AIM: To assess the functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGID) prevalence in infants and toddlers. METHODS: Pub Med, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched for original articles from inception to February 2016. The literatu...AIM: To assess the functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGID) prevalence in infants and toddlers. METHODS: Pub Med, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched for original articles from inception to February 2016. The literature search was made in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA). For inclusion, each study had to report epidemiological data of FGID on children up to 4 years old and contain standardized outcome Rome Ⅱ or Ⅲ criteria. The overall quality of included epidemiological studies was evaluated in accordance to Loney's proposal for prevalence studies of health literature. Two reviewers assessed each study for inclusion and extracted data. Discrepancies were reconciled through discussion.RESULTS: It was identified a total of 101 articles through the databases and two through the manual search. A total of 28 articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria. After reading the full articles, 13 of them were included in the present review. Twelve studies were written in English and one in Chinese, and published between 2004 and 2015. Eight articles(61.5%) were performed in Europe, three(23.1%) in America and two(15.4%) in Asia. Sample size varied between 45 and 9660 subjects. Cross-sectional frequency was reported in majority of studies(k = 9) and four studies prospectively followed the subjects. 27.1% to 38% of participants have met any of Rome's criteria for gastrointestinal syndromes, of those 20.8% presented two or more FGID. Infant regurgitation and functional constipation were the most common FGID, ranging from less than 1% to 25.9% and less than 1% to 31%, respectively. Most included studies were of moderate to poor data quality with respect to absence of confidential interval for prevalence rate and inadequate sampling methods.CONCLUSION: The scarcity and heterogeneity of FGID data call for the necessity of well-designed epidemiological research in different levels of pediatric practice and refinement of diagnostic.展开更多
Age determination is one of the most important factors for identification. Unfortunately, births are not recorded regularly in Sudan, especially in rural areas. However, identification of age is very important for a v...Age determination is one of the most important factors for identification. Unfortunately, births are not recorded regularly in Sudan, especially in rural areas. However, identification of age is very important for a variety of reasons, including identifying legal and criminal responsibility, and for many other social events such as beginning a job, marriage, retirement and joining the army. The study aimed to find the reliability of using international methods to estimate bone age of people through hand bone radiograph in Sudanese people by studying the reliability of using hand bone age “the digital atlas of hand age” which depended on Greulich and Pyle (GP) and Tanner and Whitehouse (TW2/3) methods in Sudanese people in exact group of age, and to compare the hand and wrist bone development between Caucasian and Sudanese people. The study was conducted on 48 samples (26 males and 22 females) from the center of Sudan. The study was made by conventional X-Ray taken from Sudanese newborn babies to 2 and 3 years old for males and females respectively. Those images were taken mostly from the emergency and orthopedic outpatient departments. The ages were grouped in the same ways and periods used in the atlas. So the criteria were tested, and the outcomes were compared with international standards in the atlas of hand bone age. There is evidence that skeletal maturation may vary between difference ethnic and socioeconomic groups of children or among children living in various geographical locations. It is found that there is reliability and applicability of using the atlas in Sudanese people with considering that there might be mild variations between Sudanese and Caucasian people’s hand and wrist bone development in which Caucasian people bone growth was earlier than the Sudanese people bones about 1 - 2 months.展开更多
文摘AIM: To assess the functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGID) prevalence in infants and toddlers. METHODS: Pub Med, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched for original articles from inception to February 2016. The literature search was made in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA). For inclusion, each study had to report epidemiological data of FGID on children up to 4 years old and contain standardized outcome Rome Ⅱ or Ⅲ criteria. The overall quality of included epidemiological studies was evaluated in accordance to Loney's proposal for prevalence studies of health literature. Two reviewers assessed each study for inclusion and extracted data. Discrepancies were reconciled through discussion.RESULTS: It was identified a total of 101 articles through the databases and two through the manual search. A total of 28 articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria. After reading the full articles, 13 of them were included in the present review. Twelve studies were written in English and one in Chinese, and published between 2004 and 2015. Eight articles(61.5%) were performed in Europe, three(23.1%) in America and two(15.4%) in Asia. Sample size varied between 45 and 9660 subjects. Cross-sectional frequency was reported in majority of studies(k = 9) and four studies prospectively followed the subjects. 27.1% to 38% of participants have met any of Rome's criteria for gastrointestinal syndromes, of those 20.8% presented two or more FGID. Infant regurgitation and functional constipation were the most common FGID, ranging from less than 1% to 25.9% and less than 1% to 31%, respectively. Most included studies were of moderate to poor data quality with respect to absence of confidential interval for prevalence rate and inadequate sampling methods.CONCLUSION: The scarcity and heterogeneity of FGID data call for the necessity of well-designed epidemiological research in different levels of pediatric practice and refinement of diagnostic.
文摘Age determination is one of the most important factors for identification. Unfortunately, births are not recorded regularly in Sudan, especially in rural areas. However, identification of age is very important for a variety of reasons, including identifying legal and criminal responsibility, and for many other social events such as beginning a job, marriage, retirement and joining the army. The study aimed to find the reliability of using international methods to estimate bone age of people through hand bone radiograph in Sudanese people by studying the reliability of using hand bone age “the digital atlas of hand age” which depended on Greulich and Pyle (GP) and Tanner and Whitehouse (TW2/3) methods in Sudanese people in exact group of age, and to compare the hand and wrist bone development between Caucasian and Sudanese people. The study was conducted on 48 samples (26 males and 22 females) from the center of Sudan. The study was made by conventional X-Ray taken from Sudanese newborn babies to 2 and 3 years old for males and females respectively. Those images were taken mostly from the emergency and orthopedic outpatient departments. The ages were grouped in the same ways and periods used in the atlas. So the criteria were tested, and the outcomes were compared with international standards in the atlas of hand bone age. There is evidence that skeletal maturation may vary between difference ethnic and socioeconomic groups of children or among children living in various geographical locations. It is found that there is reliability and applicability of using the atlas in Sudanese people with considering that there might be mild variations between Sudanese and Caucasian people’s hand and wrist bone development in which Caucasian people bone growth was earlier than the Sudanese people bones about 1 - 2 months.
