Emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8)clade 2.3.4.4b viruses in grebes in Inner Mongolia and Ningxia,China,in 2021

Highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)subtype H5Nx viruses have spread globally and are a major concern for poultry,wild birds,mammals,and even humans(de Vries et al.2015;Zeng et al.2022).The hemagglutinin(HA)genes of H5 subtype viruses have evolved into multiple clades and some of these clades have been further divided into subclades(Cui et al.2022).Clade 2.3.4.4H5N8 HPAI viruses(HPAIVs)have caused several waves of disease outbreaks in wild birds and domestic poultry(Wang et al.2022).

Control of highly pathogenic avian influenza through vaccination

The stamping-out strategy has been used to control highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in many countries,driven by the belief that vaccination would not be successful against such viruses and fears that avian influenza virus in vaccinated birds would evolve more rapidly and pose a greater risk to humans.In this review,we summarize the successes in controlling highly pathogenic avian influenza in China and make suggestions regarding the requirements for vaccine selection and effectiveness.In addition,we present evidence that vaccination of poultry not only eliminates human infection with avian influenza virus,but also significantly reduces and abolishes some harmful characteristics of avian influenza virus.

Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid regulates tissue inflammation and apoptosis in mice with influenza virus pneumonia

Background:The influenza A virus is the primary cause of respiratory infections and poses a global health risk.Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid(PDL)exhibits anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.PDL is commonly employed in clinical practice to manage upper respiratory tract infections.However,there is still much to uncover regarding its potential therapeutic mechanism.Methods:Institute of cancer research mice were infected with influenza A virus via nasal drip.The general state of the mice,lung index,and lung index inhibition rate were used to evaluate the efficacy of PDL.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,western blotting,and immunohistochemistry were used to observe the presence of proteins and cytokines in the lung tissue.Apoptosis was evaluated using the TUNEL assay.Results:PDL improved the mental state of influenza A virus-infected mice,reduced the lung index,and inhibited viral replication.The expression of interleukin-1βand tumor necrosis factor-αwere decreased,whereas the expression of interleukin-10 in the lung tissue was increased due to PDL treatment.In addition,PDL treatment modulated Toll-like receptor 4 and MyD88 expressions in the lung tissues.PDL significantly reduced apoptosis and decreased cleaved caspase-3 and PARP levels,whereas increased B-cell lymphoma-2 expression in the lung tissue.Notably,the moderate-dose group of PDL exhibited a more pronounced effect.These findings indicate that PDL exerts a protective effect against pneumonia injury in influenza A virus-infected mice.Conclusion:PDL inhibited the inflammatory response and regulated apoptosis by regulating Toll-like receptor 4 and MyD88 protein expressions,thereby protecting the lung tissue from viral infection-induced lung tissue injury.

基于FLUS-UGB模型的城镇扩展模拟研究

优化城镇空间布局结构、提高城镇化质量是新型城镇化发展的必然要求。以南京市为研究区,结合地形地貌、交通、人口等多源数据提取影响因子,依据2015、2019年的土地利用数据利用FLUS-UGB模型模拟南京市2035年城镇空间布局。根据模拟结果,南京市城镇空间扩展呈现一核多点的特征,并依附现有城镇建设地块或向外扩延或向内集聚增长,城镇空间的拓展主要沿长江两岸展开。此项研究可为因地制宜优化区域城镇空间布局、合理划定城镇开发边界,提供参考依据。

基于FLUS和InVEST模型的云贵高原土地利用与生态系统服务时空变化多情景模拟研究

[目的]探讨云贵高原不同情景下的土地利用与生态系统服务时空变化,为云贵高原土地利用空间格局优化、生态系统服务功能提升和可持续发展策略制定提供科学依据。[方法]以云贵高原为研究对象,以2001年、2010年和2020年3期MCD12Q1土地覆被数据为基础数据,辅以自然和社会经济数据,基于ArcGIS,FLUS模型和InVEST模型,模拟2030年、2040年和2050年自然发展情景、生态保护情景和耕地保护情景下的土地利用以及碳储量、产水量和土壤保持量3项生态系统服务功能时空分布格局。[结果](1)不同情景下云贵高原的土地利用变化以林地持续增加和草地持续减少为主要趋势;耕地保护情景下,耕地面积最高可占总面积的10.38%;生态保护情景下,林草面积在2050年可达总面积的90%。(2) 3种情景下,云贵高原2020—2050年碳储量和土壤保持量均呈上升趋势,而产水量呈下降趋势。生态保护情景下,2050年碳储量预测值最高,为8.13×10^(9) t;产水量减少速率显著低于另外两种情景,降幅为0.46%。(3)宜昌市、普洱市和常德市等市州的生态系统服务供给能力较高;而贵阳市、毕节市和安顺市等市州的生态系统服务供给能力较低。[结论]云贵高原2020—2050年整体生态系统服务供给能力较好,各项服务功能在不同情景下表现出较强的空间聚集性和异质性。云贵高原今后的生态系统服务管理和可持续发展中,应考虑不同生态系统服务功能的空间异质性以及林地面积持续增加可能带来的水资源失衡问题。

Phylogenetic and epidemiological characteristics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Shandong Province, China from 2019 to 2021

H9N2 avian influenza virus(AIV) has widely circulated in poultry worldwide and sporadic infections in humans and mammals. During our surveillance of chicken from 2019 to 2021 in Shandong Province, China, we isolated 11 H9N2AIVs. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the eight gene segments of the 11 isolates were closely related to several sublineages of Eurasian lineage: BJ/94-like clades(HA and NA genes), G1-like clades(PB2 and M genes), and SH/F/98-like clades(PB1, PA, NP and NS genes). The isolates showed mutation sites that preferentially bind to humanlike receptors(HA) and mammalian fitness sites(PB2, PB1 and PA), as well as mutations in antigen and drug resistance sites. Moreover, studies with mice revealed four isolates with varying levels of pathogenicity. The average antibody titer of the H9N2 AIVs was 8.60 log2. Based on our results, the epidemiological surveillance of H9N2 AIVs should be strengthened.

H7N9 avian influenza with first manifestation of occipital neuralgia:A case report

BACKGROUND Most of the first symptoms of avian influenza are respiratory symptoms,and cases with occipital neuralgia as the first manifestation are rarely reported.CASE SUMMARY A middle-aged patient complaining of paroxysmal pain behind the ear was admitted to our hospital.The patient’s condition changed rapidly,and high fever,unexpected respiratory failure,and multiple organ failure developed rapidly.The patient was diagnosed with H7N9 avian influenza based on etiology.CONCLUSION We believe that the etiology of occipital neuralgia is complex and could be the earliest manifestation of severe diseases.The possibility of an infectious disease should be considered when occipital neuralgia is accompanied by fever.Avian influenza is one of these causative agents.

Involvement of Dectin-2 in the Innate Inflammatory Response Triggered by Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are representative pattern recognition receptors that recognize microbial polysaccharides expressed on antigen-presenting cells. In the present study, we carried out further detailed analysis on the involvement of Dectin-2, a CLR that senses high mannose polysaccharide, in innate immune responses induced by influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). Treatment of HA with periodate or PNGase F induced lower interleukin (IL)-12p40 secretion by conventional dendritic cells (DCs) compared with the untreated group. In contrast, treatment with O-glycosidase did not affect cytokine production. Green fluorescent protein expression in canonical Dectin-2-transducing cells was approximately 3% - 12% following HA stimulation, except with the A/H1N1pdm09 subtype HA. This expression was markedly reduced in cells possessing mutated amino acids in the carbohydrate recognition domain of Dectin-2, especially following stimulation with HA derived from the A/H3N2 subtype. Interferon (IFN)-α production from CD11c+Siglec-H+PDCA-1+ plasmacytoid DCs was significantly increased in Dectin-2 knockout mice compared with wild-type mice upon stimulation with HA except for the B/Yamagata lineage HA. These results suggested that Dectin-2 is involved in initiating inflammatory responses via mannose polysaccharide on HA. However, other mechanisms may function in the antiviral response, including the type I IFN axis.

Altered gene expression in human brain microvascular endothelial cells in response to the infection of influenza H1N1 virus

Influenza viruses not only cause respiratory illness,but also have been reported to elicit neurological manifestations following acute viral infection.The central nervous system(CNS)has a specific defense mechanism against pathogens structured by cerebral microvasculature lined with brain endothelial cells to form the blood–brain barrier(BBB).To investigate the response of human brain microvascular endothelial cells(hBMECs)to the Influenza A virus(IAV),we inoculated the cells with the A/WSN/33(H1N1)virus.We then conducted an RNAseq experiment to determine the changes in gene expression levels and the activated disease pathways following infection.The analysis revealed an effective activation of the innate immune defense by inducing the pattern recognition receptors(PRRs).Along with the production of proinflammatory cytokines,we detected an upregulation of interferons and interferon-stimulated genes,such as IFN-β/λ,ISG15,CXCL11,CXCL3 and IL-6,etc.Moreover,infected hBMECs exhibited a disruption in the cytoskeletal structure both on the transcriptomic and cytological levels.The RNAseq analysis showed different pathways and candidate genes associated with the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,neuroinflammation,and neurodegenerative diseases,together with a predicted activation of the neuroglia.Likewise,some genes linked with the mitochondrial structure and function displayed a significantly altered expression.En masse,this data supports that hBMECs could be infected by the IAV,which induces the innate and inflammatory immune response.The results suggest that the influenza virus infection could potentially induce a subsequent aggravation of neurological disorders.

基于Invest模型和Flus模型的江苏省碳储量变化模拟与预测

为明确土地利用变化对碳储量的具体影响,实现耕地、林地等生态环境的更好保护,以江苏省为例,基于2000年、2010年和2020年土地利用数据,采用Invest模型的碳储存和固定模块以及Flus模型ANN模块、CA模块、Markov Chain模块,分析了江苏省不同土地利用类型碳储量变化特征,并预测了自然发展情景和生态保护情景下2030年和2050年江苏省碳储存与固定情况。结果表明,2000年、2010年与2020年,江苏省碳储量整体呈下降趋势,从1803.948×10^(6)t下降至1641.008×10^(6)t,其中耕地碳储量下降最多,为239.494×10^(6)t。这种现象的发生与江苏省工业化和城市化导致的耕地和林地等面积的减少并转为建筑用地有关。此外,各市碳储量差异较显著,其中盐城市碳储量最大,占全省总碳储量的16.12%,无锡市在全省碳储量中占比最小(4.12%)。基于ArcGIS 10.2软件和GeoDa 1.20软件分析发现,2000—2010年,南京、无锡、常州的碳储量分布呈低-低聚集,连云港市呈低-高聚集;2020年无锡、常州、镇江呈现低-低聚集,连云港市呈现高-高聚集。本研究预测结果表明2030年和2050年的生态保护情景下碳存储能力较自然发展情景有一定提升,分别提升6.069×10^(6)t和5.861×10^(6)t。本研究结果可为江苏省更好地建设生态环境提供数据支撑。

基于FLUS模型多情景土地利用变化对陆地生态系统碳储量影响——以江西萍乡为例

[目的]揭示萍乡碳储量时空分布特征,阐明土地地类变化与碳储量之间的关系,为探明区域生态系统碳储量状况提供数据支撑。[方法]利用FLUS(future land use simulation)模型与InVEST(integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs)模型,预测了2030年萍乡市3种不同情景下(自然发展、耕地保护和生态优先)碳储量值。[结果](1)2010—2020年萍乡市碳储量整体呈下降趋势,共减少1.47×10^(6)t;(2)耕地、建设用地、草地、水体和建设用地面积增加和林地与灌木面积减少,是导致碳储量变化的主要原因;(3)2030年自然发展、耕地保护和生态优先情景下陆地生态系统碳储量分别约为4.906×10^(7),4.919×10^(7),5.038×10^(7)t,其中生态优先情景下碳储量损失最少。[结论]萍乡生态系统碳储量呈下降趋势,主要受耕地与建设用地增大的影响,未来应加强对安源区与经济开发区重点变化区域的监测研究。

基于GeoSOS-FLUS模型的乌鲁木齐生态空间模拟

基于GeoSOS-FLUS模型,利用2005和2020年的土地利用数据,对乌鲁木齐市土地利用变化及其农业生态效应进行分析,并建立农田保护、生态保护和城市发展3种情景模拟。结果表明,GeoSOS-FLUS模型具有较高的模拟精度和适用性,能够反映乌鲁木齐市土地利用变化特征。在不同情景模拟下,乌鲁木齐市土地利用空间布局呈现出不同的变化趋势和农业生态效应。

基于FLUS-Markov模型的玉溪市生态系统服务价值时空演变与预测

基于玉溪市2010年、2020年2期生态景观类型数据和粮食产量经济价值修正生态系统服务价值系数,分析玉溪市生态景观类型及生态系统服务价值分布特征,采用FLUS-Markov模型预测玉溪市2030年生态系统服务价值及其分布。结果表明,该模型预测结果的Kappa系数提高至0.8969,整体精度为0.9393,精度较高;2010—2020年玉溪市林地、草地的面积呈减少趋势,以林地、草地、水域为主的生态系统仍然面临威胁;2030年玉溪市生态系统服务价值为535.0471亿元,变化率为-0.1297%,玉溪市应加强对林地、草地的保护,加强退耕还林、退耕还草政策的实施,合理控制草地、林地向耕地的转化;2030年玉溪市生态系统服务价值依然表现为西部>中部>东部;2030年玉溪市各县市区生态系统服务价值贡献率由高到低依次为新平县、元江县、峨山县、易门县、华宁县、红塔区、江川区、澄江市、通海县。

Inhibition of cellular RNA methyltransferase abrogates influenza virus capping and replication

Orthomyxo- and bunyaviruses steal the 5' cap portion of host RNAs to prime their own transcription in a process called "capsnatching." We report that RNA modification of the cap portion by host 2'-O-ribose methyltransferase 1 (MTr1) is essential for theinitiation of influenza A and B virus replication, but not for other cap-snatching viruses. We identified with in silico compoundscreening and functional analysis a derivative of a natural product from Streptomyces, called trifluoromethyl-tubercidin (TFMT),that inhibits MTr1 through interaction at its S-adenosyl-l-methionine binding pocket to restrict influenza virus replication.Mechanistically, TFMT impairs the association of host cap RNAs with the viral polymerase basic protein 2 subunit in human lungexplants and in vivo in mice. TFMT acts synergistically with approved anti-influenza drugs.

Inflammatory pseudotumors in the liver associated with influenza:A case report

BACKGROUND Inflammatory pseudotumor(IPT)is a rare and benign lesion that mimics malignancy and can develop in any part of the body.The pathophysiology and etiology of these quasineoplastic lesions remain unclear.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a 65-year-old male who presented with fevers,night sweats,and unintentional weight loss following an influenza infection and was found to have multiple hepatic IPT’s following an extensive work up.CONCLUSION Our case highlights the importance of considering hepatic IPT’s in the differential in a patient who presents with symptoms and imaging findings mimicking malignancy shortly following a viral infection.

基于GeoSOS-FLUS模型的荆州市生态安全评估

为探索荆州市的生态安全底线,模拟未来的土地利用变化和生态系统服务价值变化,为荆州市的生态保护制定合理的政策建议,从供给和需求的角度,结合粮食安全标准,测算了荆州市的生态安全底线;利用GeoSOS-FLUS模型在自然发展、生态保护、耕地保护和双重保护4种情景下,模拟了未来的土地利用变化和生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明:荆州市的供给生态安全底线为1 227.56亿,需求生态安全底线为7 690.12亿,存在较大的生态安全缺口;双重保护情景下的生态系统服务价值最接近需求生态安全底线,也能提供相对更多的粮食,最有利于平衡生态安全和粮食安全。本文探索性地从供给和需求的角度结合粮食安全标准,计算了荆州市的生态安全底线,利用了一种先进的土地利用变化模拟方法,为其他地区的生态安全评估和保护提供了借鉴,为荆州市的生态环境优化模式和方向提供了参考。

候鸟迁徙与禽流感(Avian Influenza,AI)传播

2003年以来,亚洲许多国家接连爆发了高致病性禽流感,对家禽养殖业已造成了巨大损失.通过分析禽流感和禽流感疫情暴发的季节性和区域性特点与鸟类迁徙特点的关系.我们认为鸟类迁徙在禽流感的传播中起重要作用.

基于改进FLUS模型的北京市低碳土地利用情景模拟

合理的土地利用计划对避免高碳排放有着重要意义,进行低碳经济视角下的土地利用优化模拟有利于绿色发展和土地资源科学配置。以北京市为例,将兴趣点(point of interest,POI)数据纳入FLUS模型的BP-ANN算法模块中对其进行改进,利用2010年和2020年2期土地利用数据对改进模型的模拟精度进行对比验证。在此基础上,耦合Markov法及理想点法,对研究区2030年自然演变情景及低碳经济情景下的土地数量结构和空间布局进行模拟分析。研究结果表明:①引入POI数据的FLUS模型在模拟2020年土地利用时,Kappa系数提高4.85%、总体精度提高3.42%,改进模型有利于提高模拟精度;②经模拟验证,在自然演变情景中,碳排放量增加7.70%,建设用地面积增长7.68%,耕地、草地面积持续减退;③在低碳经济情景中,与自然演变情景相比,碳排放量减少198.49万t,建设用地持续扩张的趋势得到遏制,浅山区草地被占用的现象得到缓解,北部林地面积增长明显。研究说明了土地利用模型的模拟精度随城市发展元素的变化而变化,纳入POI数据可以为土地规划提供更好的决策支持,低碳经济导向的土地结构调整及空间布局优化,可以为区域土地合理利用和规划布局提供参考。

基于InVEST与FLUS模型的准格尔旗水源涵养功能分析

土地利用是生态系统水源涵养功能的一个重要驱动力。随着全球气候变化的发展,准格尔旗水源短缺问题日益严重。本研究基于FLUS模型预测自然发展、城市发展与生态保护情景下2040年准格尔旗土地利用变化,运用InVEST模型分析了准格尔旗水源涵养的时空变化,结果表明:三种情景下FLUS模型的Kappa系数为0.87,0.88和0.83,均大于0.80,说明FLUS模式能很好地模拟研究区的土地演替。运用InVEST模型得出2040年城市发展情景水源涵养量最低为2.98×10^(8)m^(3),生态保护情景水源涵养量最多为3.37×10^(8)m^(3)。全旗的水源涵养量总体表现为“东高西低”“北高南低”的基本分布模式。根据各土地利用类型单位面积水源涵养能力的差异,其强度按以下顺序排列:草地>林地>耕地>水域>建设用地>未利用土地。通过对准格尔旗的土地利用状况和水源涵养功能的研究,能够为规划生态保护区提供管理建议,为社会经济发展提供理论支撑。

不变与变:从“SARS”到“Swine Influenza”的中文译名谈起

SARS与Swine Influenza为发生在本世纪初的两场重大传染疾病,其中SARS的中文译名一直未变,译为"非典";Swine Influenza则从开始的"猪流感"更名为"甲型H1N1流感"。本文尝试从翻译与传播的视角探讨这两种疾病中文译名的不变与变,分析背后的原因,并提出SARS中文译名的改进译法。