Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale-Parent Form in parents of preterm infants

Background: The Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale (RHDS)-Parent Form shows satisfactory reli-ability and validity to assess the readiness of parents to take care of their children discharged from hospitals in Western countries. However, the reliability and validity of this instrument has not been evaluated in Chinese populations.Objectives: Evaluate the psychometric features of the RHDS-Parent Form among Chinese parents of preterm infants. Methods: The RHDS-Parent Form was translated into a Chinese version following an international in-strument translation guideline. A total of 168 parents with preterm infants were recruited from the neonatal intensive care units of two tertiary-level hospitals in China. The internal consistency of this measure was assessed using the Cronbach's a coefficient;confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to evaluate the construct validity;and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to report the convergent validity. Results: The Chinese version of RHDS (C-RHDS)-Parent Form included 22 items with 4 subscales, ac-counting for 56.71% of the total variance. The C-RHDS-Parent Form and its subscales showed good reliability (Cronbach's a values 0.78-0.92). This measure and its subscales showed positive correlations with the score of Quality of Discharge Teaching Scale. Conclusion: The factor structure of C-RHDS-Parent Form is partially consistent with the original English version. Future studies are needed to explore the factors within this measure before it is widely used in Chinese clinical care settings.

Relationship between Authoritative Parenting Style and Preschool Children’s Emotion Regulation:A Moderated Mediation Model

An authoritative parenting style has been shown to promote children’s emotion regulation in European-American family studies.However,little is known about how sleep problems and the child’s sibling status in Chinese families affect this relationship.Based on family system theory,this study attempts to better understand the relationship between authoritative parenting style and emotion regulation.Mothers of preschool children in Chinese kindergartens completed questionnaires about their children’s sleep habits,their authoritative parenting styles,and children’s emotion regulation.A total of 531 children participated in this study.Results showed that authoritative parenting was positively associated with emotional regulation.Sleep problems mediated the effects of authoritative parenting style on emotion regulation.The child’s sibling status moderated the mediating effects of sleep problems in authoritative parenting and emotion regulation relationships.Specifically,the relationship between the authoritative parenting style and sleep problems was significant for only children,while birth order had no significant influence on the authoritative parenting style and sleep problems in two-child families.These findings suggest that a lowauthoritative parenting style predicts low emotion regulation through sleep problems,and this depends on the child’s sibling status,indicating that children without siblings may impair emotion regulation due to increased sleep problems.

Gut microbiota in preterm infants receiving breast milk or mixed feeding

BACKGROUND Preterm birth is the leading cause of mortality in newborns,with very-low-birthweight infants usually experiencing several complications.Breast milk is considered the gold standard of nutrition,especially for preterm infants with delayed gut colonization,because it contains beneficial microorganisms,such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria.AIM To analyze the gut microbiota of breastfed preterm infants with a birth weight of 1500 g or less.METHODS An observational study was performed on preterm infants with up to 36.6 wk of gestation and a birth weight of 1500 g or less,born at the University Hospital Dr.JoséEleuterio González at Monterrey,Mexico.A total of 40 preterm neonates were classified into breast milk feeding(BM)and mixed feeding(MF)groups(21 in the BM group and 19 in the MF group),from October 2017 to June 2019.Fecal samples were collected before they were introduced to any feeding type.After full enteral feeding was achieved,the composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Numerical variables were compared using Student’s t-test or using the Mann–Whitney U test for nonparametric variables.Dominance,evenness,equitability,Margalef’s index,Fisher’s alpha,Chao-1 index,and Shannon’s diversity index were also calculated.RESULTS No significant differences were observed at the genus level between the groups.Class comparison indicated higher counts of Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria in the initial compared to the final sample of the BM group(P<0.011).In addition,higher counts of Gammaproteobacteria were detected in the final than in the initial sample(P=0.040).According to the Margalef index,Fisher’s alpha,and Chao-1 index,a decrease in species richness from the initial to the final sample,regardless of the feeding type,was observed(P<0.050).The four predominant phyla were Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria,Firmicutes,and Proteobacteria,with Proteobacteria being the most abundant.However,no significant differences were observed between the initial and final samples at the phylum level.CONCLUSION Breastfeeding is associated with a decrease in Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria and an increase of Gammaproteobacteria,contributing to the literature of the gut microbiota structure of very low-birth-weight,preterm.

Parenting the NICU infant: A meta-ethnographic synthesis

Parenting the infant in the neonatal intensive care unit(NICU)comes with a multitude of unique challenges,and NICU parents are often unprepared and ill equipped for the challenges.Moreover,a gap in the literature still exists concerning a full understanding of the breadth of the process parents of NICU infants undergo from the time of admission to discharge.This study utilized Noblit and Hare's meta-ethnography synthesis method for literature extraction and data analysis to illuminate the NICU parenting process by metaphorically comparing the process to Patricia Benner's novice to expert theory.Fourteen studies including 12 published qualitative research articles and 2 dissertations from the nursing discipline were included in the analysis.Findings illuminated the process of becoming a NICU parent more fully and revealed the most salient and effective facilitators of the process from being a novice and advanced beginner to becoming a competent,proficient,even expert NICU parent.In addition,this paper discusses four influencing factors in a NICU parent's progression:contact with and proximity to their infant,relationship with the nurse,having information,and social support.Nurses must engage with NICU parents in such a way as to maximize the likelihood that these parents will reach at minimum the proficient and at maximum the expert parenting stage by discharge.

Analysis of Professional Quality Cultivation Strategies for Infant and Child Care Service Talents from the Perspective of Collaboration of Medical Care,Parenting,and Education,and Integration of Industry and Education

The collaboration of medical care,parenting,and education aims to integrate nursing,midwifery,infant and child care services,and management with speech and hearing rehabilitation technology,among other elements related to the infant care industry chain.This integration targets pediatrics talent training in nine infant care positions,including nursing,infant health care and management,and child rehabilitation,to ensure that the capabilities and quality of professional talents can meet the health care needs of infants and young children.This article briefly explains the background of the“collaboration of medical care,parenting,and education,and integration of industry and education.”It analyzes the necessity of cultivating infant and child care service talents based on the perspective of“collaboration of medical care,parenting,and education,and integration of industry and education.”Based on this perspective,we conducted an in-depth study of the cultivation of professional qualities of infant and child care service talents.

Nurses’experiences of caring for preterm infants in pain:A metaethnography

Objective:Preterm infants are subjected to numerous painful procedures during their neonatal intensive care unit(NICU)hospitalization.Despite advancements in pain alleviation,nurses remain challenged to provide timely and effective pain management for preterm infants.Greater understanding of the lived experience of nurses caring for preterm infants in pain could provide novel insights to improve pain management for this vulnerable population.The aim of this meta-ethnography was to synthesize and interpret qualitative findings of nurses’experiences of taking care of preterm infants in pain.Methods:An extensive literature search in PubMed,CINAHL,PsycINFO,Scopus,BIOSIS and ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Database was conducted,including studies within the past 10 years.Two nursing researchers conducted data extraction and analysis independently.Inclusion criteria were applied to search for qualitative studies of nurse participants who worked in the NICU taking care of preterm infants.Studies published in a language other than English,articles that did not include qualitative data and qualitative data that could not be extracted from the findings or did not discuss nurses’experiences were excluded.Critical Appraisal Skills Programme was used for literature quality evaluation.Results:Eight studies remained after further screening according to inclusion and exclusion criteria.These eight studies were conducted from 2013 to 2018 and totally enrolled 205 nurses from Iran,Canada,the United States,Finland,Sweden,Switzerland,and Australia.Five themes emerged on the nurses’perspectives of taking care of preterm infants in pain:1)They sense the neonatal pain;2)Adverse consequences of unrelieved pain;3)Barriers of managing pain;4)Concerns of available approaches for pain relief;5)Failure to work with parents.Conclusions:This meta-ethnography identified nurses’understanding of pain in preterm infants that can be assessed,and they acknowledged that unrelieved pain could cause developmental deficits in infants.The barriers are lack of training and support on pain assessment and intervention in preterm infants.Optimizing workload and environment,developing age-specified pain assessment and intervention,receiving emotional support and training,and building up a rapport with parents are urgent needs for nurses to provide better care to infants having pain.

Feasibility study for genetic testing and SNP analysis in infants

Purpose: Determine whether parents would consent to genotyping for temperament characteristics for their infants;establish that quality DNA is obtained from infants using a cheek swab. Design and Methods: Seventeen mother-father dyads and infants, 11 to 35 weeks of age, who had participated in a GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) massage study participated in this feasibility study. Results: Seventy-one percent of parents agreed to genotyping. Most parents who participated were concurrently enrolled in the GERD massage study. Reasons provided for participating were support of research and the desire to help other families who had infants with GERD. Parents who participated also had higher educational attainment than those who declined. Reasons for declining were dislike of genetic research. All samples could be analyzed. Practice Implications. Many par-ents allowed genotyping, especially if currently engaged with research staff. Cheek swabs are a noninvasive and satisfactory method of DNA collection.

Feeding Infants and Toddlers--An Intuitive and Simple Action,Is It?

Feeding infants and toddlers is a natural action that can at times be challenging.A chronic illness or a neurodevelopmental problem maybe the source of the initial difficulty.When feeding is also difficult for the parent,an additional component is present which may exacerbate the situation and require therapeutic intervention,including diagnosis and parental counseling.Integrative therapy is essential in the processes of diagnosis and treatment of infants and toddlers and parents with eating and feeding challenges.This is presented in the paper in four cases from the Feeding and Eating Clinic for infants and toddlers.

Determinants of disease-specific knowledge among children with inflammatory bowel disease and their parents:A multicentre study

BACKGROUND Disease knowledge is associated with increased treatment compliance and improvement of symptoms in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).IBD-knowledge inventory device(IBD-KID)was developed and validated specifically as a tool to measure disease-related knowledge in children with IBD and their parents.AIM To prospectively assess the determinants of disease-related knowledge regarding paediatric IBD patients and their parents,using the IBD-KID.METHODS A questionnaire-based survey was carried out in paediatric patients and their parents.The determinants of patients’and parents’IBD-KID scores were assessed according to hierarchical linear regression models.RESULTS The study group consisted of 269 IBD patients and 298 parents.The patients’mean(standard deviation,SD)IBD-KID score was 10.87(±3.97),while the parents’was 11.95(±3.97).Both groups exhibited poor knowledge of the side effects of steroid therapy,the role of surgical treatment in IBD,dietary restrictions and the risks associated with the use of herbal medicines.The patients’IBD-KID scores were statistically associated with patient sex[B coefficient(standard error,SE)=1.03(0.44),P=0.021]and patient age[B(SE)=0.03(0.01),P<0.001].The parents’IBD-KID scores were significantly related to patient age[B(SE)=0.02(0.01),P=0.003],and treatment with immunosuppressive agent[B(SE)=1.85(0.48),P<0.001].The final models explained 26.9%of the variance of patients’IBD-KID scores and 18.5%of the variance of parents’scores.CONCLUSION The variables originating from parents’knowledge were significantly associated with patients’IBD-KID scores.The study results indicate the need to implement better education programmes for patients and parents.

Role of Ultrasound in Evaluation of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Infants

Background/Aim: The present study was directed to investigate the accuracy of ultrasound (USG) in early detection of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) to prevent permanent complications. Material & Methods: A total of 276 infants was investigated;their ages range from 1 - 6 months. Patients referred from the clinic based on clinical assessment (mainly Barlo & Ortolani maneuvers). Then the patient’s hips were examined by expert radiologists in USG scan. After that, dynamic (coronal and transverse) & static ultrasound views evaluated by the same radiologist using Graf’s criteria. Infants with abnormal ultrasound findings suggestive of DDH were followed up after 4 - 6 weeks by the same investigator to monitor the progress. At the same time, the patient referred to a specialist for conservative management from the first positive findings. Results: Among the 276 referred patients, infants with normal stable hips (Graf Type I and Type II a+) were 221 (80%), 155 of them were female and 66 male infants. Infants with unstable hips based on Graf’s criteria (Type II a-, II b, II c and Type III a) were 55 (20%). Out of 55 with abnormal findings, the affected hips on both sides, right and left were: 5 cases (1.8%), 7 (2.5%) and 43 hips (15.5%) consecutively. Out of 55 infants affected;3 referred to tertiary centers for further surgical management while 52 managed conservatively. Conclusion: Delayed treatment rates of DDH and complications could be reduced by the usage of the USG after the first month of life. In addition to physical assessment, USG for high-risk infants will provide more accurate diagnosis and minimize complications.

基于Swanson关怀理论的护理干预在早产儿母亲中的应用

目的:探讨以Swanson关怀理论为框架的护理干预在早产儿母亲中的应用效果。方法:采取便利抽样法选取2022年1月-5月入住百色市某三级甲等医院新生儿重症监护室(NICU)治愈出院的40例早产儿母亲作为对照组,选取2022年6月-10月入住百色市某三级甲等医院NICU治愈出院的40例早产儿母亲作为试验组。对照组实施NICU常规护理,试验组在对照组干预的基础上实施基于Swanson关怀理论的护理干预,比较两组早产儿母亲干预前后疾病不确定感、希望水平、育儿胜任感得分情况。结果:干预后试验组早产儿母亲疾病不确定感得分明显低于对照组(P<0.001),希望水平得分明显高于对照组(P<0.001);出院时及出院1个月后试验组早产儿母亲育儿胜任感得分明显高于对照组(P<0.001)。结论:基于Swanson关怀理论的护理干预可有效降低早产儿母亲疾病不确定感水平,提高其希望水平,增强其育儿胜任感,有利于早产儿顺利从医院过渡至家庭。

Parents＇ Experiences of When an Adult Child Is Seriously III--＂lt Does Not Matter That It Is a Grown-Up Person, They Are Still Your Child＂

Purpose and Topic： A longer life expectancy is expected to rise continuously in all populations on all continents. Older parents are at risk of having to accompany their adult children through a severe illness, sometimes even to their death. The present study investigates the experiences of being a parent to an adult child with a severe illness and what support was helpful during the child＇s period of illness. Method： A qualitative approach with in-depth interviews which were analyzed using content analysis. Results： The results showed that a common perception was that it is very special to have a child with a severe illness. The underlying elements of existential experience and the relationship both influenced the parents＇ conceptions of life and permeated the whole situation. There were four areas that the parents found important and influenced how they could manage the situation： having information, participation, strategies to cope with the situation, and support. Conclusions： Accompanying an adult child through a severe and potentially fatal disease in the context of a growing elderly population will become an increasingly frequent problem. So far there is limited research in this area and more research should be a high priority in the future.

Children's Social Emotional and Cognitive Development Association with Parent and Sibling

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the impact on children's development from parents and siblings differed in many aspects through literature review. From the literature review, it shows that parents and siblings contribute differently to children's emotional, social and cognitive development to some extent. Besides,it seems that having a sibling is more likely to benefit the younger siblings, not the older one.

Research on the Influence of Family Education on Children’s Behavioral Habits

Under the background of the all-round deepening of quality education,the cultivation of comprehensive quality has become the main theme of contemporary education reform.Good behavior and habits are of great significance to children’s future learning,growth,and development.Through literature review and other methods,this paper analyzes the current situation of children’s family education and the influence of family education on the cultivation of children’s behavioral habits and provides some strategies for cultivating children’s good behavioral habits in family education.

Male Allocare in Rhinopithecus bieti at Xiaochangdu, Tibet: Is It Related to Energetic Stress?

Male allocare among nonhuman primates has frequently been investigated from the perspective of the caretaker. Here we examined whether male allocare relates to environmental factors or the females＇ energetic stress. We researched the possible differences of allocare between sexes in free-ranging black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys （Rhinopithecus bieti） in Tibet. A combination of stepwise least squares regression analysis was used to identify the influence of ecological factors （temperature, rainfall, etc.） and infant age that best account for seasonal variation of allocare. The results indicate, except for the functions of infant age, however, that male allocare is a negative function of temperature and female allocare is a positive function of temperature. Specifically, we tested the energetic stress hypothesis, which predicts that the energetic burden of females in a severe environment favour an increased rate of male allocare during the seasons of high energetic stress. We analyzed the allocare difference between high energetic stress season （Mar - Apr）, when temperature was low, food availability was scarce, and infants were young, and low energetic stress season （Jun - Aug）, based on data obtained during June 2003 - June 2004. Our results supported the energetic stress hypothesis because male allocare in high energetic stress season was higher than that of in low energetic stress season and female allocate was reverse. Therefore, we propose it is the energetic stress on female that make male allocare possible. Male take these interests for other aims and meet some functional hypothesis, which are addressed from the perspective of the male.

Kaposi水痘样疹36例临床分析

目的探讨kaposi水痘样疹患儿的临床特征与治疗及转归,提高临床医生的诊治水平。方法对本院收治的36例kaposi水痘样疹患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果Kaposi水痘样疹好发于冬春季(32例),患儿均伴有不同的基础疾病史。有明确单纯疱疹患者接触史者24(66.67%)例,单纯疱疹病毒抗体的检出率为38.89%。结论Ka-posi水痘样疹多发生于婴幼儿,更昔洛韦联合人免疫球蛋白治疗有效。

腹腔镜下改良Soave术治疗婴幼儿先天性巨结肠20例

目的总结腹腔镜下改良Soave术治疗婴幼儿先天性巨结肠(HD)的手术方法、操作经验和疗效。方法对婴幼儿HD患儿20例(男16例,女4例;年龄3.5个月-4岁)采用气管插管全身麻醉,腹腔镜下应用超声刀切断拖出段结肠系膜,会阴部采用改良Soave术完成手术。结果病例均顺利完成手术,平均手术时间132 min,平均切除结肠肠管长度35 cm,平均术中出血14 mL,均未输血。术后发生小肠结肠炎2例。随访6个月-3年,平均14.5个月,无便秘、污粪、肠梗阻、肛门黏膜外翻、吻合口狭窄等并发症发生,排便控制在1-2次/d。结论腹腔镜下改良Soave术治疗婴幼儿HD具有创伤小、出血少、操作简便、恢复快、并发症少等优点。

妊娠期高血压病患者脐血流S/D值与围生儿结局的临床分析

目的研究妊娠期高血压疾病患者脐血流S/D值与围生儿结局的相关性。方法 (1)随机选择妊娠期高血压病患者110例及无此合并症的正常孕妇60例,采用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检测正常妊娠及妊娠期高血压疾病患者脐动脉血流S/D值,比较两者脐血流S/D值差异;(2)妊娠期高血压病患者按S/D<2.5、2.5≤S/D<3.0、S/D≥3.0分为三组,分析不同S/D值与围生儿结局(低体重儿、早产、新生儿窒息、围生儿死亡)之间的关系。结果妊娠期高血压病组脐血流S/D值高于正常妊娠组(P<0.05);胎儿脐血流S/D值与低体重儿、早产、新生儿窒息呈正相关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论妊娠期高血压病可导致脐动脉血流阻力增加,影响围生儿的预后,动态监测脐血流S/D值,发现异常及时处理。

李、杏、杏李品种S基因型在杂交亲本选择中的应用

以50个李、杏、杏李品种为试材,根据最大单果重、平均单果重、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸和维生素C含量等6个指标筛选出"味帝""味王""味厚""恐龙蛋""苹果李""风味皇后""风味玫瑰""灰子李""兰州大接杏""银香白"和"平顶香"等11个果实较大、品质优良的品种作为杂交亲本的育种材料,并结合11个优良品种的S基因型和花期,从110对杂交组合中最终筛选出了55对可行的种间杂交组合,为李亚科远缘杂交新品种创制提供了重要的理论基础和实践指导。

S-腺苷蛋氨酸联合熊去氧胆酸治疗极低出生体质量患儿肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积症的疗效观察

目的观察S-腺苷蛋氨酸联合熊去氧胆酸治疗极低出生体质量患儿肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积症的疗效。方法研究对象为本院2008年1月-2012年10月出生的极低出生体质量患儿67例，出生后接受静脉营养（PN）并出现肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积症（PNAc），随机分为观察组36例，对照组31例。对照组在减少肠外营养基础上给予口服熊去氧胆酸10～30mg／（kg·d）治疗10d，观察组在对照组治疗基础上联合S-腺苷蛋氨酸30～50mg／（k·d）治疗10d。治疗前后分别检测2组患儿血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、总胆红素（TBIL）、直接胆红素（DBIL）和总胆酸（TBA）的水平。结果2组各观察指标ALT、TBIL、DBIL、TBA的水平均较治疗前下降，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。观察组ALT、TBIL、DBIL、TBA的水平较对照组下降更明显（P〈0．05）。结论S-腺苷蛋氨酸联合熊去氧胆酸治疗极低出生体质量患儿胆汁淤积症疗效更显著，安全性高，值得临床推广。