同时,通过增强互联互通水平参与创新网络构建。因此,中国应加强与“一带一路”共建国家的知识产权国际合作,加快构建多边、周边、小多边、双边四边联动及协调推进的知识产权国际合作新格局。

自我中心网络关系嵌入对企业创新的影响研究——基于生物医药领域核心企业数据

基于生物医药领域核心企业专利合作申请数据构建企业自我中心网络,结合关系嵌入理论,将网络关系嵌入强度、嵌入广度的静态特征及关系稳定性的动态特征纳入到同一研究框架,采用标准负二项模型研究生物医药领域核心企业自我中心网络关系嵌入特征对其创新的影响。研究结果表明:企业自我中心网络关系嵌入强度对企业创新呈现倒U型影响;网络关系嵌入广度、关系稳定性均对企业创新有显著正向影响;企业知识积累在网络关系嵌入影响企业创新中起中介作用。研究结论丰富了企业自我中心网络的相关理论研究,并为生物医药领域创新高质量发展提供了理论依据。

基于海洋产业的城市创新网络特征及邻近性分析

基于2000—2020年海洋产业合作申请专利数据,运用社会网络分析法和地理探测器,分析城市创新网络的拓扑结构、空间格局和邻近性机理。结果表明:①拓扑结构方面,2000年和2001年城市创新网络不具备无标度网络特征;2002—2020年,网络规模逐渐扩大,城市间合作增加,网络以2011年为分界点由松散转为集聚阶段。网络的无标度特性和小世界性逐渐明显,并由“双核心”结构逐渐发育为以北京为单核心的“核心-边缘”结构。②空间格局方面,核心城市和中介城市均表现出区域性特征,主要集聚在京津地区、长三角、珠三角和山东半岛,城市创新网络形成了以三角结构为支撑的四边形空间格局。③城市专利合作由沿海城市向内陆城市扩展,但海洋产业的科技创新主要依靠深圳、青岛、上海、天津、广州等沿海城市和北京、武汉等少部分内陆城市。④社会邻近性对城市创新网络的解释力最高,地理距离对城市合作的限制作用逐渐减弱,不同邻近因子间均存在非线性增强的两两交互作用。

基于网络演化视角的长三角集成电路产业合作创新绩效及影响因素研究

长三角是中国集成电路产业的主要集聚区,但针对该区域集成电路行业产学研多主体深度融合创新绩效的研究较为缺乏。为此,选取1995—2021年长三角集成电路产业的专利数据构建产业合作创新网络,采用ArcGIS可视化手段,通过拓扑结构分析、空间结构分析等方法梳理该网络演化的趋势特征,并基于2021年其中124家集成电路上市企业数据构建结构方程模型,分析长三角集成电路产业合作创新绩效的影响因素。结果表明:长三角集成电路产业合作创新网络的发展可划分为4个阶段,近年来形成了“核心-边缘”的创新网络,网络结构从松散逐渐紧密,网络内区域间联系逐步增强,与区域外主体空间合作的广度和深度不断扩大;企业在合作专利申请行为中的位置优势及经验优势不会影响企业的合作意愿;知识邻近性对关系邻近性和创新绩效的正向影响显著,通过创新绩效对合作创新成果产生中介效应,而且创新绩效对合作创新成果的正向影响显著;环境邻近性显著正向影响知识邻近性且显著负向影响创新绩效。因此,要进一步打造品牌化、国际化和数字化的长三角集成电路产业合作创新公共服务平台,提升长三角集成电路产业合作创新网络的能级。

长江中游城市群创新网络演化及影响因素研究

区域一体化背景下,城市群成为推动区域创新协调发展的重要空间载体和增长极,创新活动由单一合作向网络化创新发展。研究利用长江中游城市群28个城市的发明专利合作数据构建创新网络,采用社会网络分析和QAP回归分析对2008—2019年长江中游城市群创新网络的演化进程和驱动机制进行了分析。研究表明:创新网络的规模持续扩张,创新联系增长迅速,创新网络结构从以武汉、长沙为中心的“双核心”结构发展为以武汉、长沙、南昌为中心的“三核心”结构;QAP回归分析发现,地理邻近性、制度邻近性、组织邻近性和地理邻近性对创新网络有显著的推动作用,产业邻近性对创新网络表现出抑制性。

产品预研研究回顾及展望

产品创新是提高企业绩效的重要驱动力之一,而预研阶段作为产品创新中创意产生、概念生成和项目评估的阶段,对产品创新具有重要影响。随着世界经济格局和产品研发环境的不断变化,预研成为企业提高自身核心竞争力的重要研发活动,进而也成为众多学者关注的焦点。然而,已有相关研究主要集中于预研的定义、特征、绩效以及预研活动对新产品开发产生的影响,很少涉及预研知识基础、研究热点的动态变化趋势、研究前沿、新时代背景下预研的未来研究方向等。鉴于此,利用CiteSpace可视化软件对国内外的预研文献数据进行分析,绘制预研知识领域的核心作者、研究国家和研究机构的知识图谱,关键词共现图,关键词突现分析图以及关键词时线分布图,分析预研的研究现状、研究热点和研究前沿。最后,针对已有文献的不足,提出新时代背景下未来的研究方向,以期为后续相关研究提供参考和借鉴。

区域科技创新府际协作网络模式研究——基于长江中游3个城市群的比较分析

科技创新具有一定的外溢性,其规模效应也不可忽视。在我国科技创新资源分布不均衡的情况下,如何通过府际协作促进区域科技创新资源的对接、交换与共建,对于提升区域整体科技创新水平至关重要。以武汉城市圈、环长株潭城市群和环鄱阳湖城市群的科技创新府际协议为数据样本,运用政策文本量化分析方法和社会网络分析方法,比较分析了3个城市群科技创新府际协作现状及合作网络模式。研究显示:在科技创新府际协作方面,合作数量总体呈上升趋势,协议类型以非正式协议为主,制度化程度相对较低,协议规模以双边合作为主;在科技创新合作网络模式方面,武汉城市圈为行政型合作网络模式,环长株潭城市群为共享型合作网络模式,环鄱阳湖城市群为领导型合作网络模式。

“思政引领,产教融合”计算机网络安全教学创新研究

随着信息技术的快速发展,计算机网络安全成为社会关注的焦点。以“思政引领,产教融合”为视角,探讨计算机网络安全教学的创新与实践,旨在培养具备高度网络安全意识和技能的优秀人才。课程利用学习通开展线上线下混合式教学,通过课程内容的重构、教学模式的改进,教学方法的创新、思政元素的融入、教学评价的改革、教学成效的推广等,以“德育为先,学生中心,产学融合,持续改进”的教育理念,实现在传授专业知识的同时,深度挖掘课程思政元素,把网络及安全专业知识与生产实践融合,加强校企合作,持续教学改革,构建师生学习共同体。

突破式创新发明人的合作倾向

突破式技术创新是推动产业升级的关键,研发合作是实现技术创新的有效途径。作为技术创新的自然延伸,对突破式创新发明人的合作倾向问题进行分析,有助于更好地理解突破式与持续式创新的区别与联系,也有助于推动发明人合作关系的合理构建与研发团队的培育。首先,本文定义了突破式创新发明人的度量方法;其次,使用专利引用数据构建发明人合作网络;最后,基于网络零模型的方法分析和验证了突破式创新发明人的合作倾向。研究结果表明,发明人合作网络表现出度相关性与同配性,突破式创新发明人倾向于和突破式创新发明人合作,并且随着时间推移,突破式创新发明人与突破式创新发明人的合作倾向越来越显著。

基于社会网络的建筑行业科技创新主体合作网络演化研究——以“华夏建设科学技术奖”为例

对创新主体合作情况进行研究,探究建筑行业创新主体合作现状和演化趋势。根据2007—2021年“华夏建设科学技术奖”获奖情况,以社会网络分析的视角对创新主体合作整体、个体网络及演化特征进行分析。结果表明,创新主体多通过跨类型机构合作方式推进建筑科技创新,“校—企”合作是当前的主要合作模式;合作网络规模不断扩展,创新主体逐渐向一个联通子图聚集,形成具有紧密关系的“小世界”;以同济大学、清华大学为代表的创新主体处于合作网络核心位置,促进边缘主体的建设科技创新合作。