Development of PVEP in Infants and Children

The development of components of VEP was studied in 150 infants and children between 2 weeks and 9 years of age participated as subjects. Ten adult subjects, 25 ito 35 years of age were also studied. The results indicated that the VEP had a simple wave form, consisting of only a slowly rising positive wave to 140', 70' and 35' checks from infants of 2 to 8 weeks following birth. P_1 wave appeared in response to 17.5' check stimulus at 10 weeks following birth. The latencies of P_1 components shortened d...

Fractal description and quantitative analysis of normal brain development in infants

We examined the fractal pattern of cerebral computerized tomography images in 158 normal infants aged 0 3 years, based on the quantitative analysis of chaotic theory. Results showed that the fractal dimension of cerebral computerized tomography images in normal infants remained stable from 1.86-1.91. The normal distribution range in the neonatal period, 1-2 months old infants, 1-2 year old infants, and of 2-3 year old infants was 1.88 1.90 （mean： 1.891 3 ± 0.006 4）, 1.89-1.90 （mean： 1.892 7 ±0.004 5）, 1.86-1.90 （mean： 1.886 3 ± 0.008 5）, and 1.88-1.91 （mean： 1.895 8±0.008 3）, respectively. The spectrum width of the multifractal spectrum （△α） in normal infants was 1.4618. These data suggest that the spectral width parameters of the multifractal spectrum and the fractal dimension criteria in normal children may be useful as a practical specific parameter for assessing the fractal mode of brain development in normal infants.

Effect of Community Interventions on Intelligence Development of Infants

Objective To assess the interventions effect on intelligence of the infants through the community. Methods A total of 309 newborns and their families were recruited in Xuhui district, Shanghai. They were asked to fill out the baseline questionnaires. The newborns＇ intelligence quotients were measured by Developmental Screening Test for Child Under Six, and physical examinations were conducted at the same time. The newborns were randomly assigned to intervention group （156 cases） and control group （153 cases）. The infants and their families were followed up every 6 months. A questionnaire of follow-up was completed by face-to-face interview at the communities and infant intelligence quotients were measured and had their physical check-ups again at the end of the 6th month. Results After 6 months＇ intervention, the means of MI and DQ in the intervention group were respectively 5.96 and 9.80 higher than those in control group after adjustment of the baseline scores. Conclusion Early intelligence education in the community may promote the intelligence development of infants.

A Specially Designed Pillow Can Decrease Developmental Plagiocephaly in Young Infants

Developmental plagiocephaly (DP) has been an increasing problem since the successful “back to sleep campaign”. The referrals for DP have increased by more than 400% during the years 2004 to 2008. Many infants spend less time in the prone position nowadays and some of the risk factors for DP are: tummy time less than 3 times per day, torticollis and slow achievement of motor milestones. Improved information for the parents is needed but also other strategies to prevent DP. This study is a continuum of an earlier pilot study;the aim was to investigate the effect of a pillow, designed to reduce pressure on the infant head. Method: Infants aged zero to two months were included in the study. They were randomized to either intervention group or control group. Head shape was investigated on two occasions, on the second occasion motor development, mobility and muscle function of the neck were also investigated. The parents were asked about tummy time and sleep position. All infants were investigated by the same physical therapist, blinded to group belonging. Result: Fishers exact test showed that it was more common with decreased CVAI among infants in the intervention group (P 0.001). Paired t test showed significant decrease in CVAI for the intervention group (P 0.002), but not for the control group (P 0.96). Conclusion: This study shows that a specially designed pillow can decrease DP in young infants.

A Clinical Analysis of Physical and Neurological Development in very Low Birth Weight Infants with MEIR(Massage,Exercises,Intelligence training,and Rehabilitation training)

Objective:This study aimed to investigate the application of MEIR(Massage,Exercises,Intelligence training,and Rehabilitation training)in Chinese VLBW infants and to observe its effects on infants’growth and deve1opment.Methods:Clinical data of 92 VLBW infants who were treated at the neonatal intensive care unit(NICU)of Loudi Centra1 Hospital were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were grouped as the MEIRgroup(n=47)and controls(n=45).Physical and neurodevelopment deve1opment were compared between the two groups.Results:There were differences in height and weight and head circumference between the two groups at all corrected ages(all P<0.05).Abnormal motions,reflexes,muscular tension,audio-visual reactions,and posture,and the total numbers of abnormalities of 3-,6-,9-and 12-corrected month-old infants in the MElRgroup were 1ower than in the control group(all P<0.05).The mental development index and psychomotor development index of 6-and 12-corrected month infants in the MEIR group were higher than in the control group(all P<0.05).Conclusion:MEIR could improve the physical and neurological developments of VLBW infants,reduce the incidence of adverse events,and improve their growth and development.

Technical development of operational in-situ marine monitoring and research on its key generic technologies in China

In China,operational in-situ marine monitoring is the primary means of directly obtaining hydrological,meteorological,and oceanographic environmental parameters across sea areas,and it is essential for applications such as forecast of marine environment,prevention and mitigation of disaster,exploitation of marine resources,marine environmental protection,and management of transportation safety.In this paper,we summarise the composition,development courses,and present operational status of three systems of operational in-situ marine monitoring,namely coastal marine automated network station,ocean data buoy and voluntary observing ship measuring and reporting system.Additionally,we discuss the technical development in these in-situ systems and achievements in the key generic technologies along with future development trends.

Study on integrated development and hybrid operation mode of nuclear power plant and pumped-storage power station

The nuclear power plant is suitable for base-load operation, while the pumped-storage unit mainly gives play to capacity benefit in the electric power system;hence, the integrated development and hybrid operation mode of the two can better meet the needs of the electric power system. This article first presents an analysis of the necessity and superiority of such mode, then explains its meaning and analyzes the working routes. Finally, it proposes the business modes as follows: low price pumping water electricity plus nuclear power in the near term;nuclear power shifted to pumped storage power participating in market competition in the middle term;and, in the long term, nuclear power shifted to pumped storage power as primary and serving as an electric power system when needed.

Effect of foot reflexology on an infant with sensorineural hearing loss:A case report

BACKGROUND Our study contributes to the further understanding of the mechanism of foot reflexology.Foot reflexology has been reported to affect hearing recovery,but no physiological evidence has been provided.This lack of evidence hampers the acceptance of the technique in clinical practice.CASE SUMMARY A girl was taken to North Sichuan Medical University Affiliated Hospital for a hearing screen by her parents.Her parents reported that her hearing level was the same as when she was born.The girl was diagnosed with sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL)by a doctor in the otolaryngology department.After we introduced the foot reflexology project,the parents agreed to participate in the experiment.After 6 months of foot reflexology treatment,the hearing threshold of the girl recovered to a normal level,below 30 dB.CONCLUSION Foot reflexology should be encouraged in clinical practice and for families of infants with SNHL.

A pilot study, a specially designed pillow may prevent developmental plagiocephaly by reducing pressure from the infant head

Developmental plagiocephaly (DP) has been an increasing problem since the successful “back to sleep campaign”. The referrals for DP have increased by >400% during the years 2004 to 2008. Many infants spend less time in the prone position nowadays and some of the risk factors for DP are as follows: less than 3 times per day for the tummy time, torticollis and slow achievement of motor milestones. There is a need for better information to the parents but also for other strategies to prevent DP. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a special pillow and thus to reduce pressure on the infant head. Method: infants aged zero to two months were included in the study. They were randomized to either intervention group or control group. Head shape was investigated on two occasions, on the second occasion motor development, mobility and muscle function of the neck were also investigated. The parents were asked about tummy time and sleep position. All infants were investigated by the same physical therapist, blinded to group belonging. Result: seven infants had CVAI >3.5 on the last assessment, five of these had not used any method to reduce pressure. Fishers exact test showed a tendency where infants with reduced pressure on the head had less DP (P 0.08). Paired t test showed significant decrease in CVAI for the infants who had had reduced pressure on the head (P 0.01). Among these infants the CVAI was zero for 47% in the last assessment. For the infants who had not had a reduction of pressure on the head, there was no indication of a decrease of CVAI (P 0.45), and only 12% of these infants had a CVAI that was zero in the last assessment. Conclusion: this pilot study shows that a specially designed pillow may prevent DP in young infants. However, a larger sample is needed to confirm or disprove this. The study is planned to go on until there are 200 participants.

Development and Application of Comprehensive Platform of Operation in Professional Meteorological Station

[Objective] The aim was to study the development and application of operation in comprehensive platform of professional meteorological station.[Method] Taking the operation platform of professional meteorological station in Yantai City as an example,and by dint of VB language and Mysql database technology,the ideas of comprehensive platform development of operation in professional meteorological station,main contents of the platform and its main functions were introduced.[Result] The platform mainly used VB language and Mysql database technology.Gathering together the forecast making,forecast inventory and check,surveillance of data uploading and machine operation and records of shifts,the interface was simple,visual and easy to handle.It reduced reporters’ workload,improved their work efficiency and was the favorite of majority reporters.[Conclusion] The study provided reference for the improvement of work efficiency of each professional meteorological station.

Design of Multifunctional Milk Powder Spoon Based on Environment-friendly and Developmental Concept

Recycling of junks is positive for the environmental protection.Along with the proposal of three-child policy,purchase volume of milk powder surely will experience a drastic growth,and the milk powder spoon as an affiliated product will win the attention of parents.Against the background of consumption upgrading,consumers have had higher requirements on the humanization and safety design of products.Most of milk powder spoons on the market are plastic,and the disposal of waste milk powder spoon has gradually become a burden for the environment.Based on the environment-friendly and developmental concept,and also the characteristics of infant development,this paper proposed the“in-one”design,applied color and tactile designs into the milk powder design,chose food grade silicone to make the milk powder spoon not only a spoon but also a baby teether toy,so as to expand the service life and functions of the product,meet the requirements of saving energy,protecting environment and developing circular economy,which also to some extent reduces the burden on environment brought by plastics,improves the efficiency of junk recycling,and meet the individualized needs of consumers.

Integration of Transport and Land Use Planning by Transit-Oriented Development for Economic Sustainability of the Standard Gauge Railway Projects in Tanzania

Tanzania is one of the countries in Africa that has engaged in the projects for construction of the electrified Standard Gauge Railway (SGR). However, lack of integration of transportation and land-use planning threatens economic sustainability of the SGR project. This study was carried out for the purpose of finding-out how transportation can be integrated with land-use planning for economic sustainability of the project. The study was carried-out by using qualitative research approach through demonstration as case study. Findings show that construction of the SGR is not integrated with land-use planning around the stations and along the SGR corridor. It is concluded that economic sustainability of the SGR projects can be achieved by integration of transport and land-use planning. As demonstrated, it is recommended to deliberate for integration of transportation and land-use planning in the SGR projects of which the prime land within Transit Stations can be efficiently used by using Transit Oriented Development and secure more land for production activities around the Transit Stations and along the SGR corridor.

Brain development in newborns and infants after ECMO

Background Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)not only significantly improves survival rates in severely ill neonates but also is associated with long-term neurodevelopmental issues.To systematically review the available literature on the neurodevelopmental outcomes of neonates and infants who have undergone ECMO treatment,with a focus on motor deficits,cognitive impairments,sensory impairments,and developmental delays.This review aims to understand the incidence,prevalence,and risk factors for these problems and to explore current nursing care and management strategies.Data sources A comprehensive literature search was performed across PubMed,EMBASE,and Web of Science using a wide array of keywords and phrases pertaining to ECMO,neonates,infants,and various facets of neurodevelopment.The initial screening involved reviewing titles and abstracts to exclude irrelevant articles,followed by a full-text assessment of potentially relevant literature.The quality of each study was evaluated based on its research methodology and statistical analysis.Moreover,citation searches were conducted to identify potentially overlooked studies.Although the focus was primarily on neonatal ECMO,studies involving children and adults were also included due to the limited availability of neonate-specific literature.Results About 50%of neonates post-ECMO treatment exhibit varying degrees of brain injury,particularly in the frontal and temporoparietal white matter regions,often accompanied by neurological complications.Seizures occur in 18%–23%of neonates within the first 24 hours,and bleeding events occur in 27%–60%of ECMO procedures,with up to 33%potentially experiencing ischemic strokes.Although some studies suggest that ECMO may negatively impact hearing and visual development,other studies have found no significant differences;hence,the influence of ECMO remains unclear.In terms of cognitive,language,and intellectual development,ECMO treatment may be associated with potential developmental delays,including lower composite scores in cognitive and motor functions,as well as potential language and learning difficulties.These studies emphasize the importance of early detection and intervention of potential developmental issues in ECMO survivors,possibly necessitating the implementation of a multidisciplinary follow-up plan that includes regular neuromotor and psychological evaluations.Overall,further multicenter,large-sample,long-term follow-up studies are needed to determine the impact of ECMO on these developmental aspects.Conclusions The impact of ECMO on an infant’s nervous system still requires further investigation with larger sample sizes for validation.Fine-tuned management,comprehensive nursing care,appropriate patient selection,proactive monitoring,nutritional support,and early rehabilitation may potentially contribute to improving the long-term outcomes for these infants.

The Role of Family Migration in Child Development:A Propensity Score Matching Analysis Based on Migrant and Non-Migrant Infants and Young Children

Based on the survey data of 4,739 infants and young children(IYC)under 3 years old,the study uses the propensity score matching(PSM)method to examine the role of family migration in infant and young child development(IYCD).The study finds that the development of migrant IYC is significantly behind that of non-migrant IYC in the real-world situation.After controlling for confounders at the individual and family levels,there is no significant statistical difference in early development between migrant IYC and non-migrant IYC.Moreover,family migration does not play a significant role in IYCD in different subgroups after PSM.To protect the rights of migrant families and IYC in accessing public services,the Chinese government should build a social security policy system for migrant families and ensure starting point fairness for migrant IYC.

Development of a ~3He Gas Filling Station at the China Spallation Neutron Source

At the China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS), we have developed a custom gas-filling station, a glassblowing workshop, and a spin-exchange optical pumping(SEOP) system for producing high-quality ^(3)He-based neutron spin filter(NSF) cells. The gas-filling station is capable of routinely filling ^(3)He cells made from GE180 glass of various dimensions, to be used as neutron polarizers and analyzers on beamlines at the CSNS. Performance tests on cells fabricated at our gas-filling station are conducted via neutron transmission and nuclear-magneticresonance measurements, revealing nominal filling pressures, and a saturated ~3He polarization in the region of 80%, with a lifetime of approximately 240 hours. These results demonstrate our ability to produce competitive NSF cells to meet the ever-increasing research needs of the polarized neutron research community.

Linear Mixed Model Analysis of Worldwide Longitudinal Infant Mortality Rate Data and Association with Human Development Index

A linear mixed model is used to determine the explaining infant mortality rate data of United Nations countries. The HDI （human development index） has a significant negative linear relationship with infant mortality rate. United Nations data shows that the infant mortality rate has a descending trend over the period 1990-2010. This study aims to assess the value of the HDI as a predictor of infant mortality rate. Findings in the paper suggest that significant percentage reductions in infant mortality might be possible for countries for controlling the HDI.

Research on Management Innovation and Development for Railway Passenger Station Construction

Based on the general high-quality development requirements for railway construction in the new era,combined with the new concept of railway passenger stations of China State Railway Group Co.Ltd,namely"being well-connected,fully-integrated,environmeni-friendlypassenger-oriented,economically-efficient,culturally-rich,intelligent and convenient"and aiming at the construction of exemplary passenger station projects,this paper summarizes the construction experience in construction,decoration furnishing culture and art expression of railway passenger stations,proposes the working patterns of formulating the implementation plans of exemplary railway passenger station projects and the expert reviews in innovative way studies and forms 6 special-subject designs such as for colorshape,space,environment,art and culture,as wellas the specific design requirements for 13 key areas including waiting hall entrance and exit corridor;VIP room,etc.,and summarizes and puts forward the construction management system of railway passenger stations in the new era,so as to ensure the expected exemplary project quality of railway passenger stations.

Effect of In-home Fortification of Complementary Feeding on Intellectual Development of Chinese Children

Objective To explore the effect of in-home fortification of complementary feeding on intellectual development of Chinese children aged below 24 months. Methods One thousand and four hundred seventy eight children aged 4-12 months were recruited and divided into study groups （formula 1 group and formula 2 group） and control group. In two study groups, in addition to the usual complementary food, children were fed with a sachet of fortified food supplement each day. Protein and micronutrients were provided in formula 1 group. Formula 2 group had the same energy intake as the formula 1 group . In addition to measurement of physical growth and detection of hemoglobin level, Development Quotient （DQ） or Intelligence Quotient （IQ） was assessed. Results The DQ of children aged below 24 months was 97.2, 95.5, and 93.8 in formula 1 group, formula 2 group and control group, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant （P〈0.05）. The DQ of children in formula 1 group, formula 2 group, and control group was 92.7, 90.4, and 88.3 respectively in the first follow up showing statistically significant differences （P〈0.05）. And, DQ of children in formula 1 group, formula 2 group and control group were 96.7, 94.5, and 93.7 respectively in the second follow up, showing statistically significant differences （P〈0.05）. FulI-IQ of children in the formula 1 group was 3.1 and 4.5 points higher than that in formula 2 group and in control group respectively. Verbal IQ of children in the formula 1 group was 2.1 and 5 points higher than that in formula 2 group and control group respectively. Performance IQ was 2.5 and 3.1 points higher than that in formula 2 group and control group respectively. All above mentioned comparisons were statistically significant. Conclusion Fortification of complementary feeding showed persistent effect on intelligence development of young children which could persist to 6 years of age. The critical time for correction of anemia could be under 18 months.

Development and Application of a Shaft-type Tubular Pumping System with a Siphon Discharge Passage

Based on the characteristics of large flow rate , low head , short annual operation time , and high reliability of the city flood-control pumping stations , a new-type shaft tubular pumping system featuring a shaft suction box and a siphon-type discharge passage with a vacuum breaker as the cutoff device was developed , which possesses such advantages as simple structure , reliable cutoff , and high energy performance.Taking some pumping stations as the case studies , in the light of the specified operation conditions , the hydraulic optimal design of the shaft-type tubular pumping system was determined and the optimized shape of the system was recommended.The performance prediction based on the computational fluid dynamics methodology was determined and the model test verification was conducted.The results show that the predicted data agree with the experimental head and efficiency so that both methods can be used to determine the performance of a real pumping station.Finally , the in-situ measurements of a pumping station during the commissioning period further verified that the shaft-type tubular pumping station with a siphon discharge passage is of higher efficiency , more reliable and stable.

The development of brain functional connectivity networks revealed by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging

Previous studies on brain functional connectivity networks in children have mainly focused on changes in function in specific brain regions, as opposed to whole brain connectivity in healthy children. By analyzing the independent components of activation and network connectivity between brain regions, we examined brain activity status and development trends in children aged 3 and 5 years. These data could provide a reference for brain function rehabilitation in children with illness or abnormal function. We acquired functional magnetic resonance images from 15 3-year-old children and 15 5-year-old children under natural sleep cond让ions. The participants were recruited from five kindergartens in the Nanshan District of Shenzhen City, China. The parents of the participants signed an informed consent form with the premise that they had been fully informed regarding the experimental protocol. We used masked independent component analysis and BrainNet Viewer software to explore the independent components of the brain and correlation connections between brain regions. We identified seven independent components in the two groups of children, including the executive control network, the dorsal attention network, the default mode network, the left frontoparietal network, the right frontoparietal network, the salience network, and the motor network. In the default mode network, the posterior cingulate cortex, medial frontal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule were activated in both 3- and 5-year-old children, supporting the "three-brain region theory” of the default mode network. In the frontoparietal network, the frontal and parietal gyri were activated in the two groups of children, and functional connectivity was strengthened in 5-year-olds compared with 3-year-olds, although the nodes and network connections were not yet mature. The high-correlation network connections in the default mode networks and dorsal attention networks had been significantly strengthened in 5-year-olds vs. 3-year-olds. Further, the salience network in the 3-year-old children included an activated insula/inferior frontal gyrus-anterior cingulate cortex network circu让 and an activated thalamus-parahippocampal-posterior cingulate cortex-subcortical regions network circuit. By the age of 5 years, no des and high-correlation network connections (edges) were reduced in the salience network. Overall, activation of the dorsal attention network, default mode network, left frontoparietal network, and right frontoparietal network increased (the volume of activation increased, the signals strengthened, and the high-correlation connections increased and strengthened) in 5-year-olds compared with 3-year-olds, but activation in some brain nodes weakened or disappeared in the salience network, and the network connections (edges) were reduced. Between the ages of 3 and 5 years, we observed a tendency for function in some brain regions to be strengthened and for the generalization of activation to be reduced, indicating that specialization begins to develop at this time. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee of the Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in China with approval No. SIAT-IRB- 131115-H0075 on November 15, 2013.