Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Model-Based Prediction for Protein Content in Cowpea

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) is a multi-purpose legume with high quality protein for human consumption and livestock. The objective of this work was to develop near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) prediction models to estimate protein content in cowpea. A total of 116 cowpea breeding lines with a wide range of protein contents (19.28 % to 32.04%) were selected to build the model using whole seed and ground seed samples. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) regression technique with different pre-treatments (derivatives, standard normal variate, and multiplicative scatter correction) were carried out to develop the protein prediction model. Results showed: 1) spectral plots of both the whole seed and ground seed showed higher spectral scatter at higher wavelengths (>1450 nm), 2) data pre-processing affects prediction accuracy for bot whole seed and ground seed samples, 3) prediction using ground seed samples (0.64 R2 0.85) is better than the whole seed (0.33 R2 0.78), and 4) the data pre-processing second derivative with standard normal variate has the best prediction (R2_whole seed = 0.78, R2_ground seed = 0.85). The results will be of interest in cowpea breeding programs aimed at improving total seed protein content.

NIRS-XRF联用的煤炭发热量高稳定检测

实时获知煤炭发热量对于及时调整电站锅炉风粉配比和提高煤炭燃烧效率具有重要意义,为了实现电力生产中发热量的稳定快速检测,提出了一种近红外光谱(Near Infrared Spectroscopy, NIRS)与X射线荧光光谱(X-ray Fluorescence, XRF)联用的煤炭发热量高稳定检测方法,它结合了NIRS能高稳定检测煤中与发热量正相关的有机基团的优势与XRF能高稳定检测与发热量负相关的成灰元素的特点,大大提高了对煤炭发热量的测量重复性。在光谱预处理中,先将两套光谱融合作为偏最小二乘回归的输入变量进行全谱初步建模,依据回归系数选择NIRS光谱中的有效波段,再将它与XRF光谱中的成灰元素谱线一并融合进行归一化处理。建模时将预处理后的融合光谱数据作为输入变量,利用偏最小二乘回归对煤炭发热量进行建模。实验结果表明,NIRS-XRF联用方法对定标集煤样发热量预测的线性相关度系数(R^(2))为0.995,对验证集煤样发热量预测的最小均方根误差、平均相对误差和标准偏差分别为0.24 MJ/kg,0.61%和0.05 MJ/kg,测量重复性满足小于0.12 MJ/kg的国家标准。NIRS-XRF联用的煤炭发热量高稳定检测方法有望推广应用于火力发电、煤化工、冶金、水泥和焦化等“高碳”行业,助力我国按期实现碳中和目标。

Infrared Measurements of Heating and Cooling Emissions in Aluminium and Steel during Tensile and Cyclic Loading

In this paper,a new thermographic method based on the measurement of infrared emission(IR) from the surface of loaded body has been used to study the cooling and heating in aluminium and steel specimens under tensile and cyclic loading.A typical test procedure using infrared to measure thermographic changes near the crack tip and the immediate surrounding area is described.In addi- tion,a procedure for determining the stress concen- tration near the crack tip is also presented.Results are given for thermoelastic cooling phenomenon of metals during the tensile process and IR cooling and IR heating emissions at the crack tip during cyclic loading.Attention is drawn to the multiple phenomenon of IR cooling emission in the received signal as the applied load range increases beyond the elastic limit of both metals.A new application of the IR technique to the determination of the po- sition of crack tip during cyclic loading is also pres- ented.

Novel infrared differential optical absorption spectroscopy remote sensing system to measure carbon dioxide emission

A CO_2 infrared remote sensing system based on the algorithm of weighting function modified differential optical absorption spectroscopy(WFM-DOAS) is developed for measuring CO_2 emissions from pollution sources. The system is composed of a spectrometer with band from 900 nm to 1700 nm, a telescope with a field of view of 1.12?, a silica optical fiber, an automatic position adjuster, and the data acquisition and processing module. The performance is discussed,including the electronic noise of the charge-coupled device(CCD), the spectral shift, and detection limits. The resolution of the spectrometer is 0.4 nm, the detection limit is 8.5 × 10^(20)molecules·cm^(-2), and the relative retrieval error is < 1.5%.On May 26, 2018, a field experiment was performed to measure CO_2 emissions from the Feng-tai power plant, and a twodimensional distribution of CO_2 from the plume was obtained. The retrieved differential slant column densities(dSCDs)of CO_2 are around 2 × 10^(21) molecules·cm^(-2) in the unpolluted areas, 5.5 × 10^(21)molecules·cm^(-2) in the plume locations most strongly affected by local CO_2 emissions, and the fitting error is less than 2 × 10^(20)molecules·cm^(-2), which proves that the infrared remote sensing system has the characteristics of fast response and high precision, suitable for measuring CO_2 emission from the sources.

Unidentified Infrared Discrete Emission Bands

Unidentified Infrared emission bands (UIBs) are infrared discrete emissions from circumstellar regions, interstellar media (ISM), star-forming regions, and extragalactic objects for which the identity of the emitting materials is unknown. The main infrared features occur around peaks at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.2, and 12.7 μm with the photon’s rest energy at the peaks 0.376, 0.200, 0.161, 0.144, 0.111, and 0.098 eV, respectively. The UIB emission phenomenon has been studied for about forty five years. The prevailing hypothesis is that the materials responsible for UIB are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules. PAHs are thought to be one of the main forms in which carbon exists in space. And yet, not a single member of this group of compounds had been identified in space definitively until now [1]. In frames of Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM), we introduced Dark Matter (DM) particles, named DIONs, with the rest energy 0.199 eV and an energy density of 68.8% of the total energy density of the World. DIONs compose Outer shells of DM Supercluster’s Cores—the main objects of the World [2]. In this paper, we give an explanation of UIB emission based on the self-annihilation of DM particles DIONs and biDIONs (DIONs pairs) with a rest energy about 0.38 eV that depends on the binding energy. To the best of our knowledge, WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with UIB emission phenomenon.

Evolution of infrared spectra and optical emission spectra in hydrogenated silicon thin films prepared by VHF-PECVD

A series of hydrogenated silicon thin films with varying silane concentrations have been deposited by using very high frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition （VHF-PECVD） method. The deposition process and the silicon thin films are studied by using optical emission spectroscopy （OES） and Fourier transfer infrared （FTIR） spectroscopy, respectively. The results show that when the silane concentration changes from 10% to 1%, the peak frequency of the Si-H stretching mode shifts from 2000 cm-1 to 2100 cm-1, while the peak frequency of the Si-H wagging-rocking mode shifts from 650 cm-1 to 620 cm-1. At the same time the SiH^＊/Ha intensity ratio in the plasma decreases gradually. The evolution of the infrared spectra and the optical emission spectra demonstrates a morphological phase transition from amorphous silicon （a-Si：H） to microcrystalline silicon （μc-Si：H）. The structural evolution and the p-c-SiH formation have been analyzed based on the variation of Ha and SiH^＊ intensities in the plasma. The role of oxygen impurity during the plasma process and in the silicon films is also discussed in this study.

Simulation and Modelling of near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) as Brain Monitor

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a method for non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation and haemodynamics. Different devices provide information on changes of oxygenated (HbO2) and deoxygenated haemoglobin (HHb), oxidized cytochrome aa3 (CytOx) or regional oxygen saturation (rSO2). NIRS has been used during adult and paediatric cardiac surgery.

Investigation of Prefrontal Cortex Activity in University Students with Presenteeism: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Study

Presenteeism refers to impaired performance attributed to attending work with health problems. There has been no study examining the state of presenteeism with objective measures. We compared cerebral hemodynamic changes, measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), during neuropsychological tests conducted by university students with presenteeism and healthy controls. Twenty-two university students participated in the study;11 of them with impaired performance caused by mental health problem were allocated to the presenteeism group and 11 without health problems to the control group. Presenteeism was assessed by the Presenteeism Scale for Students. To evoke hemodynamics changes, the participants completed a Word Fluency Test (WFT) and a Trail Making Test (TMT). The NIRS probes were located over the bilateral prefrontal area. Students with presenteeism had significantly higher incidences of depression than controls. However, there was no significant difference in behavioral performance examinations between the two groups. With regard to hemodynamics changes, the repeated measures analysis of covariance of the NIRS signals revealed significant interactions between group and task activation. Although we observed a significant increase in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration during the WFT among controls (simple main effect;left channel, F(1, 19) = 27.34, P F(1, 19) = 22.05, P < 0.001), no changes were found in students with presenteeism during either the WFT (simple main effect;left channel, F(1, 19) = 0.12, P F(1, 19) = 0.08, P t = ﹣0.94, P with Bonferroni correction = 0.745;right channel, t = ﹣2.19, P with Bonferroni correction < 0.113). This is the first study to reveal differences in activity in the cerebral cortex associated with presenteeism. The fact that students with presenteeism have prefrontal dysfunction might reinforce the concept of presenteeism.

Correlation of prefrontal activity measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with mood, BDNF genotype and serum BDNF level in healthy individuals

Depression has been known to reduce the prefrontal activity associated with the execution of certain cognitive tasks, although whether a temporarily depressed or anxious mood in healthy individuals affects the prefrontal blood oxygen level during cognitive tasks is unknown. Combining the measurement of prefrontal activity with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and the two cognitive tasks, namely the letter version of the verbal fluency test (VFT-l) and the Stroop test, we measured the effect of a depressed or anxious mood and gender on the changes in the prefrontal oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) levels during those cognitive tests in healthy individuals. Depressed mood or anxious mood was assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Thereby we aimed to explore the possibility of NIRS measurement for detecting the early subclinical manifestation of major depression. Moreover, we examined the possible relationships between prefrontal activation and the functional Val66Met polymorphisms of the brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) gene and serum BDNF level. As a result, the increased prefrontal Oxy-Hb levels during cognitive tasks were significantly correlated with the severity of depressed mood in males. The course of the prefrontal Oxy-Hb increase was different depending on the cognitive tasks, i.e., the VFT-l or the Stroop test, in both genders. Correlations of BDNF genotype and serum BDNF level with the prefrontal Oxy-Hb levels during those cognitive tasks were negative. Our results suggest that the early subclinical manifestation of depressed mood in males might be detected by the NIRS measurement, which is not correlated with the individual properties of BDNF.

Light-Induced Mid-Infrared Emission of Liquid Carbon Tetrachloride and Benzene

Light-induced infrared emission spectroscopy (LIRES) is a novel technique that permits to receive high-quality spectra in the mid-infrared region. Low-intensity visible light connected to a highly sensitive FTIR spectrometer is more advantageous for studying any samples, including biological samples without any damage. This technique permits obtaining unique information on the molecule structure via vibrational excitation fundamental frequencies, overtones, and combination modes. It also enables a direct observation of vibrational radiation transitions in vibrationally excited molecules as well as the channels of vibration energy redistribution, which is not allowed with any other method. In this work, the LIRES is being tested as a technique for studying of vibrationally-excited molecules of carbon tetrachloride and benzene in the liquid phase. On the other hand, using transparent liquids, we had tried to understand some of the physical phenomena that can drive emission in mid-IR. The characteristics of the infrared emission of both liquid species produced by different wavelength radiation from various types of light systems (100 - watt Xe-lamp and Nd:YAG laser;lambda = 1064 nm (8 mW) and lambda = 532 nm (4 mW)) are presented. We demonstrated that the IR-signal, as well as spectral properties of carbon tetrachloride and benzene, was dependent on the wavelength and power of excitation beam. Results obtained with different light sources show that the visible light produces a nonlinear IR-emission signal in transparent liquids. We believe that the visible light is the source of the nonlinear response and is producing the vibration excitation as well as photostimulated transformations of the molecules possessing the high activity for the nonlinear response.

Assessing the Impact of Gas Flaring and Carbon Dioxide Emissions on Precipitation Patterns in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria Using Geospatial Analysis

This research utilizes geospatial methodologies to investigate the influence of gas flaring and carbon dioxide emissions on precipitation patterns within the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.The study relies on average mean precipitation data sourced from CHRS at the University of Arizona and carbon dioxide emissions data from NASA’s AIRS in Giovanni,spanning from July 2002 to November 2011.To carry out the analysis,ArcGIS 5.0 and SPSS 25,employing Inverse Distance Weighting(IDW),were employed to assess CO_(2) emissions and rainfall for both November and July during the period from 2002 to 2011.Over the course of this study,it was observed that CO_(2) emission exhibited an upward trend,increasing from 327.5226 parts per million(ppm)in July 2002 to 390.0077 ppm in November 2011.Simultaneously,the rainfall demonstrated an increase,rising from 56.66 millimeters to 390.78 millimeters for both July and November from 2002 to 2011.Noteworthy findings emerged from the correlation analysis conducted.Specifically,from July 2000 to 2011,there was a weak positive correlation(0.3858)observed between CO_(2) emissions and minimum rainfall,while a strong negative correlation(–0.7998)was identified for maximum rainfall values.In November,both minimum and maximum CO_(2) emissions displayed strong negative correlations with rainfall,with coefficients of–0.8255 and–0.7415,respectively.These findings hold significant implications for comprehending the environmental dynamics within the Niger Delta.Policymakers and stakeholders can leverage this knowledge to formulate targeted strategies aimed at mitigating CO_(2) emissions and addressing potential climate change-induced alterations in rainfall patterns.

近红外光谱技术在食用菌品质检测方面的应用研究进展

食用菌是一类高蛋白、低脂肪且兼具药用价值的大型真菌,因其多营养、鲜风味、低热量、多功效等特点而成为餐桌上常备食材之一。随着消费理念不断转变,食用菌的高品质和高营养需求成为必然。近红外光谱(near-infrared spectroscopy,NIRS)技术因其快捷、无损、多组分同时检测、绿色无污染等优点,被广泛应用于食用菌品质检测研究。本文全面归纳综述了近5年来NIRS技术结合化学计量学方法在食用菌理化组分、活性成分、品种鉴别、产地溯源、病原菌污染、掺假识别等及其他方面的研究及应用进展,同时提出了NIRS技术在食用菌品质检测应用方面的发展策略,以期为完善NIRS技术检测食用菌理论、研发专用食用菌检测设备提供方法参考和思路借鉴。

近红外光谱联合化学计量学在柑橘类水果质量无损检测方面的最新研究及应用进展

柑橘类水果以其诱人的风味和高保健作用而备受消费者青睐。面对日益增长的市场份额,以及对口感、质量的双重需求,高品质柑橘类水果成为消费偏爱。快速检测技术的研发应用可为柑橘类水果的安全生产和消费保驾护航。近红外(near-infrared,NIR)光谱技术作为一种无损、便捷、高效的绿色检测技术,已被广泛用于水果质量检测研究。文章全面归纳综述了近5年来NIR光谱技术结合化学计量学在柑橘类水果内部成分、外部缺陷、活性物质、病害、品种、分类、产地等方面的检测研究及应用进展,阐明了NIR光谱技术在柑橘类水果质量检测应用方面的发展趋势并提出了相关建议,为完善光谱技术检测柑橘类水果理论和研发专用水果检测设备提供方法借鉴。

基于红外辐射测温法的焊头动态高速真温测量系统研制

温度是用来表征物体特性的一个重要的基本参数,被广泛应用于金属加工、生产生活、航空航天等各个领域,温度测量的准确与否对每个行业都有着至关重要的影响。随着电子设备的尺寸不断微型化以及各种可穿戴智能设备的普及和发展,小型化成为了电子元件技术水平的一个重要技术指标,所以电子元器件也一直朝着小尺寸、高集成化方向发展,而其焊接温度的波动引起的产品良品率也在不断降低。因此,如何实现电子元器件焊接过程中焊头温度的实时获取,已成为众多相关企业急需研究的课题。基于晶体管式焊接电源的工作特点,从分析焊头的结构特性入手,利用焊头的红外光谱辐射特性,设计了一种激光瞄准式的光学系统,采用朗伯体法对焊头进行温度测量,从而得到焊头工作时的实时真温。整个温度测量系统由硬件系统部分和软件系统部分构成。其中,硬件系统包括光学系统的设计、 I/V转换及放大电路和上位机的高速数据采集系统。软件系统主要包括上位机系统界面的设计。上位机软件采用LabVIEW进行程序设计,主要包括AD采集卡的配置与驱动、数据滤波、零点测量、温度标定、温度计算、实时温度曲线和数据存储。在系统建立、软件调试完毕后,采用标准空腔黑体炉对测温系统进行了校准。首先,利用整体黑体法对焊头工作时的发射率进行了试验,结果表明,在氧化和非氧化状态下,其发射率与文献数据基本一致。然后利用该发射率值,计算出了焊头上小孔的空腔黑体发射率。最后,利用恒流晶体管式焊接电源进行了系统稳定性和重复性实验。分析该方法的不确定度,得出该方法的总体不确定度在3%以内。通过对测温系统的标定和配置,该系统还可以应用在其他需要高速精确测温的场景。

18CrNiMo7-6钢发射率值标定及外圆磨削温度研究

为研究齿轮钢外圆横向磨削过程中工件温度受加工参数变化的影响,以18CrNiMo7-6齿轮钢作为工件材料,CBN砂轮作为磨具进行试验,使用红外热像仪对磨削过程温度进行检测。提出一种增设气幕装置的热辐射发射率值标定方案,通过气幕生成的高速气流减缓外界空气进入加热炉,防止标定过程中试样被氧化,保证高温条件下标定得到的发射率值的准确度;依据检测结果,分析工件转速v_(w)、工件每转的磨削深度f_(a)、砂轮磨粒粒度d_(g)、砂轮直径d_(s)和磨削宽度b对温度的影响。结果表明:f_(a)对温度变化影响最显著。通过拟合得到磨削温度与试验参数间的经验公式,其误差为9.27%。将磨削温度的试验测量结果与运用移动热源理论、瑞利分布模型和干式磨削热分配比模型进行理论推导的结果作对比,偏差为8.51%。

银耳多糖对麦醇溶蛋白纳米体系的影响及复合物的特性研究

该研究是以提高麦醇溶蛋白(gliadin,Gli)纳米颗粒(gliadin nanoparticles,GNPs)稳定性为目标,利用银耳多糖(Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides,TFPs)的乳化性能,探究TFPs添加量对GNPs稳定性的影响。采用反溶剂法制备银耳多糖和麦醇溶蛋白复合载体颗粒(gliadin-Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides composite nanoparticles,G/T NPs),并利用纳米粒度仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、热场发射扫描电镜对G/T NPs的粒径和电位、相互作用、微观结构进行分析。结果表明,TFPs和Gli之间通过静电作用力和氢键作用力相结合,形成GNPs在内、TFPs外层附着的复合颗粒;TFPs的添加能够有效提高GNPs体系的稳定性,减少颗粒之间的聚集,制得的G/T_(4∶1)NPs的平均粒径、多分散指数(polydispersion index,PDI)、ζ-电位分别为(198.5±2.6)nm、0.269±0.005、(36.7±0.6)mV,且具有pH响应性。该研究为后续构建疏水营养成分的包埋和运载体系奠定了基础。

单轴循环加卸载下磷块岩能量演化特征试验研究

为探究磷块岩在受力环境下的能量演化特征,对磷块岩试件开展了单轴循环加卸载试验,通过监测试件表面红外辐射和其内部声发射信号,分析磷块岩试件在受力过程中的能量演化规律,研究结果表明:磷块岩试件临近破坏时弹性应变能聚集速率进一步减缓,耗散能明显增大,而最高红外辐射值及声发射振幅呈急剧上升趋势;磷块岩在受力破坏过程中释放的热-声信号与其所在的应力环境具有良好的同步性,声发射与红外辐射存在同一阶段内波动方向相反、整体变化趋势相同的关系,加载过程中能量的累积-耗散-释放是声发射、红外辐射产生变化的内因。从能量演化的角度分析磷块岩在受力环境下的热-声相关性规律,可以从本质上揭示磷块岩在受力过程中的热-声信号的内在联系,为磷矿山的岩爆预警提供科学依据。

近红外光谱技术(NIRS)在草地生态学研究中的应用

近红外光谱技术(NIRS)是一种快速、高效、无损的现代检测技术,已经在许多领域广泛应用。文章阐述了NIRS应用于草地生态学研究的意义,介绍了NIRS用于测定牧草营养成分、矿物质、土壤养分含量,分析了牧草混合物的组成、动物对所采食牧草的反应、牧草病虫害抗性等一些复杂特性,以及进行生化标记、同位素鉴别研究。综合这些研究可以看出,NIRS能够作为一种整体研究工具应用于草地生态学的许多研究领域中,可以检测各种常规化学成分、分析草地生态系统的各种动态指标和系统运行的多项整体特性。希望通过本文的总结分析,推动NIRS在中国草地生态学研究中的应用,加速该领域研究手段的现代化。

高热稳定性近红外荧光粉BaY_(2)Al_(2)Ga_(2)SiO_(12):Cr^(3+)的合成及发光性质

近年来,近红外荧光粉转换发光二极管(NIR pc-LED)在夜视、生物成像和无损检测等领域引起了广泛关注。然而,获得兼具高量子效率和优异热稳定性的近红外荧光粉仍然是一个巨大挑战。本文利用高温固相法合成了一种新型近红外荧光粉BaY_(2)Al_(2)Ga_(2)SiO_(12):Cr^(3+)(BYAGSO:Cr^(3+)),并系统研究了材料的结构和发光性质。在440 nm蓝光激发下,BYAGSO:Cr^(3+)荧光粉的发射光谱在650~850 nm范围内呈现锐线和宽带的混合发射,源于Cr^(3+):^(2)E→^(4)A_(2)自旋禁戒跃迁和^(4)T_(2)→^(4)A_(2)自旋允许跃迁发射。该近红外发光表现出可观的量子效率和良好的热稳定性,最优化样品的外量子效率可达30.3%,在200℃时样品的发光强度可保持其在室温时强度的99%。通过将BYAGSO:Cr^(3+)荧光粉与450 nm蓝光LED芯片结合,我们封装了一个NIR pc‐LED器件。该器件在300m A驱动电流下,输出功率为70.83 mW;在20m A驱动电流下,光电转换效率为11.20%。研究结果表明,BY-AGSO:Cr^(3+)在NIR pc-LED领域具有良好的应用前景。

FT-NIR光谱法测定烟草中绿原酸、芸香苷、莨菪亭及总多酚含量

研究应用傅里叶变换近红外光谱法快速测定烟草中绿原酸、芸香苷、莨菪亭及总多酚含量的可行性。使用偏最小二乘法(PLS)为建模方法,选择7 500～4 000cm-1谱段,采用二阶导数和Norris滤波法进行光谱预处理,建立了烟草中绿原酸、芸香苷、莨菪亭及总多酚的近红外预测模型。组分最佳PLS预测模型的相关系数r分别为0.976 6,0.941 9,0.957 1和0.966 6,SEP均小于1.2倍的SEC,验证集样本的标准偏差(SD)/SEP均大于2。交叉检验的均方差(RMSECV)分别为1.938 9,1.046 2,0.047 9和2.745 2。实验验证了模型偏差的显著性,将近红外光谱技术与常规标准检测方法相比较。结果表明:两种方法测得值在显著水平0.05时,不存在显著性差异,近红外光谱技术可以准确地定量分析烟草中绿原酸、芸香苷、莨菪亭及总多酚。