Ultra-soft Desorption Assisted Mass Spectrometry using Picosecond Infrared Laser for the Detection of lons in the Liquid Surface

To identify the species in liquid surface using mass spectrometry,we must eliminate or reduce interferences during the vaporization or desorption of the species from the liquid surface.It is much more challenging to isolate the ionic,larger species from the liquid surface,because of the frangible structures and the higher solvation energies of those species.Here we demonstrate a new mass spectrometry in which the ionic species at the liquid surface can be desorbed with ultrasoft infrared picosecond laser pulses while the liquid surface is not breached.This laser desorption assisted mass spectrometry is not only a powerful tool to detect the fragile species but also promising to investigate vibrational energy transfer dynamics in the liquid surface.

Efficient combination and enhancement of high-power mid-infrared pulses in plasmas

High-power intense optical sources in the mid-to-long wavelength infrared region are very attractive for a wide range of fields from fundamental research to materials science and biology applications.However,there are still significant challenges in extending long-wavelength infrared pulses into the relativistic regime using conventional optical techniques.Here,based upon a new type of plasma-based optical method,we present an efficient scheme capable of combining several high-power long-wavelength infrared laser pulses into one single,more intense pulse,thus bringing the intensity of the output pulse to the relativistic regime.Such intense infrared pulses will open up new possibilities for strong-field physics and ultrafast applications.Furthermore,this is beneficial to understand the underlying physics and nonlinear processes of modulation,propagation and energy transfer of high-power intense laser pulses in plasmas.

Broadband mid-infrared pulse via intra-pulse difference frequency generation based on supercontinuum from multiple thin plates

We report on the generation of optical pulses with a nearly one octave-spanning spectrum ranging from 1300 nm to2500 nm at 1 kHz repetition rate, which are based on intra-pulse difference frequency generation(DFG) in β-barium borate crystal(β-BBO) and passively carrier-envelope-phase(CEP) stabilized. The DFG is induced by few-cycle pulses initiated from spectral broadening in multiple thin plates driven by a Ti: sapphire chirped-pulse amplifier. Furthermore, a numerical simulation is developed to estimate the conversion efficiency and output spectrum of the DFG. Our results show that the pulses from the DFG have the potential for seeding intense mid-infrared(MIR) laser generation and amplification to study strong-field physics and attosecond science.

Isolated attosecond pulse generation with few-cycle two-color counter-rotating circularly polarized laser pulses

Most of the schemes for generating isolated attosecond pulses（IAP） are sensitive to the carrier-envelope phase（CEP）of the driving lasers. We propose a scheme for generating IAP using two-color counter-rotating circularly polarized（TCCRCP） laser pulses. The results demonstrate that the dependence of the IAP generation on CEP stability is largely reduced in this scheme. IAP can be generated at most of CEPs. Therefore, the experiment requirements become lower.

High harmonic generation driven by twocolor relativistic circularly polarized laser pulses at various frequency ratios

High harmonic generation(HHG)by two-color counter-rotating relativistic laser pulses with arbitrary frequency ratio is investigated through particle-in-cell simulations.It is shown that the dichromatic laser driver at various frequency ratios can effectively produce high-order harmonics with different spectral features.A general selection rule of this extended scheme can be obtained and the corresponding harmonic helicity can be identified through a simple analytical model based on a relativistic oscillating mirror.Thus,the results in this paper may offer new opportunities for arbitrary spectral control of generated harmonics,which is of significance for diverse potential applications in practice.

Effect of elliptical polarizations on nonsequential double ionization in two-color elliptically polarized laser fields

Using the classical ensemble model, we investigate the nonsequential double ionization（NSDI） of Ar and Mg in the two-color elliptically polarized laser pulse for different elliptical polarizations. Numerical results show that for Ar atoms the NSDI yield increases as the ellipticity increases, which is different from the case of Mg atoms. Moreover, the correlated behavior in the correlated electron momentum along the x direction and ion momentum distributions of Ar atoms are influenced by the ellipticity. By statistical analysis of different times, we can conclude that the ellipticity may be responsible for the NSDI processes. The correlated momenta distributions along the x direction at the recollision time are demonstrated and the results show that the travelling time and ellipticity can affect the emitted directions of both electrons.

High-order harmonic generation of N2molecule in two-color circularly polarized laser fields

The generation of high-order harmonics and the attosecond pulse of the N2 molecule in two-color circularly polarized laser fields are investigated by the strong-field Lewenstein model. We show that the plateau of spectra is dramatically extended and a continuous harmonic spectrum with the bandwidth of 113 eV is obtained. When a static field is added to the x direction, the quantum path control is realized and a supercontinuum spectrum can be obtained, which is beneficial to obtain a shorter attosecond pulse. The underlying physical mechanism is well explained by the time-frequency analysis and the semi-classical three-step model with a finite initial transverse velocity. By superposing several orders of harmonics in the combination of two-color circularly polarized laser fields and a static field, an isolated attosecond pulse with a duration of 30 as can be generated.

Controlling the contributions to high-order harmonic generation from different nuclei of N_2 with an orthogonally polarized two-color laser field

The generation of high-order harmonic and the attosecond pulse of the N2 molecule with an orthogonally polarized two-color laser field are investigated by the strong-field Lewenstein model.We show that the control of contributions to high-order harmonic generation（HHG） from different nuclei is realized by properly selecting the relative phase.When the relative phase is chosen to be φ= 0.4π,the contribution to HHG from one nucleus is much more than that from another.Interference between two nuclei can be suppressed greatly; a supercontinuum spectrum of HHG appears from 40 e V to125 e V.The underlying physical mechanism is well explained by the time–frequency analysis and the semi-classical threestep model with a finite initial transverse velocity.By superposing several orders of harmonics,an isolated attosecond pulse with a duration of 80 as can be generated.

红外偏振辐射模型对铬和铜元素的优化识别

针对优化激光诱导击穿光谱技术识别铬和铜元素的问题,本文提出了一种结合红外偏振检测理论的方法。利用菲涅尔反射定律和基尔霍夫理论分析了红外偏振产生机理,根据能量守恒定律验证了目标红外自发热辐射的偏振特性;利用红外偏振辐射传输模型及菲涅尔反射穆勒矩阵,结合温度的麦克斯韦-玻尔兹曼分布特性,推导出了等离子体红外偏振辐射信号模型,用于识别各激发能量下的重金属元素;利用5种不同能量的脉冲激光验证了模型的精准性。结果表明:在相同的激光能量下,红外偏振辐射光谱可以收集到更多的特征信号峰;在低能量激励下,红外偏振辐射光谱的优势更为突出。红外偏振辐射模型的构建是科学有效的,可用于优化重金属元素的快速检测。

Effect of interface on mid-infrared photothermal response of MoS2 thin film grown by pulsed laser deposition

This study reports on the mid-infrared （mid-IR） photothermal response of multilayer MoS2 thin films grown on crystalline （p-type silicon and c-axis- oriented single crystal sapphire） and amorphous （Si/SiO2 and Si/SiN） substrates by pulsed laser deposition （PLD）. The photothermal response of the MoS2 films is measured as the changes in the resistance of the MoS2 films when irradiated with a mid-IR （7 to 8.2 μm） source. We show that enhancing the temperature coefficient of resistance （TCR） of the MoS2 thin films is possible by controlling the film-substrate interface through a proper choice of substrate and growth conditions. The thin films grown by PLD are characterized using X-ray diffraction, Raman, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） images show that the MoS2 films grow on sapphire substrates in a layer-by-layer manner with misfit dislocations. The layer growth morphology is disrupted when the films are grown on substrates with a diamond cubic structure （e.g., silicon） because of twin growth formation. The growth morphology on amorphous substrates, such as Si/SiO2 or Si/SiN, is very different. The PLD-grown MoS2 films on silicon show higher TCR （-2.9% K^-1 at 296 K）, higher mid-IR sensitivity （△R/R = 5.2%）, and higher responsivity （8.7 V·W^-1） compared to both the PLD-grown films on other substrates and the mechanically exfoliated MoS2 flakes transferred to different substrates.

A systematic investigation of high harmonic generation using mid-infrared driving laser pulses

We report on a systematic investigation of the influences of gas pressure,focal position and focusing geometry on high harmonic generation by use of mid-infrared femtosecond laser pulses. We also discuss the spatial characteristics of harmonics under different focusing conditions. By optimizing the parameters,we experimentally observed the generation of 1 kHz,low divergence coherent X-ray beams in the water-window region.

Generation of high-order harmonic continuum with two-hump-structure infrared laser pulse

We experimentally investigate the high-order harmonic generation in argon gas cell driven by a multi-cycle broadband infrared laser pulse from a tunable optical-parametric-amplifier （OPA） source. The generation of high-order harmonic continuum with the cut-off photon energy up to 110 eV is observed by tuning the chirp of the 800-nm laser pulse which pumps OPA source. The generation of harmonic continuum is understood in terms of the two-hump structure of the OPA output spectrum and the optimal relative phase of the two humps. The demonstrated scheme is of importance for the generation of extreme ultraviolet （XUV） continuum at higher photon energy region.

Fenestration operation in middle ear bone with pulsed infrared lasers: an in-vivo study

The feasibility of fenestration operation in middle ear bone with pulsed infrared laser is evaluated. Healthy male New Zealand rabbits in vivo are used in the experiment. Middle ear mastoid bone of animal model is completely exposed with conventional methods, and then a pulsed CO2 laser （10.6 μm） and an Er：YAG laser （2.94 μm） are used to perform the fenestration operation. Diamond drill is also used as a control group. The total operation time and light irradiation time are recorded and the opening efficiency is assessed. The morphological changes and thermal damage around the opening window on the middle ear bone are examined. It is shown that both laser systems are suitable for the fenestration operation in middle ear bone, and this no-touch technique has a lot of benefits compared with traditional methods. The bleeding during operation has an important effect on operation time and thermal injury and needs to be controlled efficiently in further study.

全光纤结构的2.8μm增益开关激光器

波长为2.8μm的中红外脉冲激光器在科研及生物医疗领域具有重要应用.自主研制基于增益开关的976 nm高功率脉冲激光器,并以此为泵浦源,两端刻有光纤光栅的Er^(3+):ZBLAN(ZrF_(4)-BaF_(2)-LaF_(3)-AlF_(3)-NaF)光纤线型腔作为振荡器,通过级联增益开关的方式,实现了全光纤结构的2.8μm增益开关激光器.输出脉冲的重复频率为50 kHz,脉宽为1.27μs,最大输出功率为175.2 mW,相应的脉冲能量为3.54μJ.由于采用增益开关和光放大方案制备的976 nm泵浦源输出稳定性较高,与采用传统电调制泵浦源方案相比,利用本研究泵浦源方案实现的2.8μm增益开关激光器具有更高的输出脉冲稳定性.该工作从提升输出特性方面拓展了2.8μm全光纤增益开关激光器的研究,并为其他波段增益开关激光器在提高输出脉冲稳定性方面提供了有益借鉴方案.

光丝诱导大气等离子体化学反应生成的一氧化氮测量

大气等离子体会诱导化学反应,一氧化氮(NO)是大气化学反应的主要产物之一,对其大气浓度的准确测量有助于揭示其大气化学反应机理并优化大气等离子体应用。在静态密闭反应池中,利用脉冲宽度35 fs、工作波长800 nm的脉冲激光生成光丝等离子体并诱导大气化学反应,进而采用中红外激光吸收光谱技术,实时测量了NO浓度随空气气压、反应时间的变化。在不同气压下,NO浓度随反应时间的增加而增加直至保持稳定,但NO达到稳定浓度所需要的反应时间随空气气压增加而延长。受到三体复合反应的影响,NO的累积体积比浓度从低气压时的400×10^(-6)以上减小到常压时(一个大气压)的120×10^(-6)左右。

脉冲激光改性碳纤维复合材料及其金属化研究

目的选择性地实现碳纤维复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced plastic,CFRP)表面良好的导电性,满足它在共形天线上的应用。方法采用波长为1064 nm的纳秒脉冲激光器对惰性极高的CFRP表面进行表面改性处理,并结合化学镀铜技术,制备激光改性碳纤维复合材料表面金属层。利用扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱仪对改性后的材料表面进行表征,利用焊点拉脱方法表征金属层结合力。结果研究表明,激光能量密度越高,则CFRP基材表面树脂被去除得越多;激光搭接率越大,则碳纤维束表面越粗糙;在适当的激光能量密度(60 J/cm^(2))和横/纵向搭接率(50%)下,会产生大量的极性化学基团。当激光能量密度为10~100 J/cm^(2)、激光搭接率为0%时,CFRP表面镀铜层的结合强度为0.57~3.16 MPa,且激光能量密度与镀层结合强度呈正相关。当激光能量密度为60 J/cm^(2)、激光搭接率为−100%~90%时,CFRP表面镀铜层的结合强度为0.19~3.24 MPa,且激光搭接率与镀层结合强度呈正相关。结论脉冲红外纳秒激光在一定能量密度和搭接率的条件下,可改变碳纤维表面形貌、化学成分,实现金属层的制备。

基于台阶声光调Q外腔泵浦MgO:PPLN光参量振荡器的3.4μm中红外脉冲串激光器

本文报道了一种台阶声光调Q外腔泵浦MgO:PPLN光参量振荡器的3.4μm中红外脉冲串激光器.建立了基频台阶声光调Q理论模型,模拟了不同台阶调Q间隔时光子数密度随时间变化趋势,获得了台阶信号最优触发时间,确定了台阶声光调Q获得脉冲串激光输出的可能性.根据理论模拟设计台阶信号触发时间,并应用于台阶声光调Q外腔泵浦MgO:PPLN光参量振荡器的中红外脉冲串激光器实验中,在每个重复周期内声光Q开关分三次开启,获得了单脉冲包络含三个子脉冲的3.4μm中红外脉冲串激光输出.脉冲包络内子脉冲间隔为5μs,最窄脉宽为12.8 ns,脉冲包络重频为20 kHz,理论和是实验中均发现脉冲包络内子脉冲宽度逐渐增大.在最大平均输出功率为1.08 W时,1064 nm基频光与3.4μm参量光的光-光转换效率为10.05%,光束质量因子M 2为2.01.

超宽调谐(2.6~5μm)中红外皮秒脉冲激光的研究

在超快脉冲激光中,超宽调谐通常应用于超连续谱产生、光谱分析和调制等多个领域。文章利用皮秒脉冲同步泵浦技术,搭建了一种基于MgO:PPLN晶体的“Z”形光参量振荡器,通过具有扇形周期极化的晶体在中红外波段产生了高功率、波长超宽调谐(2.6~5μm)的皮秒脉冲激光源输出。该振荡器由五镜一晶体组成,这五镜片的选择和精确调整是提高光参量振荡器输出性能的关键因素,采用波长为1.064μm的Nd:YVO_(4)皮秒脉冲激光源,选择周期在26~32μm可调谐的MgO:PPLN晶体,最大泵浦功率为15W时,2.66μm、3.44μm和4.99μm处获得了最大输出功率分别为3.41W、2.78W和0.52W的闲频光,相应的光-光转换效率分别为58%、55%、15%,测量到中红外光谱谱宽为2.37nm(2615nm)、Δλ=1.87nm(3687nm)、Δλ=1.30nm(4992nm),观察到在没有任何窄化光学元件条件下长脉冲随波长光谱谱宽具有线性变窄的过程。在2.6~4.5μm波段的激光输出功率均大于1W,实现了高功率,波长超宽调谐的中红外皮秒激光的连续输出。窄谱宽超宽调谐中红外皮秒脉冲激光为超快过程研究和应用领域提供了一种强大的工具。通过优化波长调谐范围和脉冲宽度能够满足不同领域对中红外激光的高要求,对推动相关领域的研究和发展至关重要。

Control of soft X-ray high harmonic spectrum by using two-color laser pulses

We demonstrate the suppression of soft X-ray high harmonics generated by two-color laser pulses interacting with Ne gas in a gas cell. We show that harmonic suppression can occur at the proper combination of the propagation distance and gas pressure. The physical mechanism behind is the phase mismatch between ＂short＂-trajectory harmonics generated at the early and later times through the interplay of geo- metric phase, dispersion, and plasma effects. In addition, we demonstrate that the position and depth of harmonic suppression can be tuned by increasing the gas pressure. Furthermore, the suppression can be extended to other laser focusing configurations by properly scaling macroscopic parameters. Our investigation reveals a simple controlling soft X-ray Laser Press and novel experimental scheme purely relying on the phase mismatch for selectively tabletop light sources without adopting the filters for applications.

激光散斑在运动损伤恢复效果检测中的应用

目前方法对运动损伤修复效果检测时,不能清晰获取运动员损伤处的图像,导致检测效果差、精度低,为此,提出应用激光散斑检测运动损伤恢复效果。利用脉冲红外热成像技术获取损伤处的图像,利用激光散斑计算原始图像的变形程度,通过图像的稀疏融合提取图像缺陷特征,结合二进制粒子群算法与混沌算法计算图像的缺陷特征;通过SVM分类器完成对损伤图像的分类,实现对运动员损伤恢复效果的检测。实验结果表明,该方法检测恢复效果的精度高、效果好,与实际损伤恢复效果之间偏差较小。