Elucidating the initial kinetics of folding pathways is critical to the understanding of the protein folding mechanism. Transient infrared spectroscopy has proved a powerful tool to probe the folding kinetics. Herein ...Elucidating the initial kinetics of folding pathways is critical to the understanding of the protein folding mechanism. Transient infrared spectroscopy has proved a powerful tool to probe the folding kinetics. Herein we report the construction of a nanosecond laser-induced temperature-jump （T-jump） technique coupled to a nanosecond timeresolved transient mid-infrared （mid-IR） spectrometer system capable of investigating the protein folding kinetics with a temporal resolution of 50 ns after deconvolution of the instrumental response function. The mid-IR source is a liquid N2 cooled CO laser covering a spectral range of 5.0μm （2000 cm^-1）-6.5μm （1540 cm^-1）. The heating pulse was generated by a high pressure H2 Raman shifter at wavelength of 1.9μm. The maximum temperature-jump could reach as high as 26±1℃. The fast folding/unfolding dynamics of cytochrome C was investigated by the constructed system, providing an example.展开更多
The thermal conditions like the temperature distribution and the heat fluxes during metal cutting have a major influence on the machinability, the tool lifetime, the metallurgical structure and thus the functionality ...The thermal conditions like the temperature distribution and the heat fluxes during metal cutting have a major influence on the machinability, the tool lifetime, the metallurgical structure and thus the functionality of the work piece. This in particular applies for manufacturing processes like milling, drilling and turning for high-value turbomachinery components like impellers, combustion engines and compressors of the aerospace and automotive industry as well as energy generation, which play a major role in modern societies. However, numerous analytical and experimental efforts have been conducted in order to understand the thermal conditions in metal cutting, yet many questions still prevail. Most models are based on a stationary point of view and do not include time dependent effects like in intensity and distribution varying heat sources, varying engagement conditions and progressive tool wear. In order to cover such transient physics an analytical approach based on Green＇s functions for the solution of the partial differential equations of unsteady heat conduction in solids is used to model entire transient temperature fields. The validation of the model is carried out in orthogonal cutting experiments not only punctually but also for entire temperature fields. For these experiments an integrated measurement of prevailing cutting force and temperature fields in the tool and the chip by means of high-speed thermography were applied. The thermal images were analyzed with regard to thermodynamic energy balancing in order to derive the heat partition between tool, chips and workpiece. The thus calculated heat flow into the tool was subsequently used in order to analytically model the transient volumetric temperature fields in the tool. The described methodology enables the modeling of the transient thermal state in the cutting zone and particular in the tool, which is directly linked to phenomena like tool wear and workpiece surface modifications.展开更多
高速载流摩擦过程中,温度是影响摩擦副相互摩擦产生磨损的重要因素。为了解接触面的温度特性,通过对接触面温度进行瞬态热分析,建立了高速载流摩擦试验机温度场计算模型,给出了不同条件下接触面温升变化规律,并采用红外测温方法进行实...高速载流摩擦过程中,温度是影响摩擦副相互摩擦产生磨损的重要因素。为了解接触面的温度特性,通过对接触面温度进行瞬态热分析,建立了高速载流摩擦试验机温度场计算模型,给出了不同条件下接触面温升变化规律,并采用红外测温方法进行实验验证。结果表明：在高速载流摩擦过程中,加载电流在200~300 k A条件下,电弧热量是影响接触面瞬态高温的主要因素。在固定摩擦件同一位置处,加载电流越大,温度越高,但接触面最高温度值增加幅度并不明显。根据所建接触面温度模型和温度测量方法得出的高速载流摩擦过程中温度的分布情况,有利于表征摩擦副间接触状态,可为降低高速载流摩擦在高温下的磨损损伤程度提供有力的技术支持。展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 20373088） and Program for innovation group （Grant No 60321002）.
文摘Elucidating the initial kinetics of folding pathways is critical to the understanding of the protein folding mechanism. Transient infrared spectroscopy has proved a powerful tool to probe the folding kinetics. Herein we report the construction of a nanosecond laser-induced temperature-jump （T-jump） technique coupled to a nanosecond timeresolved transient mid-infrared （mid-IR） spectrometer system capable of investigating the protein folding kinetics with a temporal resolution of 50 ns after deconvolution of the instrumental response function. The mid-IR source is a liquid N2 cooled CO laser covering a spectral range of 5.0μm （2000 cm^-1）-6.5μm （1540 cm^-1）. The heating pulse was generated by a high pressure H2 Raman shifter at wavelength of 1.9μm. The maximum temperature-jump could reach as high as 26±1℃. The fast folding/unfolding dynamics of cytochrome C was investigated by the constructed system, providing an example.
文摘The thermal conditions like the temperature distribution and the heat fluxes during metal cutting have a major influence on the machinability, the tool lifetime, the metallurgical structure and thus the functionality of the work piece. This in particular applies for manufacturing processes like milling, drilling and turning for high-value turbomachinery components like impellers, combustion engines and compressors of the aerospace and automotive industry as well as energy generation, which play a major role in modern societies. However, numerous analytical and experimental efforts have been conducted in order to understand the thermal conditions in metal cutting, yet many questions still prevail. Most models are based on a stationary point of view and do not include time dependent effects like in intensity and distribution varying heat sources, varying engagement conditions and progressive tool wear. In order to cover such transient physics an analytical approach based on Green＇s functions for the solution of the partial differential equations of unsteady heat conduction in solids is used to model entire transient temperature fields. The validation of the model is carried out in orthogonal cutting experiments not only punctually but also for entire temperature fields. For these experiments an integrated measurement of prevailing cutting force and temperature fields in the tool and the chip by means of high-speed thermography were applied. The thermal images were analyzed with regard to thermodynamic energy balancing in order to derive the heat partition between tool, chips and workpiece. The thus calculated heat flow into the tool was subsequently used in order to analytically model the transient volumetric temperature fields in the tool. The described methodology enables the modeling of the transient thermal state in the cutting zone and particular in the tool, which is directly linked to phenomena like tool wear and workpiece surface modifications.
文摘高速载流摩擦过程中,温度是影响摩擦副相互摩擦产生磨损的重要因素。为了解接触面的温度特性,通过对接触面温度进行瞬态热分析,建立了高速载流摩擦试验机温度场计算模型,给出了不同条件下接触面温升变化规律,并采用红外测温方法进行实验验证。结果表明：在高速载流摩擦过程中,加载电流在200~300 k A条件下,电弧热量是影响接触面瞬态高温的主要因素。在固定摩擦件同一位置处,加载电流越大,温度越高,但接触面最高温度值增加幅度并不明显。根据所建接触面温度模型和温度测量方法得出的高速载流摩擦过程中温度的分布情况,有利于表征摩擦副间接触状态,可为降低高速载流摩擦在高温下的磨损损伤程度提供有力的技术支持。
