Extraction of the key infrared radiation temperature features concerning stress and crack evolution of loaded rocks

The infrared radiation temperature(IRT)variation concerning stress and crack evolution of rocks is a critical focus in rock mechanics domain and engineering disaster warning.In this paper,a methodology to extract the key IRT features related to stress and crack evolution of loaded rocks is proposed.Specifically,the wavelet denoising and reconstruction in thermal image sequence(WDRTIS)method is employed to eliminate temporal noise in thermal image sequences.Subsequently,the adaptive partition temperature drift correction(APTDC)method is introduced to alleviate temperature drift.On this basis,the spatial noise correction method based on threshold segmentation and adaptive median filtering(OTSU-AMF)is proposed to extract the key IRT features associated with microcracks of loaded rocks.Following temperature drift correction,IRT provides an estimation of the thermoelastic factor in rocks,typically around 5.29×10^(-5) MPa^(-1) for sandstones.Results reveal that the high-temperature concentrated region in cumulative thermal images of crack evolution(TICE)can elucidate the spatiotemporal evolution of localized damage.Additionally,heat dissipation of crack evolution(HDCE)acquired from TICE quantifies the progressive failure process of rocks.The proposed methodology enhances the reliability of IRT monitoring results and provides an innovative approach for conducting research in rock mechanics and monitoring engineering disasters.

Failure mechanism and infrared radiation characteristic of hard siltstone induced by stratification effect

The deformation in sedimentary rock induced by train loads has potential threat to the safe operation of tunnels. This study investigated the influence of stratification structure on the infrared radiation and temporal damage mechanism of hard siltstone. The uniaxial compression tests, coupled with acoustic emission(AE) and infrared radiation temperature(IRT) were conducted on siltstones with different stratification effects. The results revealed that the stratigraphic structure significantly affects the stress-strain response and strength degradation characteristics. The mechanical parameters exhibit anisotropy characteristics, and the stratification effect exhibits a negative correlation with the cracking stress and peak stress. The failure modes caused by the stratification effect show remarkable anisotropic features, including splitting failure(Ⅰ: 0°-22.50°, Ⅱ: 90°), composite failure(45°), and shearing failure(67.50°). The AE temporal sequences demonstrate a stepwise response characteristic to the loading stress level. The AE intensity indicates that the stress sensitivity of shearing failure and composite failure is generally greater than that of splitting failure. The IRT field has spatiotemporal migration and progressive dissimilation with stress loading and its dissimilation degree increases under higher stress levels. The stronger the stratification effect, the greater the dissimilation degree of the IRT field. The abnormal characteristic points of average infrared radiation temperature(AIRT) variance at local stress drop and peak stress can be used as early and late precursors to identify fracture instability. Theoretical analysis shows that the competitive relationship between compaction strengthening and fracturing damage intensifies the dissimilation of the infrared thermal field for an increasing stress level. The present study provides a theoretical reference for disaster warnings in hard sedimentary rock mass.

Characteristics of radiation and convection heat transfer in indirect near-infrared-ray heating chamber

Numerical study was performed to evaluate the characteristics of combined heat transfer of radiation, conduction and convection in indirect near infrared ray （N/R） heating chamber. The effects of important design parameters such as the shape of heat absorbing cylinder and heat releasing fin on the pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient were analyzed with different Reynolds numbers. The Reynolds numbers were varied from 103 to 3x106, which was defined based on the hydraulic diameter of the heat absorbing cylinder. Analyses were performed to obtain the inner and outer flow and the temperature distributions in the heat absorbing cylinder and the rates of radiation heat transfer and convection heat transfer. As the Reynolds number increases, the convection heat transfer rate is increased while the radiation heat transfer rate is decreased. The average convection heat transfer rate follows a power rule of the Reynolds number. Addition of three-dimensional heat releasing fin to the outside of the heat absorbing cylinder enhances the convection heat transfer.

THIRTY-SIX CASES OF NEURITIS OF LATERAL CUTANEOUS NERVE OF THIGH TREATED BY MAGNETIC ROUND PLUM-BLOSSOM NEEDLE PLUS INFRARED RADIATION

Thirty-six cases of neuritis of lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh were treated by mag-netic round plum-blossom needle plus infrared radiation and it was compared with simpleacupuncture treatment.Statistical analysis indicated that there was no significant difference in thetheraPeutic effects between the two methods,but magnetic round Plum-blossom needle Plus in-frared radiation had as high therapeutic effect as simple acupuncture treatment and with themethod pateints suffered less without infection and it was easily to be accepted by patients.

Instability of Nucleic Acids in Airborne Microorganisms under Far Infrared Radiation

Emergence of zoonotic-human pathogens is proven to be a lethal threat to public health, and RNA virus including influenza viruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and COVID-19, plays a pivotal role. As those viruses as airborne microorganisms spread mainly by tiny airborne particles, it is important to de-active those airborne particles before their entry into human bodies. In this study, we investigated the effect of far infrared (FIR) radiation on inhibition of airborne microorganisms. The result confirmed that double stand DNA from airborne microorganisms containing RNA viruses was stable under mild FIR radiation. However, single strand RNA from them was found to be sensitive to FIR radiation, indicating that RNA virus in airborne particles is instable under FIR radiation. Based on this observation, two models on usage of FIR radiation to prevent RNA virus transmission by air and cure RNA virus infection were proposed. Then, this study suggests that FIR radiation has the potential to be a cheap, convenient, and efficient method in clinic to treat RNA virus.

Effect of Infrared Irradiation Combined with External Application Nursing on Maintenance of Vascular Access in Hemodialysis Patients

Objective:This paper mainly analyzes the effect of infrared radiation combined with external application nursing on maintenance of vascular access in hemodialysis patients.Methods:A total of 150 hemodialysis patients in our hospital from December 2019 to September 2020 were divided into the conventional group and the study group,75 cases in each group.The conventional group was given external application nursing alone,and the study group was given infrared radiation combined with external application nursing,and the effect on the maintenance of vascular access was counted.Results:After the intervention,the indexes of URR,kt/V and human albumin in the study group were higher than those in the routine group,and the indexes of β2-mg and MIS in the study group were lower than those in the routine group,P<0.05;The improvement of vascular elasticity and quality of life in the study group was higher than that in the conventional group,and the incidence of complications was lower than that in the conventional group,P<0.05.Conclusion:Infrared radiation combined with external application of nursing care in hemodialysis patients with vascular access maintenance effect is significant,can effectively improve vascular elasticity.

Infrared microspectroscopy beamline BL06B at SSRF

The infrared microspectroscopy beamline(BL06B) is a phase Ⅱ beamline project at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF). The construction and optical alignment of BL06B were completed by the end of 2020. By 2021, it became accessible to users. The synchrotron radiation infrared(SRIR) source included edge radiation(ER) and bending magnet radiation(BMR). The extracted angles in the horizontal and vertical directions were 40 and 20 mrad, respectively. The photon flux, spectral resolution, and focused spot size were measured at the BL06B endstation, and the experimental results were consistent with theoretical calculations. SRIR light has a small divergence angle, high brightness, and a wide wavelength range. As a source of IR microscopy, it can easily focus on a diffraction-limited spatial resolution with a high signal-to-noise ratio(SNR). The BL06B endstation can be applied in a wide range of research fields, including materials, chemistry, biology, geophysics, and pharmacology.

CO2 Back-Radiation Sensitivity Studies under Laboratory and Field Conditions

We measured the IR back radiation using a relatively low-cost experimental setup and a test chamber with increasing CO2 concentrations starting with a pure N2 atmosphere against a temperature-controlled black reference background. The results confirm estimations within this work and previous finding about CO2-induced infrared radiation saturation within realistic atmospheric conditions. We used this setup also to study thermal forcing effects with stronger and rare greenhouse gases against a clear night sky. Our results and their interpretation are another indication for having a more critical approach in climate modelling and against monocausal interpretation of climate indices only caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Basic physics combined with measurements and data taken from the literature allow us to conclude that CO2 induced infrared back-radiation must follow an asymptotic logarithmic-like behavior, which is also widely accepted in the climate-change community. The important question of climate sensitivity by doubling current CO2 concentrations is estimated to be below 1˚C. This value is important when the United Nations consider climate change as an existential threat and many governments intend rigorously to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions, led by an ambitious European Union inspired by IPCC assessments is targeting for more than 55% in 2030 and up to 100% in 2050 [1]. But probably they should also listen to experts [2] [3] who found that all these predictions have considerable flaws in basic models, data and impact scenarios.

The Influence of Heat Source IR Radiation on Black-Body Heating/Cooling with Increased CO2 Concentration

This study deal with interactions between thermal and radiative energy flow in experimental situations of varying complexity. Of special interest is how IR energy, re-emitted from CO2 gas, behaves in an earth/atmosphere simulated setup. Such an experiment was performed by Hermann Harde and Michael Schnell where they show that IR radiation emitted from CO2 can warm a small black-body metal plate. In a control experiment, we verified this result. However, in their experiment, the amount of IR radiation from the heating element was strongly attenuated. In a modified experiment, where IR emission from the heating source is present, no heating but a slight cooling of a black object is found when air is replaced by CO2. The modified experimental situation is also more like the earth/atmosphere situation. The presence of IR radiation from a heated surface (like when the sun heats the earth’s surface) strongly attenuates the heating ability of increasing backscatter from increased amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. This result has consequences for the climate change models used by IPCC.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFRARED RADIATION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE IN Fe-Mn-Co-Cu-O SPINELS

Ni^3＋ and Cr^3＋ doped Fe-Mn-Co-Cu-O spinels have been prepared by solid phase sintering. The valence states and distribution of transition ions in the spinel crystals are inferred by the consideration of thermodynamic principle and crystalline field theory. The mierostructure and performance of those are studied by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR）, and IRE-2 infrared radiant instrument. Ni3＋ and Cr3＋ occupy the vacancies or substitute the other ions in the spinel structures and form diverse spinel structures, which exhibit infrared integral emissivities of 0.93 in the whole band, and 0. 94 in the band within 14-25μm too. The content of Fe2O3 and MnO2 in the spinel crystals changes, maybe it induces infrared radiativity of spinels differently.

Experimental Study of Deformation of Sur- rounding Rock with Infrared Radiation

According to the practical conditions of coal roadway in Changcun Coal Mine of Lu＇an Mining Group, the deformation of rock surrounding roadway was experimentally studied by means of thermal infrared （TIP,） imaging system in the process of confined compressions. It is found that the model surface TIR temperature （TIRT） changes with the increase of load. Furthermore, TIRT changes non-synchronously in different ranges such as the roof, floor, wall, corners and bolted ranges. The TIRT is higher in the location of stress concentration and bolted ranges than that in the location of stress relaxation and broken ranges. The interaction ranges of bolt and rock are determined preliminarily according to the corresponding relationship of TIRT fields and the strain fields of the surrounding rock. The new method of TIR image processing has been proved to be effective for the study of bolt support and observation of roadway stability under mine pressure.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE INFRARED RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS FROM HOT JET

An experimental study on infrared radiation from the hot jet by means of model test is presented. The infrared detection system of the universal infrared instruments. the testing method and experimental results of infrared radiation from the hot jet are introduced. The space distribution of infaed radiant energy. the spectrum of infrared radiation from the hot jet. the distribution of the radiant energy of the hot jet against the wavebands and the characteristic difference of the hot jet radiaton between the 2-D jet tube and the circular jet tube are obtained. It is indicated that the testing system and the method are valid and the results are in accord with the theoretical analysis.

Quantitative description of infrared radiation characteristics for solid materials subjected to external loading

Based on the thermodynamics theory and physical micro-properties of solid materials subjected to external loading at room temperature,a formula of calculating temperature difference of infrared radiation in terms of the sum of three principal strains was deduced to quantitatively investigate the infrared radiation characteristics in test. Two typical specimens,the three-point bending beam and the disc pressed in diameter,were tested and their principal strains were calculated by finite element method in order to obtain the temperature differences of infrared radiation. Numerical results are in a good agreement with test results,which verifies the validity of the formula of calculating temperature differences of infrared radiation and the model of quantitatively describing the infrared radiation characteristics of solid materials,and reveals the corresponding inner physical mechanism.

Structure and Infrared Radiation Properties of Substituted Cordierites

Zn^2＋ - or Ti^4＋ -substituted cordierites with the nominal compositions of Mg1 .6 Zn0.4 Al4 Si5 O18 and Mg1.8 Ti0.2 Al4.4 Si4.6 O18 respectively, were prepared by a conventional solid state reaction method. The structure of the substituted eordierites was characterized by X- ray diffraction （ XRD ）, infrared （ 1R ） spectroscopy and 29 Si magic angle spinning （ MAS ） nuclear magnetic resonance （ NMR ）. The infoared radiation properties were investigated in the bands within 2.5-25μm. Compared with the na-substituted cordierite composition （ Mg2 Al4 Si5 O18 ）, Zn^2＋ - or Ti^4＋ -substituted cordierites show superior infrared properties. XRD and IR results confirm the formation of hexagonal a-eordierite as the main eo＇stal phase for the substituted cordierites. 29 Si MAS NMR result indicates that Zn^2＋ or Ti^4＋ Substitutions for partial Mg^2＋ of a-eordierite promoted the ordering of the distribution oral and Si atoms in T1 （ tetrahedra connecting six-raembered rings together with [ MgO6] octahedra ） and T2 （ tetraheda forming six-reentered rings） tetrahedral sites. This resulted in a lattice deformation and increased the anharmonicity of polarization vibration, which is responsible for the improvement of infrared radiation properties of the substituted eordierites.

Infrared radiation method for measuring ice segregation temperature of artificially frozen soils

In order to study the evolution of the freezing fringe and final lenses of frost susceptible soils and advance the understanding of frost heave and mechanism of frost heave control, we used an open one-dimensional frost heave test system of infrared radiation technology, instead of a traditional thermistor method. Temperatures of the freezing fringe and segregated ice were measured in a non-contact mode. The results show that accurate and precise temperatures of ice segregation can be obtained by infrared thermal imaging systems. A self-developed inversion program inverted the temperature field of frozen soils. Based on our analysis of temperature variation in segregated ice and our study of the relationship between temperature and rate of ice segregation in cooling and warming processes during intermittent freezing, the mechanism of decreasing frost heave of frozen soils by controlling the growth of final lenses with an intermittent freezing mode, can be explained properly.

Quantitative description of infrared radiation characteristics of preflawed sandstone during fracturing process

Previous studies show that infrared radiation temperature(IRT)abnormalities are always accompanied by the crack development in rocks under external loads.In this context,experiments were conducted on preflawed sandstone to investigate the infrared radiation characteristics during failure process.Two indicators were defined herein,i.e.coefficient of variation of IRT(CVIRT)and skewness of IRT(SIRT).The regression analysis shows that the IRT probability distributions during loading process fit the Gaussian model.The variations in the CVIRT are characterized by four stages:primary stage,steady stage,accelerating stage and post-peak stage.Besides,the variations in the SIRT are divided into three stages:primary stage,steady stage and failure and post-peak stage.The precursor point for preflawed rock failure is identified based on the CVIRTetime curve,with average precursor point of 83%of the peak stress.Compared with other IRT indicators,the proposed two IRT indicators have higher sensitivity to IRT abnormalities during failure process.Furthermore,the connection between the IRT indicators and the rock fracturing was investigated to interpret the IRT indicator abnormalities.Based on the Verhulst inverse function,a new quantitative model was presented to describe the primary stage,steady stage and accelerating stage of the CVIRTetime curve.The results obtained in this study can provide early-warning information for rock failure prediction.

Numerical Experiment of Combined Infrared and Ultraviolet Radiation Remote Sensing to Determine the Profile and Total Content of Atmospheric Ozone

A new remote sensing method is described to determine the vertical distribution and total content of atmospheric ozone. The method combines surface infrared, satellite infrared and ultraviolet channels. The width of the infrared channels is 0.01 cm-1, less than Lorentz half-width at the earth's surface, rather than the present width, because these channels can obtain information about variations in the ozone profile below the profile main-peak. The numerical experiments show that the method has a satisfactory precision in determining total ozone content, just about I percent error, and vertical distribution from the earth to 65 km space. In addition, some semi-analysis functions lor calculating backscattered ultraviolet and a relaxation equation are described in this paper.

Structure and Infrared Radiation Property of Co_(1-x)ZnxFe_2O_4 Ferrites by XAFS Analysis

Co1-xZnxFe2O4 ferrites were prepared by solid state reaction. The microstructure and performance were studied by X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption fine-structure analysis and IRE-2 infrared radiant test. It is found that infrared radiance show a nonlinear change with x, exhibiting the infrared radiance of this material improved and the average radiance in the 8-14 μm waveband reached 0.91. The Co^3＋ and Zn^2＋ ions are found to occupy both tetrahedral and octahedral sites, and correspondingly, the fraction of Fe^3＋ ions in B-site decreases nonlinearly in ferrites. The lattice parameters are found to concern with Zn^2＋, and the activation energy deduces from crystal strain and crystal vibrate increases with content Zn^2＋. The redistribution of the Co^3＋ and Zn^2＋ ions between tetrahedral and octahedral sites is related to the providing a selective tetrahedral and octahedral sites infrared radiance of Co1-xZnxFe2O4 ceramics with increasing x.

Analysis of Infrared Radiation Characteristics and Penetration Measures of Warhead

Ballistic target recognition occupies a unique and important position in many application fields of target recognition because of its challenge and important position of ballistic missile defense in national security;recognition time of defense system becomes very limited because of ballistic missile high-speed flight;recognition distance of defense system is also due to stealth technology. The integrated application of active jamming and passive decoy greatly increases the difficulty of identification of defense system. Because of its special status and challenge, ballistic target recognition has attracted wide attention of researchers at home and abroad, making it one of the most important issues in infrared target recognition research at home and abroad. In this paper, the infrared characteristics of a ballistic missile warhead target/decoy are analyzed, and the corresponding penetration measures are put forward according to the analysis results.

Synchrotron-Infrared Microscopy Analysis of Amyloid Fibrils Irradiated by Mid-Infrared Free-Electron Laser

Amyloid fibrils are widely recognized as a cause of serious amyloidosis such as Alzheimer’s disease. Although dissociation of amyloid fibril aggregates is expected to lead to a decrease in the toxicity of the fibrils in cells, the fibril structure is robust under physiological conditions. We have irradiated amyloid fibrils with a free-electron laser (FEL) tuned to mid-infrared frequencies to induce dissociation of the aggregates into monomer forms. We have previously succeeded in dissociating fibril structures of a short peptide of the thyroid hormone by tuning the oscillation frequency to the amide I band, but the detailed structural changes of the peptide have not yet been determined at a high spatial resolution. Synchrotron-radiation infrared microscopy (SR-IRM) is a powerful tool for in situ analysis of minute structural changes of various materials, and in this study, the feasibility of SR-IRM for analyzing the microscopic conformational changes of amyloid fibrils after FEL irradiation was investigated. Reflection spectra of the amyloid fibril surface showed that the amide I peaks shifted to higher wave numbers after the FEL irradiation, indicating that the initial β-sheet-rich structure transformed into a mixture of non-ordered and turn-like peptide conformations. This result demonstrates that conformational changes of the fibril structure after the FEL irradiation can be observed at a high spatial resolution using SR-IRM analysis and the FEL irradiation system can be useful for dissociation of amyloid aggregates.