Understanding the educational inequalities in suicide attempts and their mediators:a Mendelian randomisation study

Background Educational inequalities in suicide have become increasingly prominent over the past decade.Elucidating modifiable risk factors that serve as intermediaries in the impact of low educational attainment on suicide has the potential to reduce health disparities.Aims To examine the risk factors that mediate the relationship between educational attainment and suicide attempts and quantify their contributions to the mediation effect.Methods We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomisation(MR)analysis to estimate the causal effect of educational attainment on suicide attempts,utilising genome-wide association study summary statistics from the Integrative Psychiatric Research(iPSYCH;6024 cases and 44240 controls)and FinnGen(8978 cases and 368299 controls).We systematically evaluated 42 putative mediators within the causal pathway connecting reduced educational attainment to suicide attempts and employed two-step and multivariable MR to quantify the proportion of the mediated effect.Results In the combined analysis of iPSYCH and FinnGen,each standard deviation(SD)decrease in genetically predicted educational attainment(equating to 3.4 years of education)was associated with a 105%higher risk of suicide attempts(odds ratio(OR):2.05;95%confidence interval(Cl):1.81 to 2.31).0f the 42 risk factors analysed,the two-step MR identified five factors that mediated the association between educational attainment and suicide attempts.The respective proportions of mediation were 47%(95%Cl:29%to 66%)for smoking behaviour,36%(95%Cl:0%to 84%)for chronic pain,49%(95%Cl:36%to 61%)for depression,35%(95%Cl:12%to 59%)for anxiety and 26%(95%Cl:18%to 34%)for insomnia.Multivariable MR implicated these five mediators collectively,accounting for 68%(95%Cl:40%to 96%)of the total effect.Conclusions This study identified smoking,chronic pain and mental disorders as primary intervention targets for attenuating suicide risk attributable to lower educational levels in the European population.

STRONGLY CONVERGENT INERTIAL FORWARD-BACKWARD-FORWARD ALGORITHM WITHOUT ON-LINE RULE FOR VARIATIONAL INEQUALITIES

This paper studies a strongly convergent inertial forward-backward-forward algorithm for the variational inequality problem in Hilbert spaces.In our convergence analysis,we do not assume the on-line rule of the inertial parameters and the iterates,which have been assumed by several authors whenever a strongly convergent algorithm with an inertial extrapolation step is proposed for a variational inequality problem.Consequently,our proof arguments are different from what is obtainable in the relevant literature.Finally,we give numerical tests to confirm the theoretical analysis and show that our proposed algorithm is superior to related ones in the literature.

Mapping and measuring urban-rural inequalities in accessibility to social infrastructures

Equal access to social infrastructures is a fundamental prerequisite for sustainable development,but has long been a great challenge worldwide.Previous studies have primarily focused on the accessibility to social infras-tructures in urban areas across various scales,with less attention to rural areas,where inequality can be more severe.Particularly,few have investigated the disparities of accessibility to social infrastructures between urban and rural areas.Here,using the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration,China,as an example,we investigated the inequality of accessibility in both urban and rural areas,and further compared the urban-rural difference.Accessibility was measured by travel time of residents to infrastructures.We selected four types of social infrastructures including supermarkets,bus stops,primary schools,and health care,which were funda-mentally important to both urban and rural residents.We found large disparities in accessibility between urban and rural areas,ranging from 20 min to 2 h.Rural residents had to spend one to two more hours to bus stops than urban residents,and 20 min more to the other three types of infrastructures.Furthermore,accessibility to multiple infrastructures showed greater urban-rural differences.Rural residents in more than half of the towns had no access to any infrastructure within 15 min,while more than 60%of the urban residents could access to all infrastructures within 15 min.Our results revealed quantitative accessibility gap between urban and rural areas and underscored the necessity of social infrastructures planning to address such disparities.

Global prevalence and gender inequalities in at least 60 min of self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity 1 or more days per week:An analysis with 707,616 adolescents

Background:Guidelines recommend that adolescents should accumulate an average of 60 min per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA).However,using only this cut-off could hide important information.For instance,from a population-level point of view,increasing physical activity for those with no or low physical activity could provide more health benefits than increasing physical activity for those with intermediate levels.Also,including a more sensitive cut-point of≥1 days per week could be an additional strategy for identifying those with low access/opportunities for physical activity practice.Thus,the current study aims to estimate the prevalence of≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week among adolescents globally,and to describe any relevant gender inequalities.Methods:We used representative datasets from 146 countries/territories collected between 2003 and 2019.MVPA was self-reported.Participants were grouped into younger(≤14 years old)and older(>14 years old)adolescents.Crude Poisson regression models were used to identify the relative differences in≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week between boys and girls,and random-effects meta-analysis models were used to identify the pooled estimates.Analyses were stratified by country and region.Results:Approximately 80%of both younger and older adolescents reported≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week.This prevalence was≥94%in Europe and Central Asia and North America,while the estimates for the other regions were<77%.The prevalence of≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week was higher among boys than girls,with the largest differences occurring among the oldest adolescents(Prevalence ratio_(≤14y)=1.04(95%confidence interval(95%CI)):1.03-1.04)vs.Prevalence ratio_(>14y)=1.09(95%CI:1.08-1.10)).Conclusion:Approximately 8 out of 10 adolescents reported accumulating≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week,with notable differences between regions.Gender differences were observed in several countries,especially among the oldest adolescents.Priorities for physical activity promotion among adolescents should include increasing access/opportunities for physical activity among those who do not achieve≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week and reducing gender inequalities.

Does digitalization mitigate regional inequalities?Evidence from China

Regional inequality significantly influences sustainable development and human well-being.In China,there exists pronounced regional disparities in economic and digital advancements;however,scant research delves into the interplay between them.By analyzing the economic development and digitalization gaps at regional and city levels in China,extending the original Cobb-Douglas production function,this study aims to evaluate the impact of digitalization on China's regional inequality using seemingly unrelated regression.The results indicate a greater emphasis on digital inequality compared to economic disparity,with variable coefficients of 0.59 for GDP per capita and 0.92 for the digitalization index over the past four years.However,GDP per capita demonstrates higher spatial concentration than digitalization.Notably,both disparities have shown a gradual reduction in recent years.The southeastern region of the Hu Huanyong Line exhibits superior levels and rates of economic and digital advancement in contrast to the northwestern region.While digitalization propels economic growth,it yields a nuanced impact on achieving balanced regional development,encompassing both positive and negative facets.Our study highlights that the marginal utility of advancing digitalization is more pronounced in less developed regions,but only if the government invests in the digital infrastructure and education in these areas.This study's methodology can be utilized for subsequent research,and our findings hold the potential to the government's regional investment and policy-making.

HARNACK TYPE INEQUALITIES FOR SDES DRIVEN BY FRACTIONAL BROWNIAN MOTION WITH MARKOVIAN SWITCHING

In this paper, by constructing a coupling equation, we establish the Harnack type inequalities for stochastic differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motion with Markovian switching. The Hurst parameter H is supposed to be in(1/2, 1). As a direct application, the strong Feller property is presented.

What in Fact Proves the Violation of the Bell-Type Inequalities?

A. Peres constructed an example of particles entangled in the state of spin singlet. He claimed to have obtained the CHSH inequality and concluded that the violation of this inequality shows that in a measurement in which some variables are tested, other variables, not tested, have no defined value. In the present paper is proved that the correct conclusion of the violation of the CHSH inequality is different. It is proved that the classical calculus of probabilities of test results, obeying the Kolmogorov axioms, is unfit for the quantum formalism, dominated by probability amplitudes.

Generalization of Inequalities in Metric Spaces with Applications

In this paper, which serves as a continuation of earlier work, we generalize the idea of inequalities in metric spaces and use them to demonstrate that the incomplete metric space can be used to obtain a Banach space.

Some integral inequalities on time scales

In this article, we study the reverse HSlder type inequality and HSlder inequality in two dimensional case on time scales. We also obtain many integral inequalities by using HSlder inequalities on time scales which give Hardy＇s inequalities as spacial cases.

A RELAXED INERTIAL FACTOR OF THE MODIFIED SUBGRADIENT EXTRAGRADIENT METHOD FOR SOLVING PSEUDO MONOTONE VARIATIONAL INEQUALITIES IN HILBERT SPACES

In this paper,we investigate pseudomonotone and Lipschitz continuous variational inequalities in real Hilbert spaces.For solving this problem,we propose a new method that combines the advantages of the subgradient extragradient method and the projection contraction method.Some very recent papers have considered different inertial algorithms which allowed the inertial factor is chosen in[0;1].The purpose of this work is to continue working in this direction,we propose another inertial subgradient extragradient method that the inertial factor can be chosen in a special case to be 1.Under suitable mild conditions,we establish the weak convergence of the proposed algorithm.Moreover,linear convergence is obtained under strong pseudomonotonicity and Lipschitz continuity assumptions.Finally,some numerical illustrations are given to confirm the theoretical analysis.

NEW DOOB'S MAXIMAL INEQUALITIES FOR MARTINGALES

Let 1≤q≤∞,b be a slowly varying function and letΦ:[0,∞)■[0,∞)be an increasing convex function withΦ(0)=0 and■Φ(r)=∞.In this paper,we present a new class of Doob’s maximal inequality on Orlicz-Lorentz-Karamata spaces LΦ,q,b.The results are new,even for the Lorentz-Karamata spaces withΦ(t)=tp,the Orlicz-Lorentz spaces with b≡1,and weak Orlicz-Karamata spaces with q=∞in the framework of LΦ,q,b-Moreover,we obtain some even stronger qualitative results that can remove the△2-condition of Liu,Hou and Wang(Sci China Math,2010,53(4):905-916).

Regularization Methods to Approximate Solutions of Variational Inequalities

In this paper, we study the regularization methods to approximate the solutions of the variational inequalities with monotone hemi-continuous operator having perturbed operators arbitrary. Detail, we shall study regularization methods to approximate solutions of following variational inequalities: and with operator A being monotone hemi-continuous form real Banach reflexive X into its dual space X*, but instead of knowing the exact data (y0, A), we only know its approximate data satisfying certain specified conditions and D is a nonempty convex closed subset of X;the real function f defined on X is assumed to be lower semi-continuous, convex and is not identical to infinity. At the same time, we will evaluate the convergence rate of the approximate solution. The regularization methods here are different from the previous ones.

A Note on Sharp Affine Poincaré-Sobolev Inequalities and Exact in Minimization of Zhang’s Energy on Bounded Variation and Exactness

As for the affine energy, Edir Junior and Ferreira Leite establish the existence of minimizers for particular restricted subcritical and critical variational issues on BV(Ω). Similar functionals exhibit deeper weak* topological traits including lower semicontinuity and affine compactness, and their geometry is non-coercive. Our work also proves the result that extremal functions exist for certain affine Poincaré-Sobolev inequalities.

Optimized monogamy and polygamy inequalities for multipartite qubit entanglement

We investigate the monogamy and polygamy inequalities of arbitrary multipartite quantum states,and provide new classes of monogamy and polygamy inequalities of multiqubit entanglement in terms o f concurrence,entanglement of formation,negativity,and Tsallis-q entanglement,respectively.We show that these new monogamy and polygamy inequality relations are tighter than the existing ones with detailed examples.

DISCRETE FRIEDRICHS' AND KORN'S INEQUALITIES: PART I

The use of the finite finite element method leads to replace the initial domain by an approach- ing domain.In part I,the uniform validity of the friedrichs’and Korn’s inequalities in these ap- proaching domains will be proved under some appropriate assumptions.

On Some Fundamental Integrodifferential Inequalities

The aim of this present paper is to establish some new integrodifferential inequalities of Gronwall type involving functions of one independent variable which provide explicit bounds on unknown functions. The inequalities given here can be used in the analysis of a class of differential equations as handy tools.

Gender inequalities in physical activity among adolescents from 64 Global South countries

Purpose:The aims of this study were to(a)describe gender inequalities in physical activity(PA)among adolescents from Global South countries,and(b)investigate the relationship between gender inequalities in PA and contextual factors,such as geographic region,human development index,gender inequality index,and unemployment rates.Methods:We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Global School-Based Student Health Survey conducted in Global South countries between 2010 and 2020 among 13-to 17-year-old adolescents.Country-context variables were retrieved from secondary data sources(World Health Organization,World Bank,and Human Development Reports).PA was assessed by a self-administered questionnaire querying the number of days in the past week in which participants were physically active for a total of at least 60 min.PA absolute gender inequalities were evaluated by the differences in the prevalence between boys and girls,95%confidence intervals(95%CIs)were estimated using the bootstrap method.Relative inequalities were obtained through Poisson regression.Meta-analyses with random effects were used to calculate pooled estimates of absolute and relative inequalities.Results:Based on 64 Global South countries/surveys,the prevalence of PA was 6.7 percentage points(p.p.)higher in boys than in girls,ranging from 0.5 p.p.in Afghanistan to 15.6 p.p.in Laos(I^(2)=85.1%).The pooled ratio for all countries showed that boys presented a PA prevalence 1.58 times higher than girls(95%CI:1.47-1.70)on average.The highest absolute and relative inequalities were observed in high income countries.Countries with higher Human Development Index rankings and lower Gender Inequality Index rankings also presented greater gender differences.Conclusion:Given that girls are overall less active than boys across the globe,the findings of this study reinforce that macro-and micro-level changes should be actively sought if we aim to increase population levels of PA in adolescents and promote equity in PA.

Inequalities in care in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Coronary heart disease is the single largest cause of death in developed countries. Guidelines exist for the management of acute myocardial infarction(AMI),yet despite these,significant inequalities exist in the care of these patients. The elderly,deprived socioeconomic groups,females and non-caucasians are the patient populations where practice tends to deviate more frequently from the evidence base. Elderly patients often had higher mortality rates after having an AMI compared to younger patients. They also tended to present with symptoms that were not entirely consistent with an AMI,thus partially contributing to the inequalities in care that is seen between younger and older patients. Furthermore the lack of guidelines in the elderly age group presenting with AMI can often make decision making challenging and may account for the discrepancies in care that are prevalent between younger and older patients. Other patients such as those from a lower socioeconomic group,i.e.,low income and less than high school education often had poorer health and reduced life expectancy compared to patients from a higher socioeconomic group after an AMI. Lower socioeconomic status was also seen to be contributing to racial and geographical variation is the care in AMI patients. Females with an AMI were treated less aggressively and had poorer outcomes when compared to males. However even when females were treated in the same way they continued to have higher in hospital mortality which suggests that gender may well account for differences in outcomes. The purpose of this review is to identify the inequalities in care for patients who present with an AMI and explore potential reasons for why these occur. Greater attention to the management and a better understanding of the root causes of these inequalities in care may help to reduce morbidity and mortality rates associated with AMI.

NON-EXISTENCE OF POSITIVE ENTIRE SOLUTIONS FOR ELLIPTIC INEQUALITIES OF P-LAPLACIAN

In this paper, the nonexistence of positive entire solutions for div(|Du| p-2 Du)q(x)f(u),x∈R N, is established, where p】1,Du=(D 1u,...,D Nu),q∶R N→(0,∞) and f∶(0,∞)→(0,∞) are continuous functions.

SOME DISCRETE NONLINEAR INEQUALITIES AND APPLICATIONS TO DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

In this article, the authors establish some new nonlinear difference inequalities in two independent variables, which generalize some existing results and can be used as handy tools in the study of qualitative as well as quantitative properties of solutions of certain classes of difference equations.