Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Model-Based Prediction for Protein Content in Cowpea

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) is a multi-purpose legume with high quality protein for human consumption and livestock. The objective of this work was to develop near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) prediction models to estimate protein content in cowpea. A total of 116 cowpea breeding lines with a wide range of protein contents (19.28 % to 32.04%) were selected to build the model using whole seed and ground seed samples. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) regression technique with different pre-treatments (derivatives, standard normal variate, and multiplicative scatter correction) were carried out to develop the protein prediction model. Results showed: 1) spectral plots of both the whole seed and ground seed showed higher spectral scatter at higher wavelengths (>1450 nm), 2) data pre-processing affects prediction accuracy for bot whole seed and ground seed samples, 3) prediction using ground seed samples (0.64 R2 0.85) is better than the whole seed (0.33 R2 0.78), and 4) the data pre-processing second derivative with standard normal variate has the best prediction (R2_whole seed = 0.78, R2_ground seed = 0.85). The results will be of interest in cowpea breeding programs aimed at improving total seed protein content.

Noninvasive Detection of Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood Oxygen Based on Inductive Sensing Technology and Near Infrared Spectroscopy

The synchronous monitoring of cerebral blood flow and blood oxygen levels plays a pivotal role in the prevention,diagnosis,and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.This study introduces a novel noninvasive device utilizing inductive sensing and near-infrared spectroscopy technology to facilitate simultaneous monitoring of cerebral blood flow and blood oxygen levels.The device consists of modules for cerebral blood flow monitoring,cerebral blood oxygen monitoring,control,communication,and a host machine.Through experiments conducted on healthy subjects,it was confirmed that the device can effectively achieve synchronous monitoring and recording of cerebral blood flow and blood oxygen signals.The results demonstrate the device’s capability to accurately measure these signals simultaneously.This technology enables dynamic monitoring of cerebral blood flow and blood oxygen signals with potential clinical applications in preventing,diagnosing,treating cerebrovascular diseases while reducing their associated harm.

基于fNIRS的主动、被动与想象屈肘运动脑激活的特点及比较

目的 利用功能性近红外光谱成像(functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS)技术探究健康成年人主动屈肘、被动屈肘和想象屈肘运动脑激活的特点。方法 选取30名健康大学生为被试者,男女各15例,年龄(21.22±1.42)岁,选择右手主动、被动和想象屈肘任务作为刺激模式,采用近红外光谱脑功能成像系统实时采集被试者3种不同运动模式下脑功能区氧合血红蛋白(Oxyhemoglobin, HbO2)水平作为脑激活的特征值,并以静息态(resting state, RS)的HbO2水平为基线值,比较3种运动模式下脑激活的特点。结果 非参数检验结果表明,不同运动模式下,右侧初级运动皮层(H=13.309,P=0.004),右侧前额叶前部皮层(H=20.30,P<0.001),右侧背外侧前额叶皮层(H=12.194,P=0.007),左侧初级体感皮层(H=12.642,P=0.005),左侧初级运动皮层(H=20.03,P<0.001),左侧前额叶前部皮层(H=18.187,P<0.001),左侧背外侧前额叶皮层(H=13.379,P=0.004)的HbO2水平比较差异有统计学意义;而其右侧初级体感皮层(H=4.284,P=0.232),右侧前运动区和辅助运动皮层(H=4.201,P=0.241),左侧前运动区和辅助运动皮层(H=8.793,P=0.052)HbO2水平比较差异无统计学意义。结论 不同运动模式下存在特定的脑功能区激活,其激活程度既有相似性又有差异性,主动运动和被动运动任务下的脑激活区最类似。

NIRS-XRF联用的煤炭发热量高稳定检测

实时获知煤炭发热量对于及时调整电站锅炉风粉配比和提高煤炭燃烧效率具有重要意义,为了实现电力生产中发热量的稳定快速检测,提出了一种近红外光谱(Near Infrared Spectroscopy, NIRS)与X射线荧光光谱(X-ray Fluorescence, XRF)联用的煤炭发热量高稳定检测方法,它结合了NIRS能高稳定检测煤中与发热量正相关的有机基团的优势与XRF能高稳定检测与发热量负相关的成灰元素的特点,大大提高了对煤炭发热量的测量重复性。在光谱预处理中,先将两套光谱融合作为偏最小二乘回归的输入变量进行全谱初步建模,依据回归系数选择NIRS光谱中的有效波段,再将它与XRF光谱中的成灰元素谱线一并融合进行归一化处理。建模时将预处理后的融合光谱数据作为输入变量,利用偏最小二乘回归对煤炭发热量进行建模。实验结果表明,NIRS-XRF联用方法对定标集煤样发热量预测的线性相关度系数(R^(2))为0.995,对验证集煤样发热量预测的最小均方根误差、平均相对误差和标准偏差分别为0.24 MJ/kg,0.61%和0.05 MJ/kg,测量重复性满足小于0.12 MJ/kg的国家标准。NIRS-XRF联用的煤炭发热量高稳定检测方法有望推广应用于火力发电、煤化工、冶金、水泥和焦化等“高碳”行业,助力我国按期实现碳中和目标。

Identifying camellia oil adulteration with selected vegetable oils by characteristic near-infrared spectral regions

In this paper,a methodology based on characteristic spectral bands of near infrared spectroscopy(1000-2500 nm)and multivariate analysis was proposed to identify camellia oil adulteration withvegetable oils,Sunflower,peanut and corn oils were selected to conduct the test.Pure camlia oiland that adulterated with varying concentrations(1-10%with the gradient of 1%,10-40%withthe gradient of 5%,40-100%with the gradient of 10%)of each type of the three vegetable oilswere prepared,respectively.For each type of adulterated oil,full-spectrum partial least squarespartial least squares(PLS)models and synergy interval partial least squares(SI-PLS)modelswere developed.Parameters of these models were optimized simultaneously by cross-validation,The SI-PLS models were proved to be better than the full-spectrum PLS models.In SI-PLSmodels,the correlation coefficients of predition set(Rp)were 0.9992,0.9998 and 0.9999 foradulteration with sunflower oil,peanut oiloil seperately;the corresponding root meansquare errors of prediction set(RMSEP).66nd 0.37.Furthermore,a new genericPLS model was built based on the chalselected from the intervals of thethree SI-PLS models to identify the oil adulterantsardless of the adultrated oil types.Themodel achieved with Rp=0.9988 and RMSEP==1.52,These results indicated that the charac-teristic near infrared spectral regions could determine the level of adulteration in the camllia oil.

Simulation and Modelling of near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) as Brain Monitor

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a method for non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation and haemodynamics. Different devices provide information on changes of oxygenated (HbO2) and deoxygenated haemoglobin (HHb), oxidized cytochrome aa3 (CytOx) or regional oxygen saturation (rSO2). NIRS has been used during adult and paediatric cardiac surgery.

Investigation of Prefrontal Cortex Activity in University Students with Presenteeism: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Study

Presenteeism refers to impaired performance attributed to attending work with health problems. There has been no study examining the state of presenteeism with objective measures. We compared cerebral hemodynamic changes, measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), during neuropsychological tests conducted by university students with presenteeism and healthy controls. Twenty-two university students participated in the study;11 of them with impaired performance caused by mental health problem were allocated to the presenteeism group and 11 without health problems to the control group. Presenteeism was assessed by the Presenteeism Scale for Students. To evoke hemodynamics changes, the participants completed a Word Fluency Test (WFT) and a Trail Making Test (TMT). The NIRS probes were located over the bilateral prefrontal area. Students with presenteeism had significantly higher incidences of depression than controls. However, there was no significant difference in behavioral performance examinations between the two groups. With regard to hemodynamics changes, the repeated measures analysis of covariance of the NIRS signals revealed significant interactions between group and task activation. Although we observed a significant increase in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration during the WFT among controls (simple main effect;left channel, F(1, 19) = 27.34, P F(1, 19) = 22.05, P < 0.001), no changes were found in students with presenteeism during either the WFT (simple main effect;left channel, F(1, 19) = 0.12, P F(1, 19) = 0.08, P t = ﹣0.94, P with Bonferroni correction = 0.745;right channel, t = ﹣2.19, P with Bonferroni correction < 0.113). This is the first study to reveal differences in activity in the cerebral cortex associated with presenteeism. The fact that students with presenteeism have prefrontal dysfunction might reinforce the concept of presenteeism.

Correlation of prefrontal activity measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with mood, BDNF genotype and serum BDNF level in healthy individuals

Depression has been known to reduce the prefrontal activity associated with the execution of certain cognitive tasks, although whether a temporarily depressed or anxious mood in healthy individuals affects the prefrontal blood oxygen level during cognitive tasks is unknown. Combining the measurement of prefrontal activity with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and the two cognitive tasks, namely the letter version of the verbal fluency test (VFT-l) and the Stroop test, we measured the effect of a depressed or anxious mood and gender on the changes in the prefrontal oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) levels during those cognitive tests in healthy individuals. Depressed mood or anxious mood was assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Thereby we aimed to explore the possibility of NIRS measurement for detecting the early subclinical manifestation of major depression. Moreover, we examined the possible relationships between prefrontal activation and the functional Val66Met polymorphisms of the brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) gene and serum BDNF level. As a result, the increased prefrontal Oxy-Hb levels during cognitive tasks were significantly correlated with the severity of depressed mood in males. The course of the prefrontal Oxy-Hb increase was different depending on the cognitive tasks, i.e., the VFT-l or the Stroop test, in both genders. Correlations of BDNF genotype and serum BDNF level with the prefrontal Oxy-Hb levels during those cognitive tasks were negative. Our results suggest that the early subclinical manifestation of depressed mood in males might be detected by the NIRS measurement, which is not correlated with the individual properties of BDNF.

Unquenched Effects and Quark Mass Dependence of Lattice Gluon Propagator in Infrared Region

<正> In this paper,the gluon propagator in Landau gauge has been studied on a lattice,including the quenchedand the unquenched one.The small geometry size of lattice we use is 16~3×32,and the big one is 20~3×64.For thequenched approximation,we fit the numerical results and give a little different fitting values.We also obtain unquenchedeffects by comparing the gluon propagator resulting from the quenched and unquenched configurations,for both thetwo-flavor and three-flavor cases.For the unquenched configurations,an obvious quark mass dependence has not beenfound in the small quark mass ease,but is found in the three-flavor case when the quark mass is big.

Infrared photometric properties of inner and outer parts of HⅡ regions

The fact that infrared ring nebulae(IRRNe) are frequently associated with HⅡ regions provides us with an opportunity to study dust at the interface between ionized and neutral gas. In this paper, we analyze the associated infrared(IR) radiation in the range from 8 to 500 μm in the outer and inner parts of32 IRRNe showing a round shape. We aim to determine the morphology of these objects and possible dust evolution processes based on comparing IR radiation towards the ionized and neutral regions. We calculate six slopes between adjacent wavelengths in their spectral energy distributions to trace the difference in physical conditions inside and outside the ionized regions. Using data on these 32 objects, we demonstrate that their morphology is likely 3 D spherical rather than 2 D plane-like. The slope between 70 and 160 μm is the most appropriate tracer of dust temperature in the outer envelope. The larger 8-to-24 μm intensity ratio is associated with smaller intensities at mid-IR, indicating that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) may indeed be generated due to larger grain destruction. These data are important for the subsequent theoretical modeling, and determining the dust evolution in HⅡ regions and their envelopes.

近红外光谱技术在食用菌品质检测方面的应用研究进展

食用菌是一类高蛋白、低脂肪且兼具药用价值的大型真菌,因其多营养、鲜风味、低热量、多功效等特点而成为餐桌上常备食材之一。随着消费理念不断转变,食用菌的高品质和高营养需求成为必然。近红外光谱(near-infrared spectroscopy,NIRS)技术因其快捷、无损、多组分同时检测、绿色无污染等优点,被广泛应用于食用菌品质检测研究。本文全面归纳综述了近5年来NIRS技术结合化学计量学方法在食用菌理化组分、活性成分、品种鉴别、产地溯源、病原菌污染、掺假识别等及其他方面的研究及应用进展,同时提出了NIRS技术在食用菌品质检测应用方面的发展策略,以期为完善NIRS技术检测食用菌理论、研发专用食用菌检测设备提供方法参考和思路借鉴。

近红外光谱联合化学计量学在柑橘类水果质量无损检测方面的最新研究及应用进展

柑橘类水果以其诱人的风味和高保健作用而备受消费者青睐。面对日益增长的市场份额,以及对口感、质量的双重需求,高品质柑橘类水果成为消费偏爱。快速检测技术的研发应用可为柑橘类水果的安全生产和消费保驾护航。近红外(near-infrared,NIR)光谱技术作为一种无损、便捷、高效的绿色检测技术,已被广泛用于水果质量检测研究。文章全面归纳综述了近5年来NIR光谱技术结合化学计量学在柑橘类水果内部成分、外部缺陷、活性物质、病害、品种、分类、产地等方面的检测研究及应用进展,阐明了NIR光谱技术在柑橘类水果质量检测应用方面的发展趋势并提出了相关建议,为完善光谱技术检测柑橘类水果理论和研发专用水果检测设备提供方法借鉴。

基于近红外光谱技术的六大茶类快速识别

为构建高质量的六大茶类识别模型,本研究中收集了370份样品,通过采集其近红外光谱(near-infrared spectroscopy,NIRS),结合光谱预处理、特征提取以及数据挖掘分类器算法,建立六大茶类快速识别模型。结果表明:1)支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)与随机森林(random forest,RF)分类器皆适于六大茶类快速识别模型的构建;2)SVM分类器更适于结合原始光谱(original spectrum,OS)建模,预处理易使基于该分类器建立的模型鉴别性能减弱;3)随机森林(RF)分类器更适用于预处理后光谱建模,所得模型较OS模型在识别正确率(recognition accuracy,RA)及受试者工作特征曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)均得到明显提升;4)特征提取中线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis,LDA)算法表现最好,所得模型的RA较OS模型明显提升,其中最佳模型OS-LDA-SVM的RA为100.00%,AUC为1.00,识别正确率高、泛化能力强、模型性能优异,可产业化应用。综上所述,近红外光谱结合预处理、特征提取算法及分类器建立模型,进行六大茶类识别的可行性强,模型的识别正确率高、性能优异,可为茶叶贸易的茶类快速识别提供科学、准确、高效的技术支撑,为国际茶类识别模型的产业化应用奠定基础。

近红外光谱技术(NIRS)在草地生态学研究中的应用

近红外光谱技术(NIRS)是一种快速、高效、无损的现代检测技术,已经在许多领域广泛应用。文章阐述了NIRS应用于草地生态学研究的意义,介绍了NIRS用于测定牧草营养成分、矿物质、土壤养分含量,分析了牧草混合物的组成、动物对所采食牧草的反应、牧草病虫害抗性等一些复杂特性,以及进行生化标记、同位素鉴别研究。综合这些研究可以看出,NIRS能够作为一种整体研究工具应用于草地生态学的许多研究领域中,可以检测各种常规化学成分、分析草地生态系统的各种动态指标和系统运行的多项整体特性。希望通过本文的总结分析,推动NIRS在中国草地生态学研究中的应用,加速该领域研究手段的现代化。

FT-NIR光谱法测定烟草中绿原酸、芸香苷、莨菪亭及总多酚含量

研究应用傅里叶变换近红外光谱法快速测定烟草中绿原酸、芸香苷、莨菪亭及总多酚含量的可行性。使用偏最小二乘法(PLS)为建模方法,选择7 500～4 000cm-1谱段,采用二阶导数和Norris滤波法进行光谱预处理,建立了烟草中绿原酸、芸香苷、莨菪亭及总多酚的近红外预测模型。组分最佳PLS预测模型的相关系数r分别为0.976 6,0.941 9,0.957 1和0.966 6,SEP均小于1.2倍的SEC,验证集样本的标准偏差(SD)/SEP均大于2。交叉检验的均方差(RMSECV)分别为1.938 9,1.046 2,0.047 9和2.745 2。实验验证了模型偏差的显著性,将近红外光谱技术与常规标准检测方法相比较。结果表明:两种方法测得值在显著水平0.05时,不存在显著性差异,近红外光谱技术可以准确地定量分析烟草中绿原酸、芸香苷、莨菪亭及总多酚。

水稻蛋白质含量NIR模型适配范围的研究

目的比较不同类型样品建立水稻蛋白质近红外模型的效果和适配范围。方法通过对178份来自“II-32B/岳早籼6号”的重组自交系和496份水稻品种的近红外反射光谱的比较分析,选择其中59个株系和76份品种作为建模样品,采用偏最小二乘法建立基于品种、重组自交系和混合样品的3个蛋白质含量回归模型。结果经模型内部交叉验证和对模型外部重组自交系和品种样品的验证结果的比较分析,发现基于分离群体的模型因蛋白质含量范围较窄,样品来源较单一,适应范围仅局限于本群体内样品蛋白质含量预测,而品种和混合模型对群体和品种样品都表现出良好的适应能力,交叉验证决定系数大于0.90,外部验证决定系数大于0.89,本试验可为近红外建模的样本集选择提供良好的指导意义。结论不同类型样品对建模效果有显著影响,品种模型和混合模型的适配范围显著大于群体模型,研究结果不能支持用背景变异较小的样品建立较高精度回归模型的设想。

近红外光谱技术(NIRS)在干草品质检测中的研究与应用

干草品质对动物的生产性能、牧草价值和最终盈利有着最直接的影响,检测干草品质的方法也在不断改进,近红外光谱技术(NIRS)这种快速、高效而无破坏性的现代检测技术已在饲草料中广泛应用。文章阐述了应用NIRS分析干草品质的可行性和高效性,详细介绍了NIRS用于检测牧草营养成分、真菌侵染程度、内生真菌产生的有毒物质以及一些难于用化学方法检测的微量成分等重要指标的研究成果。指出NIRS用于分析干草品质突破了过去常规化学方法的复杂、耗时、成本高等缺陷,是干草品质分析方法的一个重大进步,并期待着NIRS在牧草品质中的应用研究工作继续完善和发展,建立更精确的定标模型以及更系统的分析软件,促进畜牧业的快速发展。

近红外光谱技术(NIRS)在检测牧草霉菌毒素中的应用

具有快速、高效、无损、在线等优势的近红外光谱技术(nearinfrared reflectance spectroscopy technique,NIRS)已经在农业、食品、化工、医学等领域获得广泛应用。牧草在加工贮藏过程中,受多种真菌的侵染,引起霉菌毒素在牧草中积累。霉菌毒素会通过动植物产品进入人畜的食物链,引起人畜中毒。牧草中霉菌毒素的常规检测不但需要粉碎、浸提、层析等繁琐的样品前处理过程,还需要酶联免疫吸附法、高效液相色谱法、溥层色谱法等后续检测过程。通过发展高精度、低检出限的光谱仪器,建立相应霉菌毒素检测的软件技术与校正模型,能够在牧草利用中达到快速准确检测霉菌毒素的含量和性质,从而为牧草的合理加工与利用提供依据,促进NIRS技术在健康畜产品生产领域的应用。

近红外反射光谱法(NIRS)测定棉仁粉中蛋白质和棉酚含量的研究

选用49份不同蛋白质和棉酚含量的陆地棉种质资源和188份陆地棉重组近交系为材料,以多年份、多地点种植收获的种子材料组成原始样品集,分别对棉仁粉中蛋白质含量和棉酚含量进行化学测定,采用改进的偏最小二乘法(Modified PLS)和(2,4,4,1)的数学转换方法建立近红外反射光谱(NIRS)定标模型,以寻找棉籽蛋白质含量和棉酚含量的快速测定方法。结果表明,蛋白质含量的定标决定系数(RSQ=0.933)和交叉检验决定系数(1-VR=0.929)较高,定标标准误差(SEC=0.623)和交互校验标准误差(SECV=0.638)较小,预测模型的建模效果较好,可替代化学分析。棉酚含量预测模型的RSQ,1-VR,SEC和SECV分别为0.836,0.811,0.074和0.079,模型预测效果略差于蛋白质模型,但仍可用于棉仁粉中棉酚含量的测定。

近红外光谱技术(NIRS)在反刍动物营养研究中的应用现状

近红外光谱技术（NIRS）分析样品时以其方便、快捷和准确等诸多优点在动物营养研究中得到了广泛的应用；用NIRS技术预测家畜日粮中有机物消化率时所产生的标准偏差（SECV）在1．6％～2．8％之间，而预测干物质的消化率时所产生的SECV在1．6％～3．5％之间。NIRS能够准确地预测饲料中的化学成分和生物学组分以及反刍家畜十二指肠微生物蛋白的流量，但对于预测饲料在瘤胃降解率的动态特性时与实际相差很大。NIRS技术预测舍饲家畜采食量与体内法得到的结果相似，但在预测放牧家畜采食量时其预测误差为14％左右。上述结果表明，NIRS技术在预测反刍家畜消化代谢、日粮营养评价、采食量等方面已取得了很大的进展，并在反刍动物营养研究领域中有着广阔的应用空间。