Experiment on the Effect of Sediment Concentration on Flow Structure

The paper studies on the sediment-laden flow by using MicroADV.Laboratory calibration has been conducted to determine the relationship between backscattered signal strength and sediment concentration. Based on the experimental data,the interactions between sediment and fluid in open channel flow are investi- gated.The experiment shows that there exist inner relation between sediment concentration and turbulence, and the relationship is distinctry related to the diameter of particle as well as the flow co...

Observations and analyses of floc size and floc settling velocity in coastal salt marsh of Luoyuan Bay, Fujian Province, China

In coastal environments, fine-grain sediments often aggregate into large and porous flocs. ElectroMagnetic Current Meters （EMCM） and Laser In Situ Scattering and Transmissometry （LISST-ST） have been deployed within a Spartina alterniflora marsh of the Luoyuan Bay in Fujian Province, China, to measure the current velocity, the floc size and the settling velocity between 15 and 22 January 2008. During the observations, the near-bed water was collected in order to obtain the suspended sediment concentration （SSC） and constituent grain size. Data show that： （1） the nearbed current velocities vary from 0.1 to 5.6 cm/s in the central Spartina alterniflora marsh and 0.1–12.5 cm/s at the edge; （2） the SSCs vary from 47 to 188 mg/dm 3 . The mean grain size of constituent grains varies from 7.0 to 9.6 μm, and the mean floc sizes （MFS） vary from 30.4 to 69.4 μm. The relationship between the mean floc size and settling velocity can be described as： w s =ad b , in which w s is the floc settling velocity （mm/s）, a and b are coefficients. The floc settling velocity varies from 0.17 to 0.32 mm/s, with a mean value of 0.26 mm/s, and the floc settling velocity during the flood tide is higher than that during the ebb tide. The current velocity and the SSC are the main factors controlling the flocculation processes and the floc settling velocity.

Hydrostatic settling velocity of sediments

The settling of sediments is an accelerative process in which the concentration of the main sediments zone will heavily influence settling velocity, but the explicit relationship between the concentration and settling velocity has not been reported in literature. Here a theoretical function was built for the time dependent concentration and time dependent settling velocity of sediments ; then the entire settling process reflecting concentration was shown on the basis of sediments instant-settlement theory and mathematical method. Agreement of computed results and experimental data was found. Several governing parameters, including particle size,particle density,inltial suspended sediments concentration and suspension height, were discussed with a series of calculated velocity curves. The research indicated that (1) the presented concentration-velocity time relationship is rational, (2) settling process of the sediments group with variation of concentration consists of acceleration stage, uniform motion stage and deceleration stage, and (3) particle size, particle density and initial suspended sediments concentration have more influence on the settling velocity than the suspension height and water temperature.

海底峡谷浊流汇流后含沙量与速度变化研究

高速的浊流具有强大的破坏力,威胁着海底结构物的安全。海底峡谷是浊流向深海运动的重要通道,其中许多海底峡谷具有多条分支峡谷,而分支峡谷与主干峡谷浊流发生汇流后,含沙量、速度可能会增加,进而破坏力增强。本文通过室内水槽试验和数值模拟,研究了分支峡谷中的浊流汇流到主干峡谷中含沙量和速度的变化,并与仅有主干峡谷浊流的情景进行了对比。研究发现,发生汇流时,浊流的高度、含沙量和速度在头部均有增加,在汇流发生过后会有所减小,但含沙量和速度仍大于不发生汇流时的情况。本文试验结果可为有分支峡谷发生浊流汇流的现场监测位置及项目、速度推算提供指引。

Siltation Prediction for Navigation Channels and Harbour Basins on Muddy Beach

This paper, after briefly reviewing the experimental research on sediment transport on muddy beach since the 1950s, improves and perfects the method for forecasting siltation in navigation channels and harbour basins which was first put forward in China by the authors. In consideration of silty sediment and sand, some factors in forecasting methods have been changed and modified. Consequently, the modified methods can be used either to compute siltation in navigation channels and harbour basins on muddy beach or to compute siltation and scouring in navigation channels and harbour basins on both silty beach and sandy beach. The verification of field data from eleven large, medium and small natural harbours shows a good agreement between the forecasting by the modified method and the natural conditions. Finally, the paper deals with the rational utilization of water area after the construction of the West Dyke in Lianyungang, the maintenance of water depth of the navigation channel at the entrance, siltation distribution, siltation in the navigation channel and harbour basin for ships of 100 thousand tonnnage. Results once again prove that the prospect of constructing Lianyungang Harbour into a deepwater harbour is bright.

MECHANISM IN PNEUMOTRANSPORT OF THE FIBROID SUBSTANCE

In this paper,the mechanism of pneumotransport of the fibroid material is discussed. It is thought that the motion of air relative to the material is the filtration of the air passing through the porous medium which is composed of the cluster of fibroid material. It is found that the deviations of the experimental data with the theoretical results are within experimental error.

坡度对降雨径流挟沙能力影响的模拟试验

高陡边坡降雨径流侵蚀输移能力是一个重要的科学问题。通过室内模拟降雨试验研究相同雨强不同坡度和坡长条件下的降雨径流侵蚀输移规律。结果表明:(1)试验条件下,水深与水力坡度的1/3次方呈负相关,与坡长的3/5次方呈正相关,流速与水力坡度和水深呈幂函数增加;(2)相同雨强裸坡条件下,径流含沙量与水力坡度的1/2次方呈正相关,与坡长的4/5次方呈正相关。水流挟沙能力约与水力坡度的1/2次方呈正相关。(3)降雨径流的水流紊动扩散作用与重力作用的比值较明渠水流偏大,表明雨滴打击的紊动作用较明显,给出挟沙能力公式。与常用的河流泥沙挟沙能力公式比较,系数偏大,指数偏小。研究成果对深入分析降雨径流侵蚀输移的机制具有重要意义。

尾砂物理特性对其絮凝沉降性能影响规律的研究

尾砂絮凝沉降是矿山尾砂浓密脱水的关键技术。给料尾砂的物理特性直接影响了絮凝沉降的性能。试验开展了给料浓度、中值粒径及-38μm粒级占比等物理特性对其沉降性能的影响。研究结果表明:在不同物理特性的尾砂中,絮凝剂单耗存在最佳值。在最佳絮凝剂单耗下,尾砂絮凝沉降速度与给料浓度、-38μm粒级占比呈负相关,与中值粒径呈正相关;尾砂沉降的底流浓度与给料浓度、中值粒径呈正相关,与-38μm粒级占比呈负相关;通过建立拟合方程并进行显著性分析,得出3个因素对絮凝沉降性能的影响,认为尾砂的粒度组成对絮凝沉降的性能影响较大,是絮凝沉降过程中尾砂需要考虑的主要因素。研究结果为实际生产中絮凝沉降的操作参数选择提供参考。

Numerical simulation of a horizontal sedimentation tank considering sludge recirculation

Most research conducted on the concentration distribution of sediment in the sedimentation tank does not consider the role of the suction dredge. To analyze concentration distribution more accurately, a suspended sediment transportation model was constructed and the velocity field in the sedimentation tank was determined based on the influence of the suction dredge. An application model was then used to analyze the concentration distribution in the sedimentation tank when the suction dredge was fixed, with results showing that distribution was in accordance with theoretical analysis. The simulated value of the outlet concentration was similar to the experimental value, and the trends of the isoconcentration distribution curves, as well as the vertical distribution curves of the five monitoring sections acquired through simulations, were almost the same as curves acquired through experimentation. The differences between the simulated values and the experimental values were significant.

冲刷条件下坡面水流速度与产沙关系研究

在冲刷条件下 ,通过 5种坡度下的水流速度和泥沙含量测量 ,发现两者存在同步的关系 ;水流速度的变化与细沟的发育存在明显的对应关系。在细沟开始发育时 ,水流速度逐渐增大 ;当细沟基本形成后 ,水流速度减小并平稳。水流速度是影响坡面产沙的主要原因 ,在低坡度时 ,细沟发育较慢 ,产沙量较少 ,但坡度在 10°～ 2 0°之间产沙量相差不大 ,到 2 5°时的产沙量反而比 2 0°的还少 ,出现了人们观察到的临界坡度。根据坡面特性 ,分析水流速度和泥沙含量之间关系使土壤侵蚀的临界坡度得到比较合理的解释。在大于临界坡度时 ,水流速度一开始很快增大 ,所冲刷的泥沙量并不比坡度小的少 ;跌坎容易形成 ,且比较深 ,从而使水流速度减小。但细沟在较短的时间内发育完成 ,水流速度也随之减小 ,泥沙含量降低 ;从而使在一定时间之后 ,大于临界坡度时所冲刷的累积泥沙含量较少。通过用电解质脉冲法测量水流速度解释了坡面冲刷侵蚀过程中的一些现象 ,若进一步测量其时空分布 ,有可能更深入地揭示其侵蚀机理 。

坡面水流速度与坡面含砂量的关系

通过组合不同坡度(10°、15°、20°、25°)、不同坡长(5、10m)、不同雨强(1.5、2mm/min)的室内纯净水模拟降雨试验,对坡面细沟侵蚀发生过程中的坡面流速的沿坡变化进行了研究,并讨论了流速与坡面含沙量的关系。试验结果显示:从坡顶至坡脚,坡面细沟流的速度逐渐增加;坡面流速主要受雨强和其流动距离影响,与坡度无关,并得到流速与雨强和距坡顶距离的关系式。坡面含沙量与坡度、雨强和坡面流速相关,而10m坡长所测的含沙量与5m坡长相近。将坡面流的能量分配为自身流动所需能量、剥蚀土壤消耗能量以及携带搬运土壤所需能量,在一定坡长内,径流的能量足以剥蚀并携带搬运坡面土壤,但超过此范围,虽然流动速度在增加,但是径流消耗于携带搬运泥沙的能量也增加,从而使坡面流的能量不足以支撑剥蚀土壤耗能,而坡面含沙量不会有显著的增加。

阳离子浓度对泥沙沉速影响实验研究

应用了静态沉降实验方法中的移液管法,初步研究了水中常见阳离子对河流中细颗粒泥沙沉速的影响,这些阳离子包括Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+和Al3+等。实验结果表明,阳离子浓度对泥沙沉速的影响可以分为两个阶段:①随着阳离子浓度的增加泥沙沉速也增大;②当离子浓度大于某值时,离子浓度对泥沙沉速的影响不大。在同样离子浓度条件下,离子价态高者影响较大。同时分析了长江和黄河干流中下游河段的水化学特性;分析结果表明,在一般的河水水质的情况下,有必要考虑水中阳离子(主要是Ca2+、Mg2+)对细颗粒泥沙沉速的影响。

长江口粘性细颗粒泥沙絮凝试验研究

长江口航道淤积的主要成因是河流从上游带来的大量粘性细颗粒泥沙 ,在河口盐、淡水交汇处遇强电解质海水 ,产生絮凝形成絮团而加速沉降形成的 .用长江口粘性泥沙在不同盐度的人工海水中做了大量的试验 ,研究结果表明 ,影响絮凝的主要因素为含盐度、颗粒大小、含沙量、泥沙矿物成分、有机质含量等 。

不同离子浓度下泥沙浓度对絮凝沉降的影响

应用静态沉降实验方法中的移液管法,初步研究了泥沙浓度在不同的水质条件下对絮凝沉降过程的影响.实验结果表明:随着泥沙浓度的增加,絮凝沉速先增加后减小,变化曲线存在一个最大值.不同的离子浓度条件下,这种变化趋势是相同的,但絮凝沉降所能达到的最大值是不同的,达到最大值时的泥沙浓度也是不同的.随着泥沙浓度增加絮凝沉降速度先增后减的根本原因是絮凝过程的变化,即絮网结构的出现,絮网结构出现是泥沙浓度因素和离子浓度因素共同作用的结果.

含离子浓度参数的粘性泥沙沉速公式研究

以长江为例分析了河流中的水化学特性,得出河流中影响粘性泥沙沉速的主要是Ca2+。阳离子影响泥沙沉速的主要原因是粘性沙的絮凝。对泥沙絮凝沉降过程进行理论分析,推导出絮凝沉速与离子浓度之间的关系式。并且根据试验结果确定以Ca2+浓度为参数时经验关系式中的系数值。用实测的沉速对絮凝沉速公式进行了初步的验证。验证结果表明,用张瑞瑾沉速公式计算结果与实测结果相差很大,而絮凝沉速公式计算结果与实测结果相符合。

VSMS系统在潮滩水沙测量中的应用

介绍了同步多点观测潮滩水流悬沙浓度、流速和水深的计算机测量系统 (VSMS)的组成 .现场测试表明 ,该测量系统精度较高、性能良好 .

水流挟沙力分析与探讨

水流挟沙力是悬沙输运计算中非常重要的问题之一,其计算形式常采用基于重力理论的经验和半经验公式。本文针对目前广泛采用的2种挟沙力关系式,选用4组实验水槽数据和2组天然河道实测资料分别讨论其关联性。结果表明,不论指数m在其取值范围内取何值,2个表达式皆存在一定的函数关联性。且当指数m取1和2/3时,直接表现出很强的线性关联。在挟沙力计算中采用流速的平方关系式,物理意义清晰,形式简单。在实际应用时,适当选取系数,挟沙力采用形式简单的平方关系式是完全可行的。

河水滴灌重力沉沙过滤池中浑水流场分布规律

为研究河水滴灌重力沉沙过滤池中的水力特性及流场分布规律,采用Fluent软件中的标准k-ε模型和混合物模型计算了其关键建筑物沉沙池内的水沙两相流流场,并将数值计算结果与物理试验实测数据进行了对比,发现数值计算结果与物理试验结果吻合较好,采用的数学模型可以模拟沉沙池中的水沙两相流运动过程,具有一定的准确性和可靠度.根据数值计算结果可知:沉沙池中浑水流速沿水深方向上的变化规律包含流速迅速增大、流速快速减小及流速恒定3个阶段;含沙量沿水深方向上的分布规律可分为清水层、等浓度层、沉降层和压缩层.基于数值计算结果,提出沉沙池尾部和侧向溢流堰处应采取一定措施,防止水流产生局部回流和旋涡,减少泥沙被带出沉沙池外,从而提高水沙分离效率.

典型引黄灌区泥沙运动及泥沙淤积成因

目前，黄河下游引黄灌区的主要问题是渠道泥沙淤积．本文在典型灌区（簸箕李和位山）大量实测水沙资料的基础上，分析了引黄灌区泥沙的起动、含沙量分布和挟沙能力；渠道的糙率、比降、断面形状、来沙组成和引水流量是影响引黄渠道挟沙能力的主要因素；最后根据灌区的实际情况，分析了引黄灌区泥沙淤积的具体成因．本文对如何减少引黄灌区渠道泥沙淤积和分散处理泥沙具有一定的参考价值．

长江口徐六泾洪季水沙特性观测研究

2001 年 7 月，在长江口徐六泾对流速、流向和悬浮泥沙浓度进行了大小潮定点观测。观测数据分析表明徐六泾处大潮流速及其变化远大于小潮流速。大潮悬沙浓度大于小潮悬沙浓度。由于径流的影响，落潮期间垂向速度梯度比涨潮期间大，落潮垂向切变增强，使落潮期间悬沙浓度的变化幅度大于涨潮期间的泥沙变化幅度, 同时存在泥沙浓度峰值滞后于流速峰值的现象。