Infectious diseases are the common enemies of mankind.In the course of historical development,they persistently threaten human health and safety.Even today,despite the developments in medical science,we cannot escape ...Infectious diseases are the common enemies of mankind.In the course of historical development,they persistently threaten human health and safety.Even today,despite the developments in medical science,we cannot escape the fear and suffering caused by infectious diseases.Whether in ancient or modern times,the source of infection,route of transmission,and a susceptible population are the three key conditions for the prevalence and spread of infectious diseases.All factors closely related to these three conditions can affect the prevalence of infectious diseases.China is one of the cradles of world civilization.The ancient people accumulated a great deal of experience and lessons in the long struggle against infectious diseases.In the face of the current threat posed by widespread infectious disease,it is imperative to review and summarize ancient Chinese ideas and health policies on epidemic prevention and control to inspire contemporary efforts in the prevention and control of infectious disease.The combination of prevention-oriented epidemic prevention ideology and traditional medicine provides valuable insights,especially for impoverished and medically underserved regions.展开更多
Avian infectious bronchitis(IB)is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by infectious bronchitis virus(IBV),which is prevalent in many countries worldwide and causes serious harm to the poultry industry.At pre...Avian infectious bronchitis(IB)is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by infectious bronchitis virus(IBV),which is prevalent in many countries worldwide and causes serious harm to the poultry industry.At present,many commercial IBV vaccines have been used for the prevention and control of IB;however,IB outbreaks occur frequently.In this study,two new strains of IBV,SX/2106 and SX/2204,were isolated from two flocks which were immunized with IBV H120 vaccine in central China.Phylogenetic and recombination analysis indicated that SX/2106,which was clustered into the GI-19 lineage,may be derived from recombination events of the GI-19 and GI-7 strains and the LDT3-A vaccine.Genetic analysis showed that SX/2204 belongs to the GVI-1 lineage,which may have originated from the recombination of the GI-13 and GVI-1 strains and the H120 vaccine.The virus cross-neutralization test showed that the antigenicity of SX/2106 and SX/2204 was different from H120.Animal experiments found that both SX/2106 and SX/2204 could replicate effectively in the lungs and kidneys of chickens and cause disease and death,and H120 immunization could not provide effective protection against the two IBV isolates.It is noteworthy that the pathogenicity of SX/2204 has significantly increased compared to the GVI-1 strains isolated previously,with a mortality rate up to 60%.Considering the continuous mutation and recombination of the IBV genome to produce new variant strains,it is important to continuously monitor epidemic strains and develop new vaccines for the prevention and control of IBV epidemics.展开更多
The global incidence of infectious diseases has increased in recent years,posing a significant threat to human health.Hospitals typically serve as frontline institutions for detecting infectious diseases.However,accur...The global incidence of infectious diseases has increased in recent years,posing a significant threat to human health.Hospitals typically serve as frontline institutions for detecting infectious diseases.However,accurately identifying warning signals of infectious diseases in a timely manner,especially emerging infectious diseases,can be challenging.Consequently,there is a pressing need to integrate treatment and disease prevention data to conduct comprehensive analyses aimed at preventing and controlling infectious diseases within hospitals.This paper examines the role of medical data in the early identification of infectious diseases,explores early warning technologies for infectious disease recognition,and assesses monitoring and early warning mechanisms for infectious diseases.We propose that hospitals adopt novel multidimensional early warning technologies to mine and analyze medical data from various systems,in compliance with national strategies to integrate clinical treatment and disease prevention.Furthermore,hospitals should establish institution-specific,clinical-based early warning models for infectious diseases to actively monitor early signals and enhance preparedness for infectious disease prevention and control.展开更多
Infectious mononucleosis (IM), primarily caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), manifests as the classic triad of fever, pharyngitis, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Severe cases may involve organ damage, most commonly...Infectious mononucleosis (IM), primarily caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), manifests as the classic triad of fever, pharyngitis, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Severe cases may involve organ damage, most commonly affecting the liver. Diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical presentation and laboratory parameters, with commonly used indicators including EBV-specific antibodies, EBV-DNA load, and the ratio of atypical lymphocytes. Treatment primarily involves symptomatic supportive care, with a cautious approach to the routine use of antiviral medications. In recent years, significant research in traditional Chinese medicine has been conducted in China, showing promising advancements. This article provides a comprehensive review of EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis, offering insights for clinical diagnosis and treatment.展开更多
Background: Standard precautions (SPs) are the minimum infection prevention practices that aim to protect Health care workers (HCWs) including physicians and prevent them from transmitting the infections to their pati...Background: Standard precautions (SPs) are the minimum infection prevention practices that aim to protect Health care workers (HCWs) including physicians and prevent them from transmitting the infections to their patients. Purpose: To assess the level of compliance of physicians with standard precautions of handling patients with infectious respiratory disease. Method: A cross sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted in two tertiary level hospitals named M Abdur Rahim Medical College and Hospital, Dinajpur, Bangladesh and Rajshahi Medical College and Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh to assess the level of compliance of physicians with standard precautions. Purposive sampling technique was applied as per inclusion criteria and data was collected by face to face interview from 285 physicians. Statistical analysis of the results was done by SPSS and a p value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Result: The study revealed that maximum physicians (76.5%) handling patients with infectious respiratory disease had a moderate level of compliance with standard precautions. 78.6% of the physicians had moderate level of awareness about standard precautions. Only 20.35% of the physicians had training on infection control. 94.4% of the respondents didn’t know the component of standard precaution and most of the physicians were not aware of the sequence of wearing and removing the different components of PPEs. Conclusion: The study result implies that with increased awareness, the compliance of the physicians with standard precautions increased. The main reasons of non-compliance with standard precautions were found to be lack of resources, lack of regular training and excess workload.展开更多
Infectious bursal disease(IBD)causes considerable economic losses in the commercial poultry industry worldwide.The principal way to control IBD virus(IBDV),the causative agent of IBD,is still through vaccination progr...Infectious bursal disease(IBD)causes considerable economic losses in the commercial poultry industry worldwide.The principal way to control IBD virus(IBDV),the causative agent of IBD,is still through vaccination programs.Virus-like particles(VLPs)are recognised as a safe and potent recombinant vaccine platform.This research work explores the characterisation and separation of infectious bursal disease virus-like particles(IBD-VLPs)from crude feedstock.Various characteristics were studied with highperformance size-exclusion chromatography(HP-SEC),sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)analyses.Subsequently,the separation of IBD-VLPs using polyethylene glycol(PEG)/sodium citrate-based aqueous two-phase systems(ATPSs)was conducted and optimised.Moreover,a scale-up study of the best ATPS constituted of 15%PEG 6000,11%sodium citrate and 10%crude feedstock was performed to compare the separation performance of IBD-VLPs with and without centrifugation-assisted.The results indicated that the optimised ATPS with centrifugation-assisted for both 5 g and 50 g systems showed good recovery of IBDVLPs of>97%in the interphase between the PEG-rich top and salt-rich bottom phases.These optimised systems also showed high removal efficiencies of impurities of>95%.The results demonstrated that aqueous two-phase extraction could be a promising technology for efficient VLPs separation.展开更多
In light of the rising evidence of the association between viral and bacterial infections and neurodegeneration,we aimed at revisiting the infectious hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease and analyzing the possible impli...In light of the rising evidence of the association between viral and bacterial infections and neurodegeneration,we aimed at revisiting the infectious hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease and analyzing the possible implications of COVID-19 neurological sequelae in long-term neurodegeneration.We wondered how SARS-CoV-2 could be related to the amyloid-βcascade and how it could lead to the pathological hallmarks of the disease.We also predict a paradigm change in clinical medicine,which now has a great opportunity to conduct prospective surveillance of cognitive sequelae and progression to dementia in people who suffered severe infections together with other risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease.展开更多
Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome(PI-IBS)is a particular type of IBS,with symptom onset after an acute episode of infectious gastroenteritis.Despite infectious disease resolution and clearance of the inciting p...Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome(PI-IBS)is a particular type of IBS,with symptom onset after an acute episode of infectious gastroenteritis.Despite infectious disease resolution and clearance of the inciting pathogen agent,10%of patients will develop PI-IBS.In susceptible individuals,the exposure to pathogenic organisms leads to a marked shift in the gut microbiota with prolonged changes in host-microbiota interactions.These changes can affect the gut-brain axis and the visceral sensitivity,disrupting the intestinal barrier,altering neuromuscular function,triggering persistent low inflammation,and sustaining the onset of IBS symptoms.There is no specific treatment strategy for PI-IBS.Different drug classes can be used to treat PI-IBS similar to patients with IBS in general,guided by their clinical symptoms.This review summarizes the current evidence for microbial dysbiosis in PI-IBS and analyzes the available data regarding the role of the microbiome in mediating the central and peripheral dysfunctions that lead to IBS symptoms.It also discusses the current state of evidence on therapies targeting the microbiome in the management of PI-IBS.The results of microbial modulation strategies used in relieving IBS symptomatology are encouraging.Several studies on PI-IBS animal models reported promising results.However,published data that describe the efficacy and safety of microbial targeted therapy in PI-IBS patients are scarce.Future research is required.展开更多
The liver is an organ that withstands a lot of insults due to various things such as infection, toxins and even our own immune system. There are injuries to the liver that are relatively common in medicine such as vir...The liver is an organ that withstands a lot of insults due to various things such as infection, toxins and even our own immune system. There are injuries to the liver that are relatively common in medicine such as viral hepatitis caused by different strains of Hepatitis A-E, autoimmune hepatitis, and injury by drugs such as acetaminophen. However, syphilis causing hepatitis is not seen often and there are certain features that distinguish syphilitic hepatitis that should be reported more to distinguish its characteristic features.展开更多
In this case, a young female presented with non-specific features such as fever, sore throat, headache and fatigue. She went on to develop epigastric pain, darkening of urine and jaundice, with no resolution of prior ...In this case, a young female presented with non-specific features such as fever, sore throat, headache and fatigue. She went on to develop epigastric pain, darkening of urine and jaundice, with no resolution of prior symptoms. Physical and Laboratory tests confirmed the primary diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis, however, prior history of treatment with multiple drugs led to a diagnosis of DILI as a complication. Appropriate treatment with I.V. antibiotics, hepatoprotective agents, steroids as well as discontinuation of all potential hepatotoxic agents showed significant improvement in patients’ symptoms and overall condition.展开更多
In this paper, a disease transmission model with two treatment stages is proposed and analyzed. The results indicate that the basic reproduction number is a critical threshold for the prevalence of the disease. If the...In this paper, a disease transmission model with two treatment stages is proposed and analyzed. The results indicate that the basic reproduction number is a critical threshold for the prevalence of the disease. If the basic reproduction number is less than one, the disease free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Otherwise, the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Therefore, besides the basic reproduction number, a new marker for characterizing the seriousness of the disease, named as dynamical final infective size, is proposed, which differs from traditional final size because the proposed model includes the natural birth and death. Finally, optimization strategies for limited medical resources are obtained from the perspectives of basic reproduction number and dynamical final infective size, and the real-world disease management scenarios are given based on these finding.展开更多
Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and together account for a significant percentage of acute and chronic human diseases. In addition to understanding the mechanisms by which various p...Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and together account for a significant percentage of acute and chronic human diseases. In addition to understanding the mechanisms by which various pathogens cause human disease, research in microbial pathogenesis also addresses mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and the development of new antimicrobial agents and vaccines. Answering fundamental questions regarding host-microbe interactions requires an interdisciplinary approach, including microbiology, genomics, informatics, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, immunology, epidemiology, environment and interaction between host and microbe. Studies investigating the direct effects of pollutants on respiratory tract infections are very vast, but those interested in the role of a pre-existing disease and effects of the exposure on the response to secondary stresses are few. In an experimental study at concentrations of air pollutants found in urban environments, frank toxicological responses are rarely observed, however, exposure to secondary stress like the respiratory challenge with infectious bacteria can exacerbate the response of the experimental host. The models like experimental, mechanical, and mathematical are the most abstract, but they allow analysis and logical proofs in a way that other approaches do not permit. The present review is mostly concerned with these model representations particularly with a novel mathematical model explaining the interaction between pathogen and immunity including the equivalence point.展开更多
Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a commonly encountered chronic functional gastrointestinal(GI)disorder.Approximately 10%of IBS patients can trace the onset of their symptoms to a previous a bout of infectious dysenter...Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a commonly encountered chronic functional gastrointestinal(GI)disorder.Approximately 10%of IBS patients can trace the onset of their symptoms to a previous a bout of infectious dysentery.The appearance of new IBS symptoms following an infectious event is defined as post-infectiousIBS.Indeed,with the World Health Organization estimating between 2 and 4 billion cases annually,infectious diarrheal disease represents an incredible international healthcare burden.Additionally,compounding evidence suggests many commonly encountered enteropathogens as unique triggers behind IBS symptom generation and underlying pathophysiological features.A growing body of work provides evidence supporting a role for pathogen-mediated modifications in the resident intestinal microbiota,epithelial barrier integrity,effector cell functions,and innate and adaptive immune features,all proposed physiological manifestations that can underlie GI abnormalities in IBS.Enteric pathogens must employ a vast array of machinery to evade host protective immune mechanisms,and illicit successful infections.Consequently,the impact of infectious events on host physiology can be multidimensional in terms of anatomical location,functional scope,and duration.This review offers a unique discussion of the mechanisms employed by many commonly encountered enteric pathogens that cause acute disease,but may also lead to the establishment of chronic GI dysfunction compatible with IBS.展开更多
文摘Infectious diseases are the common enemies of mankind.In the course of historical development,they persistently threaten human health and safety.Even today,despite the developments in medical science,we cannot escape the fear and suffering caused by infectious diseases.Whether in ancient or modern times,the source of infection,route of transmission,and a susceptible population are the three key conditions for the prevalence and spread of infectious diseases.All factors closely related to these three conditions can affect the prevalence of infectious diseases.China is one of the cradles of world civilization.The ancient people accumulated a great deal of experience and lessons in the long struggle against infectious diseases.In the face of the current threat posed by widespread infectious disease,it is imperative to review and summarize ancient Chinese ideas and health policies on epidemic prevention and control to inspire contemporary efforts in the prevention and control of infectious disease.The combination of prevention-oriented epidemic prevention ideology and traditional medicine provides valuable insights,especially for impoverished and medically underserved regions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202788)the Special Research Fund of Shanxi Agricultural University for High-level Talents,China(2021XG004)+3 种基金the Fund for Shanxi“1331 Project”,China(20211331-13)the Shanxi Province Excellent Doctoral Work Award-Scientific Research Project,China(SXBYKY2021063,SXBYKY2021005,and SXBYKY 2022014)the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of Shanxi Province,China(2023CYJSTX15-13)the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province,China(202103021224156)。
文摘Avian infectious bronchitis(IB)is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by infectious bronchitis virus(IBV),which is prevalent in many countries worldwide and causes serious harm to the poultry industry.At present,many commercial IBV vaccines have been used for the prevention and control of IB;however,IB outbreaks occur frequently.In this study,two new strains of IBV,SX/2106 and SX/2204,were isolated from two flocks which were immunized with IBV H120 vaccine in central China.Phylogenetic and recombination analysis indicated that SX/2106,which was clustered into the GI-19 lineage,may be derived from recombination events of the GI-19 and GI-7 strains and the LDT3-A vaccine.Genetic analysis showed that SX/2204 belongs to the GVI-1 lineage,which may have originated from the recombination of the GI-13 and GVI-1 strains and the H120 vaccine.The virus cross-neutralization test showed that the antigenicity of SX/2106 and SX/2204 was different from H120.Animal experiments found that both SX/2106 and SX/2204 could replicate effectively in the lungs and kidneys of chickens and cause disease and death,and H120 immunization could not provide effective protection against the two IBV isolates.It is noteworthy that the pathogenicity of SX/2204 has significantly increased compared to the GVI-1 strains isolated previously,with a mortality rate up to 60%.Considering the continuous mutation and recombination of the IBV genome to produce new variant strains,it is important to continuously monitor epidemic strains and develop new vaccines for the prevention and control of IBV epidemics.
文摘The global incidence of infectious diseases has increased in recent years,posing a significant threat to human health.Hospitals typically serve as frontline institutions for detecting infectious diseases.However,accurately identifying warning signals of infectious diseases in a timely manner,especially emerging infectious diseases,can be challenging.Consequently,there is a pressing need to integrate treatment and disease prevention data to conduct comprehensive analyses aimed at preventing and controlling infectious diseases within hospitals.This paper examines the role of medical data in the early identification of infectious diseases,explores early warning technologies for infectious disease recognition,and assesses monitoring and early warning mechanisms for infectious diseases.We propose that hospitals adopt novel multidimensional early warning technologies to mine and analyze medical data from various systems,in compliance with national strategies to integrate clinical treatment and disease prevention.Furthermore,hospitals should establish institution-specific,clinical-based early warning models for infectious diseases to actively monitor early signals and enhance preparedness for infectious disease prevention and control.
文摘Infectious mononucleosis (IM), primarily caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), manifests as the classic triad of fever, pharyngitis, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Severe cases may involve organ damage, most commonly affecting the liver. Diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical presentation and laboratory parameters, with commonly used indicators including EBV-specific antibodies, EBV-DNA load, and the ratio of atypical lymphocytes. Treatment primarily involves symptomatic supportive care, with a cautious approach to the routine use of antiviral medications. In recent years, significant research in traditional Chinese medicine has been conducted in China, showing promising advancements. This article provides a comprehensive review of EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis, offering insights for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
文摘Background: Standard precautions (SPs) are the minimum infection prevention practices that aim to protect Health care workers (HCWs) including physicians and prevent them from transmitting the infections to their patients. Purpose: To assess the level of compliance of physicians with standard precautions of handling patients with infectious respiratory disease. Method: A cross sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted in two tertiary level hospitals named M Abdur Rahim Medical College and Hospital, Dinajpur, Bangladesh and Rajshahi Medical College and Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh to assess the level of compliance of physicians with standard precautions. Purposive sampling technique was applied as per inclusion criteria and data was collected by face to face interview from 285 physicians. Statistical analysis of the results was done by SPSS and a p value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Result: The study revealed that maximum physicians (76.5%) handling patients with infectious respiratory disease had a moderate level of compliance with standard precautions. 78.6% of the physicians had moderate level of awareness about standard precautions. Only 20.35% of the physicians had training on infection control. 94.4% of the respondents didn’t know the component of standard precaution and most of the physicians were not aware of the sequence of wearing and removing the different components of PPEs. Conclusion: The study result implies that with increased awareness, the compliance of the physicians with standard precautions increased. The main reasons of non-compliance with standard precautions were found to be lack of resources, lack of regular training and excess workload.
基金Zhejiang University and TalentIntroduction Program of China for Postdoctoral Researcher for the financial supportfinancially supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China (2021YFE0113300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22078286)。
文摘Infectious bursal disease(IBD)causes considerable economic losses in the commercial poultry industry worldwide.The principal way to control IBD virus(IBDV),the causative agent of IBD,is still through vaccination programs.Virus-like particles(VLPs)are recognised as a safe and potent recombinant vaccine platform.This research work explores the characterisation and separation of infectious bursal disease virus-like particles(IBD-VLPs)from crude feedstock.Various characteristics were studied with highperformance size-exclusion chromatography(HP-SEC),sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)analyses.Subsequently,the separation of IBD-VLPs using polyethylene glycol(PEG)/sodium citrate-based aqueous two-phase systems(ATPSs)was conducted and optimised.Moreover,a scale-up study of the best ATPS constituted of 15%PEG 6000,11%sodium citrate and 10%crude feedstock was performed to compare the separation performance of IBD-VLPs with and without centrifugation-assisted.The results indicated that the optimised ATPS with centrifugation-assisted for both 5 g and 50 g systems showed good recovery of IBDVLPs of>97%in the interphase between the PEG-rich top and salt-rich bottom phases.These optimised systems also showed high removal efficiencies of impurities of>95%.The results demonstrated that aqueous two-phase extraction could be a promising technology for efficient VLPs separation.
基金supported by grants to DD from Agencia Nacional de Promoción de la Investigación,el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación(ANPCyT,PICT N°03893).
文摘In light of the rising evidence of the association between viral and bacterial infections and neurodegeneration,we aimed at revisiting the infectious hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease and analyzing the possible implications of COVID-19 neurological sequelae in long-term neurodegeneration.We wondered how SARS-CoV-2 could be related to the amyloid-βcascade and how it could lead to the pathological hallmarks of the disease.We also predict a paradigm change in clinical medicine,which now has a great opportunity to conduct prospective surveillance of cognitive sequelae and progression to dementia in people who suffered severe infections together with other risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease.
文摘Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome(PI-IBS)is a particular type of IBS,with symptom onset after an acute episode of infectious gastroenteritis.Despite infectious disease resolution and clearance of the inciting pathogen agent,10%of patients will develop PI-IBS.In susceptible individuals,the exposure to pathogenic organisms leads to a marked shift in the gut microbiota with prolonged changes in host-microbiota interactions.These changes can affect the gut-brain axis and the visceral sensitivity,disrupting the intestinal barrier,altering neuromuscular function,triggering persistent low inflammation,and sustaining the onset of IBS symptoms.There is no specific treatment strategy for PI-IBS.Different drug classes can be used to treat PI-IBS similar to patients with IBS in general,guided by their clinical symptoms.This review summarizes the current evidence for microbial dysbiosis in PI-IBS and analyzes the available data regarding the role of the microbiome in mediating the central and peripheral dysfunctions that lead to IBS symptoms.It also discusses the current state of evidence on therapies targeting the microbiome in the management of PI-IBS.The results of microbial modulation strategies used in relieving IBS symptomatology are encouraging.Several studies on PI-IBS animal models reported promising results.However,published data that describe the efficacy and safety of microbial targeted therapy in PI-IBS patients are scarce.Future research is required.
文摘The liver is an organ that withstands a lot of insults due to various things such as infection, toxins and even our own immune system. There are injuries to the liver that are relatively common in medicine such as viral hepatitis caused by different strains of Hepatitis A-E, autoimmune hepatitis, and injury by drugs such as acetaminophen. However, syphilis causing hepatitis is not seen often and there are certain features that distinguish syphilitic hepatitis that should be reported more to distinguish its characteristic features.
文摘In this case, a young female presented with non-specific features such as fever, sore throat, headache and fatigue. She went on to develop epigastric pain, darkening of urine and jaundice, with no resolution of prior symptoms. Physical and Laboratory tests confirmed the primary diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis, however, prior history of treatment with multiple drugs led to a diagnosis of DILI as a complication. Appropriate treatment with I.V. antibiotics, hepatoprotective agents, steroids as well as discontinuation of all potential hepatotoxic agents showed significant improvement in patients’ symptoms and overall condition.
文摘In this paper, a disease transmission model with two treatment stages is proposed and analyzed. The results indicate that the basic reproduction number is a critical threshold for the prevalence of the disease. If the basic reproduction number is less than one, the disease free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Otherwise, the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Therefore, besides the basic reproduction number, a new marker for characterizing the seriousness of the disease, named as dynamical final infective size, is proposed, which differs from traditional final size because the proposed model includes the natural birth and death. Finally, optimization strategies for limited medical resources are obtained from the perspectives of basic reproduction number and dynamical final infective size, and the real-world disease management scenarios are given based on these finding.
文摘Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and together account for a significant percentage of acute and chronic human diseases. In addition to understanding the mechanisms by which various pathogens cause human disease, research in microbial pathogenesis also addresses mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and the development of new antimicrobial agents and vaccines. Answering fundamental questions regarding host-microbe interactions requires an interdisciplinary approach, including microbiology, genomics, informatics, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, immunology, epidemiology, environment and interaction between host and microbe. Studies investigating the direct effects of pollutants on respiratory tract infections are very vast, but those interested in the role of a pre-existing disease and effects of the exposure on the response to secondary stresses are few. In an experimental study at concentrations of air pollutants found in urban environments, frank toxicological responses are rarely observed, however, exposure to secondary stress like the respiratory challenge with infectious bacteria can exacerbate the response of the experimental host. The models like experimental, mechanical, and mathematical are the most abstract, but they allow analysis and logical proofs in a way that other approaches do not permit. The present review is mostly concerned with these model representations particularly with a novel mathematical model explaining the interaction between pathogen and immunity including the equivalence point.
基金Supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(individual operating and CREATE)
文摘Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a commonly encountered chronic functional gastrointestinal(GI)disorder.Approximately 10%of IBS patients can trace the onset of their symptoms to a previous a bout of infectious dysentery.The appearance of new IBS symptoms following an infectious event is defined as post-infectiousIBS.Indeed,with the World Health Organization estimating between 2 and 4 billion cases annually,infectious diarrheal disease represents an incredible international healthcare burden.Additionally,compounding evidence suggests many commonly encountered enteropathogens as unique triggers behind IBS symptom generation and underlying pathophysiological features.A growing body of work provides evidence supporting a role for pathogen-mediated modifications in the resident intestinal microbiota,epithelial barrier integrity,effector cell functions,and innate and adaptive immune features,all proposed physiological manifestations that can underlie GI abnormalities in IBS.Enteric pathogens must employ a vast array of machinery to evade host protective immune mechanisms,and illicit successful infections.Consequently,the impact of infectious events on host physiology can be multidimensional in terms of anatomical location,functional scope,and duration.This review offers a unique discussion of the mechanisms employed by many commonly encountered enteric pathogens that cause acute disease,but may also lead to the establishment of chronic GI dysfunction compatible with IBS.