Mg-doped,carbon-coated,and prelithiated SiO_(x) as anode materials with improved initial Coulombic efficiency for lithium-ion batteries

Silicon suboxide(SiO_(x),x≈1)is promising in serving as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries with high capacity,but it has a low initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)due to the irreversible formation of lithium silicates during the first cycle.In this work,we modify SiO_(x) by solid-phase Mg doping reaction using low-cost Mg powder as a reducing agent.We show that Mg reduces SiO_(2) in SiO_(x) to Si and forms MgSiO_(3) or Mg_(2)SiO_(4).The MgSiO_(3) or Mg_(2)SiO_(4) are mainly distributed on the surface of SiO_(x),which suppresses the irreversible lithium-ion loss and enhances the ICE of SiO_(x).However,the formation of MgSiO_(3) or Mg_(2)SiO_(4) also sacrifices the capacity of SiO_(x).Therefore,by controlling the reaction process between Mg and SiO_(x),we can tune the phase composition,proportion,and morphology of the Mg-doped SiO_(x) and manipulate the performance.We obtain samples with a capacity of 1226 mAh g^(–1) and an ICE of 84.12%,which show significant improvement over carbon-coated SiO_(x) without Mg doping.By the synergistical modification of both Mg doping and prelithiation,the capacity of SiO_(x) is further increased to 1477 mAh g^(–1) with a minimal compromise in the ICE(83.77%).

Recent advances in hard carbon anodes with high initial Coulombic efficiency for sodium-ion batteries

Initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)has been widely adopted in battery research as a quantifiable indicator for the lifespan,energy density and rate performance of batteries.Hard carbon materials have been accepted as a promising anode family for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)owing to their outstanding performance.However,the booming application of hard carbon anodes has been significantly slowed by the low ICE,leading to a reduced energy density at the cell level.This offers a challenge to develop high ICE hard carbon anodes to meet the applications of high-performance SIBs.Here,we discuss the definition and factors of ICE and describe several typical strategies to improve the ICE of hard carbon anodes.The strategies for boosting the ICE of such anodes are also systematically categorized into several aspects including structure design,surface engineering,electrolyte optimization and pre-sodiation.The key challenges and perspectives in the development of high ICE hard carbon anodes are also outlined.

Boosting high initial coulombic efficiency of hard carbon by in-situ electrochemical presodiation

Hard carbon(HC)is a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries(SIBs),whereas inferior initial coulombic efficiency(ICE)severely limits its practical application.In the present work,we propose an in situ electrochemical presodiation approach to improve ICE by mixing sodium biphenyl(Na-Bp)dimethoxyethane(DME)solution with DME-based ether electrolyte.A solid electrolyte interface(SEI)could be formed beforehand on the HC electrode and Na^(+)was absorbed to nanopores and graphene stacks,compensating for the sodium loss and preventing electrolyte decomposition during the initial charge and discharge cycle.By this way,the ICE of half-cells was increased to nearly 100%and that of full-cells from 45%to 96%with energy density from 132.9 to 230.5 W h kg^(-1).Our work provides an efficient and facile method for improving ICE,which can potentially promote the practical application of HCbased materials.

Engineering Mesoporous Structure in Amorphous Carbon Boosts Potassium Storage with High Initial Coulombic Efficiency

Amorphous carbon shows great potential as an anode material for high-performance potassium-ion batteries;however,its abundant defects or micropores generally capture K ions,thus resulting in high irreversible capacity with low initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)and limited practical application.Herein,pore engineering via a facile self-etching strategy is applied to achieve mesoporous carbon(meso-C)nanowires with interconnected framework.Abundant and evenly distributed mesopores could provide short K^+ pathways for its rapid diffusion.Compared to microporous carbon with highly disordered structure,the meso-C with Zn-catalyzed short-range ordered structure enables more K^+to reversibly intercalate into the graphitic layers.Consequently,the mesoC shows an increased capacity by ~100 mAh g^-1 at 0.1 A g^-1,and the capacity retention is 70.7% after 1000 cycles at 1 A g^-1.Multiple in/ex situ characterizations reveal the reversible structural changes during the charging/discharging process.Particularly,benefiting from the mesoporous structure with reduced specific surface area by 31.5 times and less defects,the meso-C generates less irreversible capacity with high ICE up to 76.7%,one of the best reported values so far.This work provides a new perspective that mesopores engineering can effectively accelerate K^+ diffusion and enhance K^+ adsorption/intercalation storage.

Natural Stibnite for Lithium‑/Sodium‑Ion Batteries:Carbon Dots Evoked High Initial Coulombic Efficiency

The application of Sb_(2)S_(3)with marvelous theoretical capacity for alkali metal-ion batteries is seriously limited by its poor electrical conductivity and low initial coulombic efficiency(ICE).In this work,natural stibnite modified by carbon dots(Sb_(2)S_(3)@xCDs)is elaborately designed with high ICE.Greatly,chemical processes of local oxidation–partial reduction–deep coupling for stibnite reduction of CDs are clearly demonstrated,confirmed with in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction.More impressively,the ICE for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is enhanced to 85%,through the effect of oxygen-rich carbon matrix on C–S bonds which inhibit the conversion of sulfur to sulfite,well supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of solid electrolyte interphase layers helped with density functional theory calculations.Not than less,it is found that Sb–O–C bonds existed in the interface effectively promote the electronic conductivity and expedite ion transmission by reducing the bandgap and restraining the slip of the dislocation.As a result,the optimal sample delivers a tremendous reversible capacity of 660 mAh g^(−1)in LIBs at a high current rate of 5 A g^(−1).This work provides a new methodology for enhancing the electrochemical energy storage performance of metal sulfides,especially for improving the ICE.

An almost full reversible lithium-rich cathode: Revealing the mechanism of high initial coulombic efficiency

Low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) is an important impediment to practical application of Li-rich layered oxides (LLOs), which is due to the irreversible oxygen release. It is generally considered that surface oxygen vacancies are conducive to the improvement of ICE of LLOs. To reveal the relation of oxygen vacancies and ICE, sample PLO (Li-Mn-Cr-O) and its treated product (TLO) are comprehensive investigated in this work. During the treated process, part of oxygen atoms return to original constructed vacancies. It makes oxygen vacancies in sample TLO much poorer than those in sample PLO, and induces the formation of Li-poor spinel-layered integrated structure. Electrochemical measurement indicates the ICE of sample PLO is only 80.8%, while sample TLO is almost full reversible with the ICE of ~97.1%. In term of high-energy X-ray diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and synchrotron hard/soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we discover that the ICE is difficult to be improved significantly just by building oxygen vacancies. LLOs with high ICE not only have to construct suitable oxygen vacancies, but also require other components with Li-poor structure to stabilize oxygen. This work provides deep insight into the mechanism of high ICE, and will contribute to the design and development of LLOs for next-generation high-energy lithium-ion batteries.

Sn Alloy and Graphite Addition to Enhance Initial Coulombic Efficiency and Cycling Stability of SiO Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries

Silicon monoxide(SiO)has aroused increased attention as one of the most promising anodes for high-energy density Li-ion batteries.To enhance the initial Coulombic efficiencies(ICE)and cycle stability of SiO-based anodes,a new facile composition and electrode design strategy have been adapted to fabricate a SiO-Sn-Co/graphite(G)anode.It achieves a unique structure where tiny milled SiO-Sn-Co particles are dispersed among two graphite layers.In this hybrid electrode,Sn-Co alloys promoted Li;extraction kinetics,and the holistic reversibility of SiO and graphite enhanced the electrical conductivity.The SiO-Sn-Co/G electrode delivered an average ICE of 77.6%and a reversible capacity of 640 mAh g^(-1)at 800 mA g^(-1),and the capacity retention was above 98%after 100 cycles,which was much higher than that of the SiO with an ICE of 55.3%and a capacity retention of 50%.These results indicated that this was reliable method to improve the reversibility and cycle ability of the SiO anode.Furthermore,based on its easy and feasible fabrication process,it may provide a suitable choice to combine other alloy anodes with the graphite anode.

Low-temperature-pyrolysis preparation of nanostructured graphite towards rapid potassium storage with high initial Coulombic efficiency

Industrially prepared artificial graphite(AG)is attractive for potassium-ion batteries(PIBs),but its rate performance is poor and the production process is energy intensive,so developing an efficient strategy to produce novel graphite with low energy consumption and high performance is economically important.Herein,a nanostructured graphite composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)and graphite shells was prepared by one-pot method through low-temperature pyrolysis of iron-based metal-organic framework(MOF)and carbon source.The high graphitization degree of nanostructured graphite makes the initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)exceed 80%,and the three-dimensional(3D)conductive network ensures a specific capacity of 234 mAh·g^(−1)after 1000 cycles at a high current density of 500 mA·g^(−1).In addition,the typical graphite potassium storage mechanism is also demonstrated by in situ X-ray diffraction(XRD)and in situ Raman spectroscopy,and its practicality is also proved by the voltage of the full cells.This work provides a feasible way to optimize the practical production process of AG and expand its application in energy storage.

提高硬碳材料钠离子电池首次库仑效率的研究进展

钠离子电池(SIBs),得益于钠资源的高丰度、分布均匀、较低的成本、优异的低温性能和快充特性等优势,被认为是潜力巨大的大规模储能技术。SIBs的电化学性能很大程度上由电极材料决定,在负极材料中,硬碳(HC)材料由于具有较低的氧化/还原电势、合适的比容量、对环境友好、制造方法简单以及来源广泛等优势,被认为是目前最为理想的SIBs负极材料。然而,HC作为负极材料的SIBs首次库仑效率(ICE)的不足导致在全电池中阴极的钠被过度消耗,因而严重限制了HC在SIBs的实际应用。因此,结合导致硬碳材料ICE较低的关键科学问题,本文总结、分析了提高SIBs硬碳负极材料ICE的研究进展,包括调节热解温度、减少缺陷、孔隙调控以及金属原子催化调控碳层这4种方式。并简要介绍了硬碳材料的碳层间距、缺陷以及孔隙这3个基本结构,以及不同的结构影响钠离子储存行为的最新研究进展,论述了不同类型HC负极材料的设计思路及其商业化进展,最后分析探讨了SIBs硬碳负极材料的发展方向。

石油焦锂离子电池负极材料电化学性能研究

负极材料是决定锂离子电池性能的关键因素,人造石墨是重要的锂离子电池负极材料。石油焦的热膨胀系数低,空隙度低,灰分、硫、金属元素含量低,导电率高,易石墨化。此次研究选择3种普通石油焦,并通过石墨化制备人造石墨。对3种石油焦原样和石墨化样品进行分析表征,比较其各种性能,研究石油焦石墨化后的变化,并通过电化学分析验证石油焦石墨化后其性能是否达到商用锂电池负极材料水平。实验结果表明:在2750℃石墨化处理后,相较于原石油焦样品,3种石墨化样品结构重排,拥有更明显的规整层状结构;含碳量提升,其他例如氢、氧等杂元素和金属元素含量下降;均显现出较低的电极电位和稳定的充放电平台,首次库伦效率分别为85.00%、78.20%、82.96%。经过150次循环后,比容量分别保持在273.00、259.00、226.20 mAh/g,库伦效率接近100%,是锂离子电池负极材料的潜在前驱体。

富锂锰基材料低首次库仑效率原因及改性策略

富锂锰基正极材料〔xLi_(2)MnO_(3)•(1–x)LiTMO_(2),0<x<1,TM=Mn、Co、Ni等〕(LROs)具有高容量、高工作电压、高安全、低成本等诸多优点,是下一代新型锂离子电池材料中最具有应用前景的正极材料之一。然而,LROs的低首次库仑效率严重地阻碍了其商业化,亟需深入研究其低首次库仑效率原因。从LROs的晶体结构及充放电行为出发,全面剖析了氧的不可逆流失、Li^(+)不可逆脱/嵌、Li^(+)与H^(+)离子交换等造成LROs低首次库仑效率原因的具体机理;针对性地总结了离子掺杂、表面工程、单晶化等提升首次库仑效率的相关改性策略;展望了提升LROs未来商业化的研究方向。

Fabricating multi-porous carbon anode with remarkable initial coulombic efficiency and enhanced rate capability for sodium-ion batteries

Due to the abundant sodium reserves and high safety,sodium ion batteries(SIBs)are foreseen a promising future.While,hard carbon materials are very suitable for the anode of SIBs owing to their structure and cost advantages.However,the unsatisfactory initial coulombic efficiency(ICE)is one of the crucial blemishes of hard carbon materials and the slow sodium storage kinetics also hinders their wide application.Herein,with spherical nano SiO_(2)as pore-forming agent,gelatin and polytetrafluoroethylene as carbon sources,a multi-porous carbon(MPC)material can be easily obtained via a co-pyrolysis method,by which carbonization and template removal can be achieved synchronously without the assistance of strong acids or strong bases.As a result,the MPC anode exhibited remarkable ICE of 83%and a high rate capability(208 m Ah/g at 5 A/g)when used in sodium-ion half cells.Additionally,coupling with Na3V2(PO4)3as the cathode to assemble full cells,the as-fabricated MPC//NVP full cell delivered a good rate capability(146 m Ah/g at 5 A/g)as well,implying a good application prospect the MPC anode has.

Improving the Initial Coulombic Efficiency of Carbonaceous Materials for Li/Na‑Ion Batteries:Origins,Solutions,and Perspectives

Carbonaceous materials for lithium(Li)/sodium(Na)-ion batteries have attracted significant attention because of their widespread availability,renewable nature,and low cost.During the past decades,although great efforts have been devoted to developing high-performance carbonaceous materials with high capacity,long life span,and excellent rate capability,the low initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)of high-capacity carbonaceous materials seriously limits their practical applications.Various methods have been successfully exploited,and a revolutionary impact has been achieved through the utilization of different techniques.Different carbonaceous materials possess different ion storage mechanisms,which means that the initial capacity loss may vary.However,there has rarely been a special review about the origins of and progress in the ICE for carbonaceous materials from the angle of the crystal structure.Hence,in this review,the structural differences between and ion storage mechanisms of various carbonaceous materials are first introduced.Then,we deduce the correlative factors of low ICE and thereafter summarize the proposed strategies to address these issues.Finally,some challenges,perspectives,and future directions on the ICE of carbonaceous materials are given.This review will provide deep insights into the challenges of improving the ICE of carbonaceous anodes for high-energy Li/Na-ion batteries,which will greatly contribute to their commercialization process.

无钴富锂锰基正极材料Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.2)Mn_(0.6)O_(2)的表面改性及电化学性能研究

无钴富锂锰基正极材料Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.2)Mn_(0.6)O_(2)因高比容量、低成本等优点备受关注,是极具潜力的下一代锂离子电池正极材料。然而,Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.2)Mn_(0.6)O_(2)材料存在首次库伦效率低、倍率性能差及容量衰减等问题,限制了其进一步发展。为解决此问题,采用柠檬酸溶液表面处理结合再重新煅烧方法,通过在其表面包覆一层尖晶石相,对Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.2)Mn_(0.6)O_(2)开展了表面改性研究,并对改性前后样品进行物理表征和电化学测试分析。结果表明,改性前后的Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.2)Mn_(0.6)O_(2)正极材料,形貌基本一致,均为尺寸100—400 nm的不规则颗粒,改性后的粉末颗粒边缘略有不平整。使用柠檬酸溶液表面处理后,Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.2)Mn_(0.6)O_(2)材料形成了内部为层状相、表面为尖晶石相的结构。尖晶石相的存在不仅为锂离子扩散提供了三维离子扩散通道、提高倍率性能,还可充当正极材料表面与电解液间的保护层,提高首次库伦效率,改善循环性能。改性后的Li_(1.2)Ni_(0.2)Mn_(0.6)O_(2)的首次库伦效率为92.4%,可逆比容量为292 mAh·g^(-1),与改性前相比分别提高了13.8%和22 mAh·g^(-1),并且在不同倍率下的可逆比容量和长循环容量保持率均有明显提升,表明其具有更好的倍率性能和更优的循环稳定性能。本研究提出了一种无钴富锂锰基正极材料表面改性方法,该改性方法操作简单、效果明显,可应用于不同组分的富锂正极材料,为富锂锰基正极材料的进一步发展提供了新的思路。

钠离子电池初始库仑效率研究进展

锂离子电池主导了便携式电子产品和电动汽车市场、储能市场,锂的成本和资源可用性也越来越受到关注。钠离子电池被认为是电网级能量存储系统的理想选择。然而,在钠离子电池实现商业化应用之前,仍有各种挑战需要克服,其中,初始库仑效率低是制约钠离子全电池实际能量密度提升的关键问题。分析了钠离子电池低初始库仑效率的影响因素,包括在初始循环过程中因电解液分解形成的固体电解液界面膜、较差的钠离子嵌入/脱出可逆性、缺陷和表面官能团影响等。总结了结构/形貌设计、表面改性、电解液优化等提高钠离子电池初始库仑效率的策略,对于推动与实现高能量密度钠离子电池的实际应用具有重要意义。

High Initial Reversible Capacity and Long Life of Ternary SnO_(2)-Co-carbon Nanocomposite Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

The two major limitations in the application of SnO_2 for lithium?ion battery(LIB) anodes are the large volume variations of SnO_2 during repeated lithiation/delithiation processes and a large irreversible capacity loss during the first cycle, which can lead to a rapid capacity fade and unsatisfactory initial Coulombic e ciency(ICE). To overcome these limitations, we developed composites of ultrafine SnO_2 nanoparticles and in situ formed Co(CoSn) nanocrystals embedded in an N?doped carbon matrix using a Co?based metal–organic framework(ZIF?67). The formed Co additives and structural advantages of the carbon?confined SnO_2/Co nanocomposite e ectively inhibited Sn coarsening in the lithiated SnO_2 and mitigated its structural degradation while facilitating fast electronic transport and facile ionic di usion. As a result, the electrodes demonstrated high ICE (82.2%), outstanding rate capability(～ 800 mAh g^(-1) at a high current density of 5 A g^(-1)), and long?term cycling stability(～ 760 mAh g^(-1) after 400 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g^(-1)). This study will be helpful in developing high?performance Si(Sn)?based oxide, Sn/Sb?based sulfide, or selenide electrodes for LIBs. In addition, some metal organic frameworks similar to ZIF?67 can also be used as composite templates.

高比能钠离子电池预钠化技术研究进展

钠离子电池有望取代锂离子电池实现大规模储能应用。然而,储钠负极材料具有较低的初始库伦效率,制约了高比能钠离子电池的开发。预钠化技术被认为是补偿负极活性钠损失、提升电池能量密度的最直接有效的方法,对于钠离子电池的商业化应用具有重要意义。本文全面总结近年来预钠化技术的最新研究进展,包括短接法预钠化、电化学预钠化、钠金属物理预钠化、化学预钠化和正极补钠添加剂等,并从反应原理、安全性、可操作性、处理效率和可放大性等角度分析讨论现有各技术方案的优势及面临的挑战;着重介绍化学预钠化和正极补钠添加剂,这两类最具应用前景的预钠化技术的最新成果,进而从实用化角度深入探讨仍待解决的科学问题和技术难点。本文可为预钠化技术的进一步优化和高比能钠离子电池的开发提供思路。

钠离子电池预钠化技术研究进展

介绍了钠离子电池预钠化技术的研究进展。叙述了首圈循环效率低的原因,并综述了最新正负极预钠化技术的发展情况,总结了不同类别预钠化技术的优势和不足,对预钠化技术的发展趋势进行了评述。

Spontaneous local redox reaction to passivate CNTs as lightweight current collector for high energy density lithium ion batteries

Extensive usage of highly conductive carbon materials with large specific surface area(e.g.,carbon nanotubes,CNTs)in lithium ion batteries(LIBs),especially as current collector of anodes,suffers from low initial coulombic efficiency(ICE),large interfacial resistance,and severe embrittlement,as the large specific surface area often results in severe interfacial decomposition of the electrolyte and the formation of thick and fluffy solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)during cycling of LIBs.Herein,we demonstrate that when the CNT-based current collector and Na foil(which are being stacked intimately upon each other)are being placed in Na+-based organic electrolyte,local redox reaction between the Na foil and the electrolyte would occur spontaneously,generating a thin and homogeneous NaF-based passivating layer on the CNTs.More importantly,we found that owing to the weak solvation behaviors of Na+in the organic electrolyte,the resulting passivation layer,which is rich in NaF,is thin and dense;when used as the anode current collector in LIBs,the pre-existing passivating layer can function effectively in isolating the anode from the solvated Li+,thus suppressing the formation of bulky SEI and the destructive intercalation of solvated Li+.The relevant half-cell(graphite as anode)exhibits a high ICE of 92.1%;the relevant pouch cell with thus passivated CNT film as current collectors for both electrodes(LiCoO_(2)as cathode,graphite as anode)displays a high energy density of 255 Wh kg^(-1),spelling an increase of 50%compared with that using the conventional metal current collectors.

预锂化在SiO_(x)@C负极材料中的应用研究

通过正硅酸乙酯水解、蔗糖热解包覆制备了锂离子电池SiO_(x)@C负极材料。为了减少SiO_(x)@C在首次循环中的不可逆容量损失,采用SiO_(x)@C与金属锂片直接接触的方法对其进行预锂化,考察了不同预锂化处理时间对材料电化学性能的影响,研究了预锂化处理前后材料表面形貌和组成成分的变化,分析了预锂化处理在材料中的作用机理。结果表明,预锂化处理3min后,SiO_(x)@C的首次库伦效率已达到99.2%,高于未预锂化的63.9%,而且仍然表现出较高的循环稳定性。通过SEM、XPS、容量微分曲线、交流阻抗谱等分析,发现预锂化处理过程中SiO_(x)@C已发生不可逆转化反应,并在材料表面形成了SEI膜,从而达到减少首次循环中不可逆容量损失的目的。