Spatial and Temporal Variation of Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and Its Health Effects during the Haze Event in Malaysia

This study aims to assess and compare levels of particulate matter(PM10 and PM2.5)in urban and industrial areas in Malaysia during haze episodes,which typically occur in the south west monsoon season.The high concentrations of atmospheric particles are mainly due to pollution from neighbouring countries.Daily PM concentrations were analysed for urban and industrial areas including Alor Setar,Tasek,Shah Alam,Klang,Bandaraya Melaka,Larkin,Balok Baru,and Kuala Terengganu in 2018 and 2019.The analysis employed spatiotemporal to examine how PM levels were distributed.The data summary revealed that PM levels in all study areas were right-skewed,indicating the occurrence of high particulate events.Significant peaks in PM concentrations during haze events were consistently observed between June and October,encompassing the south west monsoon and inter-monsoon periods.The study on acute respiratory illnesses primarily focused on Selangor.Analysis revealed that Klang had the highest mean number of inpatient cases for acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma(AEBA)and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)with values of 260.500 and 185.170,respectively.Similarly,for outpatient cases of AEBA and AECOPD,Klang had the highest average values of 41.67 and 14.00,respectively.Shah Alam and Sungai Buloh did not show a significant increase in cases during periods of biomass burning.The statistical analysis concluded that higher concentrations of PM were associated with increased hospital admissions,particularly from June to September,as shown in the bar diagram.Haze episodes were associated with more healthcare utilization due to haze-related respiratory illnesses,seen in higher inpatient and outpatient visits(p<0.05).However,seasonal variability had minimal impact on healthcare utilization.These findings offer a comprehensive assessment of PM levels during historic haze episodes,providing valuable insights for authorities to develop policies and guidelines for effective monitoring and mitigation of the negative impacts of haze events.

Mineralogical characterization of airborne individual particulates in Beijing PM10

This work mainly focuses on the mineralogical study of particulate matter（PM10） in Beijing. Samples were collected on polycarbonate filter from April, 2002 to March, 2003 in Beijing urban area. Scanning electronic microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray（SEM/EDX） was used to investigate individual mineral particles in Beijing PM10. 1454 individual mineral particulates from 48 samples were analysed by SEM/EDX. The results revealed that mineral particulates were complex and heterogeneous. 38 kinds of minerals in PM10 were identified. The clay minerals, of annual average percentage of 30.1%, were the main composition among the identified minerals, and illite/smectite was the main composition in clay minerals, reaching up to 35%. Annual average percentage of quartz, calcite, compound particulates, carbonates were 13.5%, 10.9%, 11.95%, 10.31%, respectively. Annual average percentage less than 10% were gypsum, feldspar, dolomite, and so on. Fluorite, apatite, halite, barite and chloridize zinc（ZnCl2） were firstly identified in Beijing PM10. Sulfurization was found on surface of mineral particles, suggested extensive atmospheric reaction in air during summer.

Assessment of Inhalable Particulate Matter Associated with a Refinery in Curacao

Inhalation and atmospheric pollution studies have focused on particulate matter due to correlations and associations with various morbidities and mortalities. This research analyzed ambient concentrations of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) on the island of Cura&ccedil;ao in order to evaluate through comparative literature analysis and recommended public health guidelines the potential health risks. Available hourly, daily and monthly PM10 measurements were accessed from June 2010 through December 2014 from a local air monitoring station in Willemstad. Mean annual concentrations of PM10 (31 - 122 μg/m3) in Cura&ccedil;ao are among the highest reported globally, demonstrating an increasing trend over time and exceed current public health guidelines recommended by local and international agencies. While the epidemiological evidence is inadequate to infer a causal association between health effects and long-term exposures of the measured PM10 concentrations, the results indicate that emissions controls are not adequate for compliance with international exposure standards.

Human Health Risks from Exposure to Heavy Metals of Suspended Particulate Matter around the Tongon Gold Mine, Côte d’Ivoire

The Tongon mine, the largest gold mine in C?te d’Ivoire, has been in operation since April 2010. However, to our knowledge to date, no study has been conducted on metallic contamination in suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) where there is a lack of information on the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to human health associated with the exposure of populations in the Tongon area to these pollutants. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the level of contamination of PM10;PM2.5 by heavy metals and their impact on the health of populations exposed to these pollutants in the Tongon gold mine area. The sampling and measurement of suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) were done using a MiniVol TAS passive air sampler. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (Nex ION 2000 ICP-MS, USA). The results indicate that the average concentrations of suspended particles (PM2.5 and PM10) obtained are all above the recommended exposure limits. In addition, among the heavy metals contained in the suspended particles, the concentrations of arsenic and nickel are high and all above the standard limit values. The assessment of the health risks related to the inhalation of PM10 particles reveals that their inhalation over a long period could cause a carcinogenic risk.

北京市可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))中单颗粒的矿物组成特征

使用SEM/EDX对北京不同月份采集的可吸入颗粒物 (PM10 )中的 14 5 4个矿物颗粒进行了识别和统计。结果显示 ,矿物颗粒的种类十分复杂 ,可以鉴定出的矿物有 38种 ,其中以粘土矿物的含量最高 ,年平均值为 30 .1% ;粘土矿物中以伊利石 /蒙皂石混层为主 ,占粘土矿物总数的 35 % ;石英、方解石、复合颗粒、碳颗粒的年均值分别为13.5 %、10 .9%、11.95 %、10 .31% ;年平均含量小于 10 %的矿物有石膏、长石、白云石等 ;首次检测出萤石、磷灰石、岩盐、重晶石、氯化锌等矿物。研究还发现 ,硫化现象可以发生在不同矿物颗粒表面 ,且这种现象主要发生在夏季 。

TSP-PM_(10)-PM_(2.5)-2型中流量大气颗粒物采集系统的开发和应用

自行开发并研制了 TSP-PM1 0 -PM2 .5-2型中流量 TSP、PM1 0 、PM2 .5大气颗粒物采集系统 ,是目前中国唯一可以采集 TSP、PM1 0 、PM2 .5样品并提供足够的样品量进行大气颗粒物化学成分分析的中流量大气颗粒物采集器。该系统精心设计和加工的限流孔可以保持完全固定的流量 ,保证切割粒径的稳定 ,减小采样的误差并方便操作。该系统已经成功地应用于 2 0多个城市和地区大气颗粒物的监测和研究中 ,为研究大气颗粒物的污染状况和来源提供了有效的技术手段和支持。

澳门地区PM_(10)粒度分布的分形特征研究

采集澳门地区不同区域大气PM10样品,根据单颗粒图像分析方法分析了PM10的粒径分布,计算了各采样点PM10粒度分布的分形维数,分析讨论了PM10粒度分布分形维数的变化与粒度分布的关系,分析了粒度分布分形维数表征的澳门大气PM10不同采样点、不同季节的粒度整体分布及其影响因素之间的关系。结果表明,澳门地区PM10粒度分布的分形维数在2.05-3.95之间,夏季PM10的粒度分布分形维数（2.88）大于冬季（2.63）,表明夏季PM10的粒度普遍较冬季的细。同一季节不同区域大气PM10的粒度也有较大变化,夏季时,澳门岛的总体颗粒物、矿物颗粒和烟尘颗粒物的分形维数较氹仔岛的偏大,即澳门岛的颗粒物比氹仔岛偏细,而冬季则相反,冬季时,澳门岛的总体颗粒物、矿物颗粒和烟尘颗粒物的分形维数较氹仔岛的偏小。

可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))空间特点与城市热岛格局的关系分析

采用成都市可吸入颗粒物(PM10)小时浓度的空间分布实例,结合NOAA/AVHRR(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)遥感数据所获的城市热岛温度场格局图,结果发现:下午环形热岛出现时城市中心区的PM10浓度较低,二、三环路附近的浓度相对较高,城区西南部尤其明显。分析认为,环形热岛改变了城市近地层的温度场和流场结构,在城郊结合部造成"双重循环",容易导致污染物在这些地方聚集。

柳州市公共场所室内PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)污染及其与室外污染的关系

目的了解柳州市公共场所室内PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)污染状况,分析其室内外PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)污染的相关性。方法于2020年夏季、冬季采用分层随机抽样方法抽取18家住宿场所、8家沐浴场所、6家游泳场所、16家美容美发场所、2家候车场所进行监测.采用光散射法同时测定室内、外PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)质量浓度,同时记录现场采样时监测点的通风状态及特殊情况。结果柳州市公共场所室内PM_(2.5)质量浓度中位数M(P_(25),P_(75))为25(18,37)μg/m^(3),范围为(5~168)μg/m^(3),合格率为92.9%;PM_(10)质量浓度中位数M(P_(25),P_(75))为51(36~79)μg/m^(3),范围为(10~374)μg/m^(3),合格率为92.9%。公共场所冬季室内PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度明显高于夏季,差异有统计学意义。不同类型的公共场所室内PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的质量浓度存在差异。室内PM_(2.5)质量浓度与PM_(10)存在线性相关,回归方程:y=2.083x-0.985,R=0.997;室内PM_(2.5)浓度低于同时期室外实测水平,呈高度正相关(R=0.821)。室内PM_(10)质量浓度与室外水平呈正相关(R=0.790)。PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)室内、外的I/O比值分别为1.02和1.01。结论柳州市公共场所室内空气PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)状况良好。公共场所室内具有良好的通风换气,室内PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)污染主要受室外污染的影响。

Improved source assessment of Si,Al and related mineral components to PM_(10) based on a daily sampling procedure

Samples obtained from an industrialized valley in the East Alpine region were collected daily for a half year and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence to examine the elements Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, P, S and Cl. Some factors affecting the changes of these elements were considered, including time, elemental correlations, weekday, weekend and seasonal changes. Diagnostic analysis provided an insight into a decoupling behavior that occursin siliceous and carbonates minerals. A decrease in Si and Al and an increase in carbonates, Na, K, Zn and P were observed during the cold season. However, a consistently high correlation of Si and Al was observed in all seasons. It was established that such high levels originated from street surface abrasion. The increase in variability and absolute levels of carbonates during the cold season was demonstrated by adding carbonates to the street surface as gritting material to increase the grip on snowy surfaces. A marked increase in Na and Cl was observed in winter which may have been caused by thaw salt that is widely used in winter in Austria. This was associated with a significant increase in K, Zn, and P in the cold season that was the result of domestic space heating with wood. PM10 levels in December were 12 μ/m^3 and were higher than levels detected in July. It was established that such high levels originated from mineral oxides, wood smoke, and inorganic ionic material（s）.

基于主曲线的空气悬浮颗粒物质PM10的预测

对空气中有害物质(例如PM10)的浓度进行预测具有重要的现实意义,但绝大多数情况下,这类数据具有不均衡、在线贯序到达的特点,利用传统监督学习方法较难以实现快速、有效的预测。为解决该问题,提出了一种基于主曲线的PM10预测方法,建立在2010年到2012年PM10的模型,拟合得到相应的参数,最终得到主曲线预测模型,并通过大量实验分别设定不同浓度PM10相应的阈值。研究表明,基于主曲线的PM10预测模型预测速度快、误差低,同时网络结构更加紧凑。

恩施市空气质量变化特征及污染成因分析

空气质量对人类健康有着重要影响,本文以2015—2022年恩施市大气自动监测站监测数据为依据,利用每日AQI,即PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)、O_(3)(8 h)和CO的质量浓度,分析恩施市的空气污染变化特征。结果发现,恩施市年均AQI值呈下降趋势,2015—2022年恩施市AQI平均值为58.4,属于空气质量二级标准;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、O_(3)是影响空气质量的主要污染物;冬季污染最严重,夏季空气质量最好。总体来看,恩施市环境空气质量逐年变好,环境空气优良率不断提高。

PM_(2.5)测试方法对比及其燃煤电厂的排放特征分析

遵循电力行业标准DL/T 1520—2016,采用PM-10撞击器(30 L/min)、质量法撞击器(DGI,70 L/min)、静电低压撞击器(ELPI,10 L/min)对燃煤电厂的PM_(2.5)进行现场对比测试;并对燃煤电厂PM_(2.5)排放特征进行总结。结果表明,同一仪器不同时段的数据及不同仪器相同时间的数据重复性均较好。

Cancer Risk of Inhalation Exposure to Cd, Cr, As, Be and Ni in Ambient Air

Particulate matter may comprise toxic trace elements with carcinogenic effects. Of these trace elements, Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Arsenic (As), Beryllium (Be) and Nickel (Ni) are classified as probable human carcinogens. During the annual Hajj pilgrimage, 2.3 million pilgrims stay in Makkah, Saudi Arabia;the increased vehicle traffic contributes to elevated concentrations of particulate matter. We aimed to determine the excess cancer risk (ECR) associated with inhalation exposure in the Makkah population. This study was conducted in the Arafat area, which is a highly-crowded area during Hajj. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for trace element analysis. ECR resulting from inhalation exposure to each metal was calculated in accordance with the unit risk suggested by the Integrated Risk Information System. In summer, including Hajj, mean Cd, Cr, As, Be, and Ni atmospheric concentrations were 0.098, 0.008, 0.26, 0.03, and 0.012 μg/m3, respectively;in autumn, values were 0.06, 0.006, 0.16, 0.002, and 0.01 μg/m3, respectively. ECRs were 1.08 × 10&#87224, 7.21 × 10&#87224, 4.0 × 10&#87226, 4.6 × 10&#87226, and 2.4 × 10&#87226, respectively, exceeding the acceptable inhalation risk level (1.0 × 10&#87226) set by the US Environmental Protection Agency for each element. Higher atmospheric trace element concentrations in summer were due to high temperatures that increased atmospheric turbulence, leading to a greater amount of re-suspended dust from roads and blowing sand particles. These findings can be used by relevant authorities while developing regulations and strategies for developing air quality management to improve the health of pilgrims;however, larger prospective studies are required to estimate ECR in different seasons.

山西省大气污染特征及对公众健康的空间影响

利用山西省11个地级市大气环境监测站的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_(3)浓度数据,分析了2015—2020年山西省PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_(3)浓度时空变化特征,采用空间计量模型和岭回归方法,分析了空气污染对公众健康的空间影响。结果表明:PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)年均质量浓度总体下降,两者在2017年最高,2020年最低;O_(3)年均浓度总体增加。在季节尺度上,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度在冬季的12月和1月最高,夏季的8月最低;O_(3)浓度在6月最高。空间上,相较2015年,2020年山西省各地级市PM_(2.5)污染程度均有改善,其中长治改善效果最好;2020年山西各地级市PM_(10)污染兼有加重和减轻的情形,所有地级市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)污染水平均超过国家二级污染浓度限值;2020年山西多数地级市O_(3)浓度升高。山西公众健康水平具有明显的空间离散特征,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度的局部空间自相关特征高度一致,呈现“南高北低”的格局,O_(3)浓度分布呈“南部高,中北部低”的格局。大气环境质量和经济发展水平均对医疗机构诊疗人数和健康体检人数的变化有正向影响,每万人卫生技术人员数量和公共财政支出比例对公众健康均有负向影响,其中经济发展水平和大气环境质量的影响最显著。山西省PM_(2.5)治理取得一定成效,但大部分城市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)达标率较低,O_(3)浓度有持续升高的趋势,PM_(10)和O_(3)污染改善缓慢,深度减排仍面临挑战。PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)是危害山西公众健康的主要大气污染物,未来需要加强PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_(3)的精细化管理及协同治理。

Transport of airborne particulate matters originating from Mentougou, Beijing, China

In this study, a coupled regional air quality modeling system is applied to investigate the time spatial variations in airborne particulate matters （PM10）, originating from Mentougou to Beijing municipal area in the period of April 1-7, 2004, and the influences of complex terrain and meteorological conditions upon boundary layer structure and PM10 concentration distributions. An intercomparison of the performance with CALPUFF against the observed data is presented and an examination of scatter plots is provided. The statistics show that the correlation coefficient and STD between the modeled and observed data are 0.86 and 0.03, respectively. Analysis of model results illustrates that the pollutants emitted from Mentougou can be transported to Beijing municipal area along certain transport pathways, and PM10 concentration distributions show heterogeneity characteristics. Contributions of the Mentougou sources to the PM10 concentrations in Beijing municipal area are up to 0.1-15 μg/m^3.

Incense smoke(IS)inhalation exposure system:Physicochemical characterization,IS particle deposition and clearance in human airway using MPPD model

Incense smoke(IS)is source of indoor air pollution and key risk for diverse human diseases.Less in-formation is available regarding controlled IS rodent inhalation exposure system and IS particulate matter(PM)deposition in human airways.Study aimed to demonstrate stable ISPM physicochemical parameters of 10 incense products inside the customized whole body inhalation exposure chamber(without animal)connected to smoke generation unit via aerosol mixing device.IS analyzed for size segregated PM emission,ISPM in vitro aerodynamics(MMAD and GSD determination),fine and ultrafine particle's SEM,SEM-EDX and PAH analysis.Using real life exposure scenario by utilizing MMAD,GSD and PM concentration after Tier 1 exposure assessment as key input parameters,ISPM dosimetry in infant(3 months)and adult(21 years male and female)human airways was calculated using multiple-path particle dosimetry(MPPD 3.04)modeling.Mass median aerodynamic diameter(MMAD)and geo-metric standard deviation(GSD)ranged between 0.55 and 2.10μm and 1.22 to 1.77(polydisperse)respectively.PM1.0 and PM0.1 showed multiple morphology and presence of heavy and trace elements.PAH like acenaphthylene,anthracene,fluorene,naphthalene and phenanthrene were detected(0.84-143.17μg/g).MPPD results showed higher ISPM deposition in pulmonary region and lowest in trachea bronchial region.ISPM deposition in tissue was higher in lower,peripheral lung as compared to upper and central lung tissue.Whole body inhalation exposure system showed stable IS atmosphere(physi-cochemical parameters)indicating the device suitability in future inhalation studies.MPPD ISPM deposition fraction and clearance data showed deep lung penetrating and retention behavior with higher risk in infant followed by female and then male.These modeled particle deposition and clearance data may be useful in risk assessment analysis of IS.

北京市西北城区大气可吸入颗粒物中饱和烃的分布特征

利用气相色谱、气相色谱 -质谱分析法从北京市西北城区四个季节大气可吸入颗粒物 (PM10 )中检测出种类丰富的饱和烃 ,主要包括正构烷烃、萜烷及甾烷等系列化合物。利用饱和烃的多项参数 (如主峰碳数、碳优势指数CPI、藿烷 2 2S/(2 2S +2 2R)比值等 )对大气PM10 中可溶有机物的来源及分布作了探讨。北京市西北城区PM10 中正构烷烃的主峰碳数均介于 2 3和 2 7之间 ,而CPI值介于 1和 3之间 ,表明北京市西北城区PM10 中的饱和烃均不同程度地受到了高等植物等现代生物和化石燃料 (石油、煤等 )不完全燃烧产物两种来源的影响 ,其中在春、夏季以高等植物、花粉、微生物等生物来源占比重较大 ,而在秋、冬季 ,尤其在冬季 ,化石燃料的不完全燃烧造成的污染比较明显。萜烷类物质的检出 ,表明北京市西北城区四个季节PM10 中部分饱和烃来自于石油等化石燃料的不完全燃烧。甾烷类物质的检出 ,表明北京市西北城区四个季节PM10 中部分饱和烃是来自于车辆释放的机油等。

北京城6区大气颗粒物质量浓度变化规律研究

为较好地了解当前北京城6区大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度的污染水平及变化规律,根据2013年3月11日至2014年2月28日城6区12个空气质量实时监测点连续、实时的监测结果,构建多点位、完整时间序列的颗粒物质量浓度数据资料。应用数理统计分析手段,对当前北京城6区大气颗粒物质量浓度的频数分布、相关性和逐时变化特征进行分析,并结合全年实际气象特征,对引起大气颗粒物质量浓度变化的因素进行了初步探讨。结果表明,2013年3月至2014年2月北京城6区大气颗粒物污染较为严重,且PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度具有特别显著的线性相关关系,全年相关系数达0.9,10年间无显著变化;二者年均值达91.7μg/m^3和116.9μg/m^3,分别超标162%和67%;二者质量浓度比达78.4%,10年间同比增长约20%。颗粒物质量浓度逐时变化受季节变化影响明显,总体呈现夜间最高、白天最低的趋势,变化周期为7~9 h。研究表明,影响颗粒物质量浓度变化的因素包括春季的大风和生物粒子、夏季的湿热和降雨、秋季和冬季的逆温现象和降雪等气象因素及规律性的人为源因素。

济南市大气颗粒物短期暴露对老年人群血清淀粉样蛋白P组分影响的定群研究

为了解济南市不同粒径大气颗粒物暴露对老年人群血清淀粉样蛋白P组分(SAP)的急性影响,评估大气颗粒物暴露对人群神经系统的健康风险,以山东省济南市甸柳社区为研究地点,采用定群研究设计,对社区76名健康老年人进行5次重复测量,结合社区附近(<2 km)环保监测超级站的PM2.5和PM 10浓度数据,在控制年龄、性别等协变量情况下,利用线性混合效应模型分别分析PM2.5和PM 10暴露对SAP的效应影响.结果表明:大气颗粒物短期暴露与老年人群SAP的升高呈正相关;PM2.5累积滞后0~6 h,每升高1个四分位数间距(IQR),SAP水平升高18.73%(95%CI为9.20%~29.08%)(FDR H-P<0.05)(其中,CI为可信区间,FDR H-P为经多重校正后的P值);PM 10累积滞后0~6 h,每升高1个IQR,SAP水平亦升高,但变化不显著(FDR H-P>0.05).研究显示,大气颗粒物暴露可以引起人群反应神经退行性病变的SAP指标升高,提示大气颗粒物对人群神经系统具有潜在威胁;PM2.5对SAP的效应高于PM 10,提示小粒径颗粒物具有较高的健康危害,应加强对小粒径颗粒物的健康影响和干预防护研究.