A Systematic Review of Blockchain Technology for Government Information Sharing

Government information sharing(GIS)refers to that act of required or provided for duty government information,commercial information and public welfare information,and it is a basic issue of government services.However,the existing GIS has low transparency and is lack of flexibility between different departments.Aiming at such problems,this paper takes blockchain as a solusion,and systematically summarizes the development of digital GIS,the advantages and challenges of blockchain and its theoretical research and practical applications.Specifically,it reviews e-government interactive structure,big data and other solutions,analyses their imperfections,and puts forward blockchain-based solutions.The blockchain improves government service efficiency and data security,meanwhile it faces challenges in throughput and supervision.In order to meet these challenges,researchers propose solutions based on three data exchange scenarios:government-to-government,government-to-enterprise and government-toindividual.In addition to researches,blockchain-based GIS is put into use.The electronic licensing project of Nanjing(China)government is taken as an example to illustrate that blockchain has the ability to openly and securely verify,track,and exchange data,so as to improve management ability and public service level of government agencies.

Security investment and information sharing for complementary firms with heterogeneous monetary loss

Two complementary firms＇ information sharing and security investment are investigated. When two complementary firms with heterogeneous assets are both breached, it is assumed that they suffer different losses which are associated with their information assets. Some insights about optimal strategies for the firms and the attacker are obtained by the game theory, which forms a comparison with those derived from substitutable firms, and those derived from complementary firms with homogenous loss. In addition, both the unit transform cost of investment and the extent of firms＇loss affect the optimal strategies.Assuming that firms can control information sharing, security investments and both of them, respectively, the effect of the social planner is further analyzed on the information sharing, firms＇ aggregate defence, the aggregate attack and social total cost. Finally, some policy advice is provided through numerical simulation. Results show that firms are willing to choose security investment centrally rather than individually, but an intervention in information sharing by the social planner may not necessarily be preferable.

Multi-agent reinforcement learning for edge information sharing in vehicular networks

To guarantee the heterogeneous delay requirements of the diverse vehicular services,it is necessary to design a full cooperative policy for both Vehicle to Infrastructure(V2I)and Vehicle to Vehicle(V2V)links.This paper investigates the reduction of the delay in edge information sharing for V2V links while satisfying the delay requirements of the V2I links.Specifically,a mean delay minimization problem and a maximum individual delay minimization problem are formulated to improve the global network performance and ensure the fairness of a single user,respectively.A multi-agent reinforcement learning framework is designed to solve these two problems,where a new reward function is proposed to evaluate the utilities of the two optimization objectives in a unified framework.Thereafter,a proximal policy optimization approach is proposed to enable each V2V user to learn its policy using the shared global network reward.The effectiveness of the proposed approach is finally validated by comparing the obtained results with those of the other baseline approaches through extensive simulation experiments.

A Framework of Environmental Modelling and Information Sharing for Urban Air Pollution Control and Management

More effective environmental pollution control and management are needed due to the increasing environ-mental impacts from a range of human activities and the growing public demands for a better living environment. Urban air pollution is a serious environmental issue that poses adverse impacts on the health of people and the environment in most metropolitan areas. In this paper,we propose a geoinformatics augmented framework of environmental modelling and information sharing for supporting effective urban air pollution control and management. This framework is out-lined in terms of its key components and processes including: 1) an integrated,adaptive network of sensors for envi-ronmental monitoring; 2) a set of distributed,interoperable databases for data management; 3) a set of intelligent,robust algorithms and models for environmental modelling; 4) a set of flexible,efficient user interfaces for data access and in-formation sharing; and 5) a reliable,high capacity,high performance computing and communication infrastructure for integrating and supporting other framework components and processes.

RESEARCH ON VALUE OF INFORMATION SHARING IN ONE SUPPLIER-MULTIPLE RETAILER SUPPLY CHAIN

Prior research has generally focused on models involving a single or multiple retailers with independent demands. The value of demand information sharing is analyzed in a two-level supply chain involving one supplier-multiple retailer model in which retailer demands may be correlated. Each member in the supply chain forecasts its demand using an AR (1) demand process. Two conditions of the information sharing are considered (1) Without the information sharing, the retailers only communicate their orders to the supplier. (2) With the information sharing, retailers communicate their orders and forecasting models to the supplier. Analyses showthat the reductions of supplier's average inventory and average costs are substantial with the information sharing. However, the retailers donot get direct benefit from the information sharing. The retailers may ask the supplier to reduce the replenishment leadtime, so that the retailers will obtain substantial cost savings and inventory reduction. Both partners may obtain benefits when information sharing and leadtime reduction are implemented together.

Constructing global view with an ontology-based method for information sharing in the virtual organization

The problem of constructing global view of heterogeneous information sources for information sharing is becoming more and more important due to the availability of multiple information sources within the virtual organization. Global view is defined to provide a unified representation of the information in the different sources by analyzing concept schemas associated with them and resolving possible semantic heterogeneity. An ontology-based method for global view construction is proposed. In the method, （ 1 ） Based on the formal ontologies, the concept of semantic affinity is introduced to assess the level of semantic relationship between information classes from different information sources; （2） Information classes are classified by semantic affinity levels using clustering procedures so that their different representations can be analyzed for unification; （3） Global view is constructed starting from selected clusters by unifying representation of their elements. The application example of using the method in the joint-aerial defense organization is illustrated and the result shows that the proposed method is feasible.

Information Network Systems and Information Sharing on Administrative Websites

In Japanese 'e-government' policy, called 'e-Japan', the 'administrative document management system' is functioning as information searching systems. On the other hand, this system has also generated the problem that it is not fully functioning as a means for the information sharing in a governmental agency. So, the purpose of this research is to find how the administrative document management system can function as information sharing in administrative organization. For this purpose, this paper considers the current status and some problems firstly. And secondary, this paper proposes the idea and constructs some information systems using administrative official Website. This is the method and approach of this research. As a conclusion, this proposal information system junctions as information sharing support systems.

At what levels of financial development does information sharing matter?

Background:The purpose of this study is to investigate how an increase in information-sharing bureaus affects financial access.Methods:We employed contemporary and non-contemporary interactive quantile regressions in 53 African countries for the period 2004–2011.Information-sharing bureaus are proxied with public credit registries and private credit offices.Financial development dynamics involving depth(at overall economic and financial system levels),efficiency(at banking and financial system levels),activity(from banking and financial system perspectives),and size are used.Results:Two key findings are established.First,the effect of an increase in private credit bureaus is not clearly noticeable on financial access,probably because private credit agencies are still to be established in many countries.Second,an increase in public credit registries for the most part improves financial allocation efficiency and activity(or credit)between the 25th and 75th quartiles.Conclusions:As a main policy implication,countries in the top and bottom ends of the financial efficiency and activity distributions are unlikely to benefit from enhanced financial allocation efficiency as a result of an increase in public credit registries.

The Role of Comprehensive Information Sharing in Credit Market： Theoretical Analysis and New Evidence from the European Union

This paper investigates the effect of the comprehensive information sharing on aggregate credit volume and the default ratio. Firstly, we utilize a three-stage game model developed by Dell＇Ariccia and Marquez （2006） to illustrate that the comprehensive information sharing would change the credit resource allocation and produce negative ＂composition effects＂ stated by Jappelli and Pagano （2005）. Then we use European Union （EU） data to test these theoretical implications. We find that when the information sharing system develops to a relatively high level, comprehensive information sharing improvements, for both the width and depth, are associated with the rise in macro credit access but also the aggregate default risk. We further find that the macro-consequences of variations in information sharing just differ in OECD and non-OECD group in EU countries. For OECD countries, the negative ＂composition effects＂ mainly arise from the increase in the width of information sharing while these effects are correlated with both the rise in depth and width indicators for non-OECD countries.

Coordination Model of Consumer Information Sharing in the Online Tourism Supply Chain

This is a study of the coordination model of consumer information sharing in the tourism supply chain with e-commerce platforms as the core.On the basis of considering the risks,a game theory is used to explore the information sharing effort level and the output profit of the tourism supply chain under both,centralized decision-making and decentralized decision-making.Finally,numerical simulation is used to verify the model and put forward a method of coordination for all parties in the tourism supply chain to achieve maximum profit.

Whole-Process Project Cost Management Based on Building Information Modeling (BIM)

The whole-process project cost management based on building information modeling(BIM)is a new management method,aiming to realize the comprehensive optimization and improvement of project cost management through the application of BIM technology.This paper summarizes and analyzes the whole-process project cost management based on BIM,aiming to explore its application and development prospects in the construction industry.Firstly,this paper introduces the role and advantages of BIM technology in engineering cost management,including information integration,data sharing,and collaborative work.Secondly,the paper analyzes the key technologies and methods of the whole-process project cost management based on BIM,including model construction,data management,and cost control.In addition,the paper also discusses the challenges and limitations of the whole-process BIM project cost management,such as the inconsistency of technical standards,personnel training,and consciousness change.Finally,the paper summarizes the advantages and development prospects of the whole-process project cost management based on BIM and puts forward the direction and suggestions for future research.Through the research of this paper,it can provide a reference for construction cost management and promote innovation and development in the construction industry.

Research on the sharing mechanism of drug price information in China-from the perspective of intergovernmental information sharing

Establishment of sharing mechanism for drug price information to guarantee the construction of a unified cross-departmental price information platform is a new national policy after Chinese government abandoned drug price control. Based on the theory of intergovernmental information sharing, this study aimed to investigate the drug price information sharing mechanism in China through literature research and stakeholder interviews, which included institution guarantee mechanism, department coordination mechanism and technical support mechanism.

Design and Implementation of Service-Oriented Spatial Information Sharing Framework in Digital City

This paper proposes a theoretical framework of spatial information sharing in a digital city, and analyzes its technical characteristics. According to the service-oriented architecture (SOA) framework, a geospatial information sharing platform is put forward. The spatial information sharing model based on SOA is designed. A prototype platform realizing multiple-source spatial information sharing based on ArcGIS Server is developed.

INFORMATION SHARING AND STRATEGIC SIGNALING IN SUPPLY CHAINS

Information sharing in procurement occurs in rich and varied industry contexts in which managerial decisions are made and organizational strategy is formulated. We explore how information sharing ought to work in procurement contexts that involve investments in inter-organizational information systems （IOS） and collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment （CPFR） practices. How and under what circumstances does a firm that plays the role of a supply chain buyer decide to share information on key variables, such as point-of-sale consumer demand data with its supplier, up the supply chain？ This is a key issue that crosses the boundary between supply chain management and information systems （IS） management. The answers that we provide are based on our use of a game-theoretic signaling model of buyer and supplier strategy in the presence of uncertainties about final consumer demand. We also explore the connection between operational costs that are associated with the firm＇s information sharing and information withholding strategies. Our results provide normative guidance to supply chain buyers about how to interpret different demand uncertainty scenarios to improve their decisions and generate high value. From the IS management perspective, we show the impacts on the firm of different information sharing approaches that are made possible by present day technologies.

Efficient secure data publishing algorithms for supporting information sharing

Many data sharing applications require that publishing data should protect sensitive information pertaining to individuals, such as diseases of patients, the credit rating of a customer, and the salary of an employee. Meanwhile, certain information is required to be published. In this paper, we consider data-publishing applications where the publisher specifies both sensitive information and shared information. An adversary can infer the real value of a sensitive entry with a high confidence by using publishing data. The goal is to protect sensitive information in the presence of data inference using derived association rules on publishing data. We formulate the inference attack framework, and develop complexity results. We show that computing a safe partial table is an NP-hard problem. We classify the general problem into subcases based on the requirements of publishing information, and propose algorithms for finding a safe partial table to publish. We have conducted an empirical study to evaluate these algorithms on real data. The test results show that the proposed algorithms can produce approximate maximal published data and improve the performance of existing algorithms.

Information Sharing in a Multi-Echelon Inventory System

The influence of different information sharing scenarios in a single supplier-single retailer supply chain is analyzed. The five information sharing scenarios are centralized information sharing, full information sharing, supplier-dominated information sharing, retailer-dominated information sharing, and noninformation sharing. Iterative procedures are developed to obtain the inventory policies and the system costs at equilibrium points. Numerical examples show that the cost of a centralized inventory system is about 20% - 40% lower than that of a decentralized system with non-information sharing. Furthermore, a higher information sharing level does not always lead to a lower system cost in a decentralized supply chain due to inventory competition.

On Effective Campus Attack Response:Insights from Agent-Based Simulation for Improving Emergency Information Sharing System Design and Response Strategy

Information sharing systems are a critical component of emergency response—especially in campus attack situations that unfold very rapidly.The design of effective information sharing systems is often difficult,however,due to a lack of data on these assault events.This work takes an agent-based approach to simulate three campus emergency information sharing system design alternatives in the context of a college campus knife attack,and incorporates data from on-campus student surveys and parameter tuning experiments.Alternatives are evaluated according to:(1)improved student attack response outcomes;and(2)effective institutional response to the attack.The results confirm that increased awareness supports rapid emergency reporting,but an important gap exists between students'awareness and their ability to respond effectively,which depends on a number of campus-specific factors.A strong positive impact is seen from safe and efficient information sharing with authorities.This impact depends largely on reporting system implementation qualities,as opposed to campus-specific factors.On a campus in China,WeChat was used as a basis for messaging models.The simulation results show a 9%drop in casualties and a 22%faster police response time from a text-based reporting system using‘‘base''WeChat features instead of traditional phone reporting.Our results also project a 30%drop in casualties and 52%faster police response time using a system designed around a WeChat Mini Program or standalone campus emergency reporting app.These outcomes suggest a number of recommendations for improving outdated campus emergency information-sharing systems and response strategies.

Downside of a carbon tax for environment:Impact of information sharing

Motivated by the observation that firms invest in carbon emissions reduction to decrease the cost of carbon tax as governments in numerous countries increasingly implement carbon tax to improve the environment,and broad researcher and practitioner agreement that carbon tax implementation always benefits the environment.However,we find that a carbon tax may actually hurt the environment based on a stylized game model with a better-informed retailer(one who controls the demand information sharing with the manufacturer)and a manufacturer.In particular,we find that the carbon emissions reduction may harm the environment if the carbon tax is moderate or both the carbon tax and the demand fluctuation are high.We further reveal free-riding behavior by the retailer,who may enjoy more profit sharing from the supply chain in the presence of carbon emissions reduction.Based on these observations,we argue that a carbon tax does not always benefit the environment when a manufacturer who receives demand information from the retailer responds better to market uncertainty.

Drop-shipping or batch ordering: Contract choice in the presence of information sharing and quality decision

This study investgates the manufacturer's contract choice(drop shipping or batch ordering)and retailer's information sharing strategy in the presence of product quality decisions.The equilibr ium outcomes give strategic choices for both the manufacturer and retailer.Specifically,the retailer prefers to share demand information when the quality investment efficiency is high under batch ordering contract,while he always chooses to share information under drop-shipping contract.Given no information sharing,the manufacturer chooses the batch ordering contract if the revenue-sharing rate is high.Given information sha ring,the manufacturer prefers batch ordering contract when either of the ollowing conditions holds:a)when the revenue-sharing rate is low and quality investment efficiency is low;b)when the revenwe-sharing rate is high and quality in-vestment efficiency is high;otherwise,the manufacturer prefers drop-shipping contract.Additionally,our results indicate that there may exist a"prisoner's dilemma"when the drop-shipping contract is a dominant strategy for the manufacturer and sharing demand information is a dominant strategy for the retailer.

The Study on the Sharing Information in Supply Chains

In this paper, we discuss the relationship between the sharing of information of supply chains and the supply chain management; we also discuss the function of information share, and the obstacles in sharing information. As we all know, information share between enterprises in supply chains is necessary and possible, but the existence of obstacles of sharing information in supply chains is also a severe challenge in practice. This paper tries to find right ways for enterprises to build the real trade partners＇ relationship and realize transferring the information smoothly in all these three levels among the partners in supply chains.