Profile of the Infertile Man at the University Hospital of Conakry (Guinea)

Introduction: Male infertility is defined as the inability of a man to impregnate a woman after 12 months of regular sexual intercourse without contraception. Objective: To improve the state of knowledge on the profile of the infertile man in Guinea. Methodology: We conducted a prospective, descriptive study over a period of 6 months from October 1st, 2020 to March 31st, 2021. Results: We collected an overall number of 71 patients seen onroutine consultation for infertility. They had a mean age of 36.4 years. More than half of our patients were monogamous (79% of cases). Civil servants were the most affected with 38.02% of cases. Primary infertility was dominant in 65% (n = 46) of cases. On clinical examination, varicocele was the most remarkable abnormality with 88.73% (n = 63) followed by testicular hypotrophy with 59.15% (n = 42). Azoospermia was the most frequent sperm abnormality with 22.54% (n = 16) followed by oligospermia with 15.49% (n = 11). Hormonal assessment based on FSH and LH was performed in 16 patients with azoospermia (22.53%). FSH elevation was associated with azoospermia in 6 patients, i.e. 8.45%, azoospermia associated with a normal FSH level accounting for 14.08% in our series. Conclusion: In our practice, male infertility is becoming more and more of a concern due to the increasing number of patients seeking treatment. The scarcity of a medical assistance for procreation unit alongside with more efficient diagnostic means constitutes a handicap for its management.

Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on anxiety and depression of infertile women: A meta-analysis

Objective:To investigate the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on anxiety and depression in infertile women.Methods:This study was performed in 2019 by searching Google Scholar,Scopus,PubMed/MEDLINE,Cochrane library,EMBASE,Proquest,ISI Web of Science,MagIran,SID and IranMedex.Eligible studies were selected by two reviewers and outcomes of interest were extracted.The meta-analysis was performed using the random effect models.Ⅰ-square statistic test was used for heterogeneity analysis.Presence of publication bias was also checked.Results:Eleven studies were included in this review.Between-group differences(cognitive behavioral therapy and control groups)in risk ratio for infertile women's depression was d=-1.36;95%CI=-1.81,-0.90;P<0.001.For infertile women's anxiety,between-group differences in risk ratio wasd=-0.83;95%CI=-1.18,-0.47;P<0.001.Conclusions:Cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in the reduction of depression and anxiety in patients with or withoutin vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment.However,the lack of high-quality studies makes it challenging to make a solid and precise conclusion.Well-designed studies should be undertaken in the future to confirm these results.

Genome-wide identification of gene expression in the epididymis of infertile rat induced by alpha-chlorohydrin using oligonucleotide microarray

Objective To establish a rat model of sterility associated with epididymis and epididymal gene expression profiles relation to fertility by alpha-chlorohydrin.Methods Rats were treated with 10 mg·kg-1·d-1.alpha-chlorohydrin for 10 consecutive days.Sperm maturation and other fertility parameters were analyzed.The sperm motility and morphology were evaluated by computer-assisted sperm analysis(CASA);sperm survival rate was assessed by SYBR-14 and propidium iodide(PI)fluorescent staining;the weights of testes,epididymides,prostates and seminal vesicles were determined by electronic balance;histological examination of above tissues were evaluated by HE staining;and serumal dihydrotestosterone(DHT)and testosterone(T)of rats were detected by enzyme-labeled immunoassay.Each male rat was paired with 2 female rats in proestrus.Female rats were examined the next morning for the presence of sperm in vaginal smears and underwent a cesarean section on day 12 of gestation.Finally the reproductive indices were calculated as follows:copulation index(number of sperm positive females /number of pairings),pregnancy index(number of pregnancies /number of sperm positive females),and fertility index(number of pregnancies /number of pairings).After that we used Affymetrix Rat 230 2.0 oligo-microarray to identify epididymal special genes associated with fertility.Finally,we validated some of these genes by Real-Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results The motility of spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis of treated rats showed a significant decrease in percentage of motile,progressively motile sperm,and sperm survival rate.At the same time,the morphology of cauda epididymal spermatozoa was also adversely affected by the treatment.In addition,the serumal androgen levels of treated animals weren't changed compared with the control group.Accordingly,matings with treated males resulted in no successful pregnancy.Then,we classified general functions of the down or up regulated epididymal genes by chlorhydrin with the GeneSpring gene ontology(GO)analysis,which are involved in macromolecular metabolism and transport,primary metabolism process,cell metabolism,biological process regulation,immunology regulation,ion combination,hydratase and oxidoreductase activity.Among all the different expressed genes,we analyzed and screened the down-regulated genes associated with glucose,lipid,protein and other energy metabolism,which are considered as the major ACH action targets.Simultaneously,the up-regulated genes by chlorhydrin were detected and their characters of negative regulated sperm maturation and fertility analyzed,which are apoptosis and immune-related genes and not reported before.Conclusions We established male infertile rat model with ACH(10 mg·kg-1·d-1,po,10 days)through evaluating changes of sperm motility and morphology,mating index,fertility index and pregnancy index.Simultaneously,the ACH didn't affect the major androgen(T and DHT)metabolism and sexual ability,which is considered as the best way for male contraception.Then we determined the down-regulated epididymal genes relation to substance metabolism,which can affect the epididymal sperm maturation and presumed the major antifertility targets by ACH.Further more,we found and analyzed the epididymal up-regulated genes associated with apoptosis and immune functions,which maybe the new possible sites of action by ACH and other male antifertility agents.

Comparison of serum reproductive hormones, antioxidants, PGE2 and PGF2-α between primary and secondary infertile women in Calabar

Objective:To compare the prolactin, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, antisperm antibodies, tumor necrosis factorα, total antioxidant capacity, prostaglandin E2 and F2α between primary and secondary infertile women in Calabar.Methods:One hundred and two volunteers infertile women (test group), aged 20-45 years attending the infertility clinic in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) were recruited. Fourteen of the women had primary infertility while 88 of them had secondary infertility. Sixty apparently healthy, age matched women served as the control group. Five millilitres of blood was collected, allowed to clot and serum was obtained from the subjects and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay method was used for prolactin, progesterone, estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), prostaglandin E2and F2α, human TNF-α,Chlamydia trachomatis IgG, antisperm antibodies assay, while serum total antioxidant capacity was assessed spectrophotometrically.Results:The result shows on comparison that primary infertile women has a significantly higher level of progesterone than those with secondary infertility (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in the levels of prolactin and total antioxidant capacity in the primary and secondary infertility when compare to the control group atP>0.05. Their mean ages were (31.10±5.37) years and (33.10±4.91) years respectively. There was a positive correlation between TAC and FSH, TNF and anti-sperm anti-bodies in the test group ofr=0.207 andr=0.632;P>0.05 respectively.Conclusions: These findings suggest no alterations in levels of prostaglandin F2α, TNF and anti-oxidant between primary and secondary infertile females.

Evaluation of infertile women: Mini-review

Evaluation of infertility indicated for women failed to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse and for women over 35 years failed to conceive after 6 mo of unprotected intercourse, because the fertility decline as women approach 40 years. Evaluation of infertile couple should begin with semen analysis of male partner. If the semen analysis is within normal range, evaluation then move on to female partner. Evaluation of the infertile woman should be carried in cost-effective manner to identify the causes of infertility using the least invasive methods. Methods of evaluation of infertile women include: 1) history and physical examination;2) evaluation of the male partner;3) documentation of ovulation;4) evaluation of the ovarian reserve;5) evaluation of cervical causes of infertility;6) evaluation of uterine causes of infertility;7) documentation of the tubal patency;and 8) exclusion of peritoneal causes of infertility. Evaluation of infertile couple should include evaluation of both partners. Semen analysis for the male partner, followed by documentation of ovulation and evaluation of genital tract patency. PCT is not used as routine evaluation of infertile women. Laparoscopy is not used as routine evaluation of infertile women unless there is suspected peritoneal factors of infertility or endometriosis or tubal occlusion. Ovarian reserve should only be done for infertile women with diminished response to external gonadotropins (not routine).

Happiness for Infertile Couples： An Introduction to Zhangzhou Medical Centre for Treatment of Infertility

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Untreated Prior Pulmonary Tuberculosis Adversely Affects Pregnancy Outcomes in Infertile Women Undergoing in vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer: A Large Retrospective Cohort Study

Objective Prior pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB) on chest X-ray(CXR) was commonly found in infertile patients receiving examinations before in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer(IVF-ET). It was unclear whether untreated PTB would affect pregnancy outcomes after IVF-ET.Method We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 14,254 infertile patients who had received IVFET at Peking University Third Hospital in 2017. Prior PTB was defined as the presence of signs suggestive of old or inactive PTB on CXR, with or without a clinical TB history. Patients who had prior PTB on CXR but had not received a clinical diagnosis and anti-TB therapy were included for analysis. Live birth,clinical pregnancy, and miscarriage rates were compared between the untreated PTB and non-PTB groups.Results The untreated PTB group had significantly lower clinical pregnancy(31.7% vs. 38.1%) and live birth(23.8% vs. 30.6%) rates than the non-PTB group(both P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that untreated PTB was a risk factor for decreased live birth rate [odds ratio(OR), 0.80;95% confidence interval(CI), 0.66–0.98;P = 0.028] in all patients and for increased miscarriage(OR, 4.19;95% CI,1.69–10.39;P = 0.002) and decreased live birth(OR, 0.45;95% CI, 0.24–0.83;P = 0.011) rates in patients with unexplained infertility.Conclusions Untreated PTB was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes after IVF-ET, especially in patients with unexplained infertility, highlighting the clinical significance of PTB in this specific patient population.

A Survey of Correlation Infertility Self-Efficacy with Behavioral Health Scales in Infertile Women

Background: Infertility is a unique medical challenge that can have health behavioral consequence on infertile women including lack of self-esteem, depression, anxiety, fertility problem in infertile couples. The aim of this study was to evaluate correlation between self-efficacy and health behaviors scales in infertile women. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 89 infertile women with mild to moderate depression (Beck scores 10 - 47) who were recruited from Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center. All participants completed Self-efficacy Inventory (ISE) and other health behavioral scales (e.g., the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Cattle Anxiety Scale (CAS), Fertility Problem Infertility (FPI), and GHQ). Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman rho correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. Variables were included in the study if they had a p-value

Treatment of Infertile Women with Unilateral Tubal Occlusion Diagnosed by Hysterosalpingography:The Role of Intrauterine Insemination

Summary:The optimal assisted reproductive treatment strategy for infertile women with unilateral tubal obstruction remains uncertain.To investigate the role of intrauterine insemination(IUI)in the treatment of infertile women with unilateral tubal occlusion,the data of 148 couples were retrospectively collected and analyzed.Seventy-eight infertile women with unilateral occlusion diagnosed by hysterosalpingography(HSG)were categorized as the study group and 70 others with unexplained infertility as the control group.The study group was divided into a proximal occlusion subgroup and a mid-distal occlusion subgroup for further analysis.The main outcomes,namely the clinical pregnancy rate(CPR),ongoing pregnancy rate(OPR),and live birth rate(LBR)per cycle,were analyzed.Our results showed a tendency of lower CPR,OPR,and LBR in the study group than in the control group,without statistical significance.Further investigations revealed that the unilateral proximal occlusion subgroup had similar CPR,OPR,and LBR as the control group,while the unilateral mid-distal occlusion subgroup had significantly lower CPR(5.1%vs.20.0%,P=0.035),OPR(5.1%vs.20.0%,P=0.035),and LBR(5.1%vs.20.0%,P=0.035)than the control group.In conclusion,the clinical outcomes of IUI were worse in patients with unilateral tubal occlusion than in those with unexplained infertility.This might be primarily caused by the worse outcome of patients with unilateral mid-distal tubal occlusion instead of proximal occlusion.

Is coping strategies predictor of anxiety and depression in couple infertile?

Background: Infertility is a complex crisis of life and increases psychological difficulties such as anxiety and depression. Identification of copy strategies for stressful events like infertility is important. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between coping strategies with anxiety and depression symptoms in men and women’s infertile. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted from 2011-2012 on 168 Iranian infertile couples referred to the Fatemeh Zahra infertility and reproductive health research center of Babol university of medical science to initiate assistant reproductive technologies and completed the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ), The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).The results were analyzed using t-test, the Pearson correlation and the stepwise model of multiple regression analysis. P Results: Escape/ avoidance contributed the greatest amount of unique variance to the model for anxiety/de-pression of infertile women (P < 0.0001, P < 0.001) and followed by distancing (P < 0.0001, P < 0.01), accepting responsibility(P < 0.0001, P < 0.01). Seeking social support was the negative significantly predictor for both anxiety and depression in infertile women (P < 0.01, P < 0.01), but planful problem solving was the inversely predictor for only depression in infertile women (P < 0.01). Escape/avoidance was the only predictor factor of the model anxiety for infertile men (P < 0.01). Escape/avoidance and self controlling were the positive predictor (P < 0.001) and planful problem solving was the negative predictor for men depression (P Conclusion: men and women infertile who use disproportionally maladaptive coping strategies such as escape/avoidance are predisposed to anxiety and depression symptoms. How using the coping strategies is very important in expressing anxiety and depression in infertile couples and training the adaptive coping strategies suggested by counseling centers.

Vitamin D3: Association of Low Vitamin D3 Levels with Semen Abnormalities in Infertile Males

Background: Insufficiency of vitamin D is one of the utmost general health issues all over the globe, including Pakistan;incompatible data are present on the possible relationship among serum vitamin D values and quality of semen. Objective: Lack of Vitamin D in body is related with a higher risk of various health problems including infertility. In our setup no such type of study had been conducted in the past on the relationship among serum vitamin D levels and infertility. This study was aimed to investigate male subjects with infertility and serum levels of vitamin D. Methods: This study was cross-sectional and performed on 243 male subjects who attended the clinic for evaluation of infertility from January 2016 to December 2017. Mean age of patients was 31.94 years with standard deviation of 7.52 years. The mean age of controls was 32.2 years with SD 8.42 years, age ranged between 20 years as minimum to 46 years as maximum. The minimum vitamin D level was 7.00 ng/dl while maximum 130 ng/dl, mean was 26.20 and standard deviation was 22.06 ng/ml. Levels of vitamin D were significantly low in (67%) male subjects with infertility. The mean vitamin D level of controls was 49.40 with SD of 35.98 ng/ml. 28% of controls had also vitamin D levels below the normal range, which indicates the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in general population here in our setup. The participants were divided according to WHO (World Health Organization) 2010 criteria along with corresponding healthy control subjects. A questionnaire for evaluation of infertility in male subjects was filled by all the contestants. Results: Levels of vitamin D were significantly low in (67%) male subjects with infertility. While 28% of controls had also vitamin D levels below the normal range. Infertile male subjects with low or no sperm count were found insufficient for vitamin D in comparison to healthy control subjects. Conclusion: It was concluded from the results of current study that low levels of vitamin D are related with abnormal male reproductive function, the severity of that was subject to the amount of vitamin D insufficiency.

Comparative Analysis of Saline Sonohysterosalpingography to Hysterosalpingography in the Diagnosis of Utero-Tubal Pathology amongst Infertile Women at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital

Background: The evaluation of the uterus and its tubes cannot be overemphasized in the management of infertile women. Transvaginal saline sonohysterosalpingography (SHG) is another novel method with certain advantages for uterine and tubal assessment in women. Objective: To determine the accuracy of saline SHG findings by comparing it with conventional Hysterosalpingography (HSG) findings in infertile women. Result: The concordance between saline sonohysterosalpingography and hysterosalpingography for the diagnosis of submucous fibroids, uterine adhesions and tubal patency in this study was over 94%. The saline SHG had sensitivity and specificity of 93.8% and 94.1% respectively for diagnosis of uterine fibroids (submucous) and a sensitivity and specificity of 62.5% and 98.9% in the diagnosis of intrauterine adhesions. It also had a sensitivity and specificity of 98.9% and 78.6% respectively in the detection of patent fallopian tubes. Conclusion: The ability of saline SHG to diagnose uterine pathology and tubal patency was comparable to that of conventional HSG. Saline SHG has the potential to replace HSG as the first-line test for the evaluation of uterine or tubal disease in infertile women.

Quality of life of infertile couples in the Gaza Strip, Palestine

Objective:To investigate the quality of life of infertile couples who seek in vitro fertilizations(IVFs)by gender in the Gaza Strip,Palestine.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted,from February 2019 to November 2019,among 383 infertile couples selected through convenient sampling.A valid and reliable Arabic version of the fertility quality of life questionnaire(FertiQoL)was used in data collection.One way analysis of variance and independent t-test were applied to compare between males and females.Results:The mean age of males and females was(34.54±8.54)years and(29.28±6.71)years,respectively.More than half of them had university degree(64%and 60%,respectively).The mean duration of infertility was(5.66±3.54)years.The mean males’scores of FertiQoL and its subscales(emotion,mind/body,social,core,tolerability,and treatment)were significantly higher than females’scores(P<0.05).Conclusions:Males have higher scores of FertiQoL and its subscales than females.The mean score of FertiQoL increases with better education,but decreases with increase of age,duration of marriage,duration of infertility and number of IVF attempts.Routine psychological assessment and counseling are necessary for infertile women taking into considerations factors affecting their quality of life.

Anti-Sperm Antibodies: Risk Factors of Positive Serology among Infertile Men Patients in Kisangani-Democratic Republic of Congo

Introduction: Antisperm antibodies (ASA) prevalence is high in Kisangani. ASA are one of the male factors of infertility that can reduce spermatozoa motility and cervical penetration or prevent acrosomal reaction and even alter embryo development. This study aims to determine the risk factors of ASA positivity among infertile men in Kisangani. Patient and Method: We conducted a case-control study during a period of 2 years in Kisangani on 111 men who consulted for conception and tested for ASA by ELISA. We did a simple pairing that concerned only the type of infertility. For a better balance between the number of cases and controls per stratum to provide better accuracy in the adjusted OR estimate, we performed a 1:1 match. Results: This study showed that businessmen [ORa = 5.0000(1.2452 - 20.0767)] and jobless [ORa = 5.8125(1.1477 - 29.4367)] were at risk of being positive for ASA. Violent blow to testicles [ORa = 6.7391(1.3455 - 33.7545)], cure of hernia [ORa = 4.3478(1.0722 - 17.6299)], Chlamydia infection [ORa = 4.7125(1.3405 - 16.5665)], leucospermia [ORa = 4.1429(1.0406 - 19.7155)] and presence of Staphylococcus aureus [ORa = 3.4444(0.6410 - 18.5082)] were associated to positive ASA. Conclusion: This study shows that factors that may lead to risky sexual behavior and physical or infectious trauma are important risk factors for ASA positivity. It is therefore necessary to search for them systematically during male infertility in order to guide the search for ASA.

The Effect of Balanced Hypocaloric Diet on the Anthropometric and Basic Metabolic Indicators in Infertile Women with Gluteofemoral Obesity

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of balanced hypocaloric diet therapy on the anthropometric and basic metabolic indicators in obese women with infertility. Methods: The follow up interventional clinical study included 23 infertile women in reproductive age with grade I gluteofemoral obesity. All patients have prescribed a balanced hypocaloric diet (1200 kcal/day), underwent exercise and behavioral therapy. Before and after 12-month treatment, an anthropometric study was conducted, determining the level of metabolic and hormonal indicators. Results: The total final number of study participants was 20 patients. A decrease in body weight was achieved in 87% of patients from 4 to 24 kg, on the average, by 10.58 ± 5.70 kg, there was also a decrease in BMI from 32.53 ± 1.40 to 28.55 ± 2.50 kg/m2 (p 0.001). The decrease in body weight was accompanied by a statistically significant decrease in leptin levels (p 0.001), E1 (p = 0.049), E2 (p = 0.032), fasting glucose (p 0.001), HOMA-IR (p = 0.002), cholesterol (p < 0.001), TG (p = 0.004), LDL-C (p = 0.001), atherogenic index of plasma (p <0.001) and an increase in progesterone levels (p = 0.030). Ovulatory menstrual cycles were resumed in all women (p = 0.007) and pregnancy occurred within a year in 1 patient. Conclusion: The implementation of a hypocaloric diet for 12 months in infertile women with first-degree obesity helps to normalize metabolic and hormonal indicators, reduces body weight and restores ovulatory menstrual cycle in all patients.

FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF PERITONEAL FLUID AND LUF IN INFERTILE WOMEN WITH ENDOMETRIOSIS

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Anti-Sperm Antibodies: Prevalence of Ig A and Ig G Positive Serology among Infertile Patients in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo

Introduction: Infertility in a couple is a stressful situation. Among the causes is the presence of antisperm antibodies that play a harmful role in reducing fertility and negatively influencing in vitro fertilization. The aim of this study is to determine their prevalence among infertile patients in Kisangani. Patients and methods: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study in health facilities in the city of Kisangani. Of the 1379 patients who consulted for conception, 311 were tested for antisperm antibodies by ELISA. Results: Of the 311 patients, 121 tested positive (38.91%). Women were significantly more likely to be positive (p-value = 0.013). Ig G was positive in 32.48% of patients and Ig A in 10.93%. Age was a significant predictor of the number of positive patients (p-value < 0.001). Compared to patients of ≤30 years of age, having 31 to 40 years of age or 41 years of age and older increased respectively 2 and 3 times the risk of being positive. In secondary infertility, women are twice as likely to be positive. Conclusion: The prevalence of antisperm antibodies is very high among infertile patients in Kisangani with predominance among women. Older age increases the risk of positivity. This test should therefore be integrated into infertility investigations as often as possible.

Novel ABCB4 mutations in an infertile female with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3:A case report

BACKGROUND Mutations that occur in the ABCB4 gene,which encodes multidrug-resistant protein 3,underlie the occurrence of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3(PFIC3).Clinical signs of intrahepatic cholestasis due to gene mutations typically first appear during infancy or childhood.Reports of PFIC3 occurring in adults are rare.CASE SUMMARY This is a case study of a 32-year-old infertile female Chinese patient with a 15-year history of recurrent abnormal liver function.Her primary clinical signs were elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase andγ-glutamyl transpeptidase.Other possible reasons for liver dysfunction were eliminated in this patient,resulting in a diagnosis of PFIC3.The diagnosis was confirmed using gene detection and histological analyses.Assessments using genetic sequencing analysis indicated the presence of two novel heterozygous mutations in the ABCB4 gene,namely,a 2950C>T;p.A984V mutation(exon 24)and a 667A>G;p.I223V mutation(exon 7).After receiving ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA)treatment,the patient's liver function indices improved,and she successfully became pregnant by in vitro fertilization.However,the patient developed intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in the first trimester.Fortunately,treatment with UDCA was safe and effective.CONCLUSION These novel ABCB4 heterozygous mutations have a variety of clinical phenotypes.Continued follow-up is essential for a comprehensive understanding of PFIC3.

Types of Infertility and Its Risk Factors among Infertile Women: A Prospective Study in Dhaka City

Background: Infertility is a global health issue, and it is a multidimensional problem with social, economic, and cultural influences. Objectives: The study aimed to determine types of infertility and their contributing factors among the respondent infertile women. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among infertile women visiting Sir Salimullah Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka. From January to December 2020, 111 infertile women were included and evaluated for infertility types and their contributing factors. Data were collected by face-to-face interviewing, and data were analyzed statistically. Results: Primary infertility was found among 90 (81%) and secondary infertility among 21 (18.9%). Among the direct risk factors of female infertility, ovulation failure was the majority of the cases, 74 (35.1%), and its mainly observed in primarily infertile women 58 (33.9%). These observations were statistically significant. Conclusions: Infertility should be treated as a public health problem, government and non-government organizations should develop a basic policy to create effective fertility centers.

Investigation of minerals, testosterone, and transaminases in the semen and serum of fertile and infertile men belongs to different age groups

The present study was aimed to assess the potential of infertility to induce the adverse effects with reference to testosterone, Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Amino-transferase (AST), zinc, copper and iron. All the samples were divided into four groups according to age and disorder (Group 1, 10 infertile men of 25-40 years;Group 2, 10 fertile men of 25-40 years;Group 3, 10 infertile men of 41- 60 years and Group 4, 10 fertile men of 41-60 years). Semen and blood samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine minerals while, Testosterone, T3 and T4 were determined by enzyme immunoassay kits. ALT and AST were determined using standard kit assay method. The levels of testosterone and T3 and AST in the fertile semen of 41-60 years age group were increased significantly (P ≤ 0.001) as compared to that of fertile semen of 25-40 years age group. While, the level of T4 in the fertile semen of 41-60 years age group was decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.001) as compared to that of fertile semen of 25-40 years age group. In case of fertile serum, only the level of testosterone was significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in the 41-60 years age group as compared to 25-40 years age group. The levels of testosterone and Cu in the infertile serum of 41-60 years age group were decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.001). While, the levels of T3, T4, ALT and Fe in the infertile serum of 41-60 years age group were increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) as compared to that of infertile serum of 25-40 years age group.