Characterization of reservoir properties and pore structure based on micro-resistivity imaging logging: Porosity spectrum, permeability spectrum, and equivalent capillary pressure curve

According to the capillary theory,an equivalent capillary model of micro-resistivity imaging logging was built.On this basis,the theoretical models of porosity spectrum(Ф_(i)),permeability spectrum(K_(i))and equivalent capillary pressure curve(pe)were established to reflect the reservoir heterogeneity.To promote the application of the theoretical models,the Archie's equation was introduced to establish a general model for quantitatively characterizing bi,K,and pei.Compared with the existing models,it is shown that:(1)the existing porosity spectrum model is the same as the general equation of gi;(2)the Ki model can display the permeability spectrum as compared with Purcell's permeability model;(3)the per model is constructed on a theoretical basis and avoids the limitations of existing models that are built only based on the component of porosity spectrum,as compared with the empirical model of capillary pressure curve.The application in the Permian Maokou Formation of Well TsX in the Central Sichuan paleo-uplift shows that the Ф_(i),K_(i),and p_(ci) models can be effectively applied to the identification of reservoir types,calculation of reservoir properties and pore structure parameters,and evaluation of reservoir heterogeneity.

A new method to construct reservoir capillary pressure curves using NMR log data and its application

By analyzing hundreds of capillary pressure curves, the controlling factors of shape and type of capillary pressure curves are found and a novel method is presented to construct capillary pressure curves by using reservoir permeability and a synthesized index. The accuracy of this new method is verified by mercury-injection experiments. Considering the limited quantity of capillary pressure data, a new method is developed to extract the Swanson parameter from the NMR T2 distribution and estimate reservoir permeability. Integrating with NMR total porosity, reservoir capillary pressure curves can be constructed to evaluate reservoir pore structure in the intervals with NMR log data. An in-situ example of evaluating reservoir pore structure using the capillary pressure curves by this new method is presented. The result shows that it accurately detects the change in reservoir pore structure as a function of depth.

常规压汞-恒速压汞联合曲线构型模式及其指示意义

利用构型理论和层次分析方法,对常规压汞-恒速压汞联合曲线构型形貌进行划分,建立具有普遍意义的常规压汞-恒速压汞联合曲线三段式构型模式,探讨了该模式对岩石孔喉体系及其润湿滞后特性的指示意义。结果表明:常规压汞-恒速压汞联合曲线由a、b和c构型段组成,各构型段相互衔接,形貌各异;a构型段呈重叠形貌,指示了大孔喉体系,常规压汞-恒速压汞联合曲线无润湿滞后特性;b构型段呈分离形貌,可细分为b_(1)和b_(2)构型亚段,b_(1)构型亚段指示了中孔喉体系,恒速压汞曲线无润湿滞后特性,常规压汞曲线有润湿滞后特性,b_(2)构型亚段指示了中孔喉体系,常规压汞-恒速压汞联合曲线关联润湿滞后特性;c构型段呈重叠形貌,指示了小孔喉体系,常规压汞-恒速压汞联合曲线具有同等润湿滞后特性;常规压汞汞弯液面变形集中于b—c构型段,恒速压汞汞弯液面变形集中于b_(2)构型亚段—c构型段;常规压汞曲线和恒速压汞曲线的b_(1)构型亚段可用于接触角校正。常规压汞-恒速压汞联合曲线的三段式构型模式,对分段接触角校正及表征岩石孔喉分布具有重要指导意义。

A New Empirical Method for Constructing Capillary Pressure Curves from Conventional Logs in Low-Permeability Sandstones

Pore structure reflected from capillary pressure curves plays an important role in low-permeability formation evaluation. It is a common way to construct capillary pressure curves by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance（NMR） log. However, the method＇s efficiency will be severely affected if there is no NMR log data or it cannot reflect pore structure well. Therefore, on the basis of J function and diagenetic facies classification, a new empirical model for constructing capillary pressure curves from conventional logs is proposed here as a solution to the problem. This model includes porosity and the relative value of natural gamma rays as independent variables and the saturation of mercury injection as a dependent variable. According to the 51 core experimental data sets of three diagenetic facies from the bottom of the Upper Triassic in the western Ordos Basin, China, the model＇s parameters in each diagenetic facies are calibrated. Both self-checking and extrapolation tests show a positive effect, which demonstrates the high reliability of the proposed capillary pressure curve construction model. Based on the constructed capillary pressure curves, NMR T_2 spectra under fully brine-saturated conditions are mapped by a piecewise power function. A field study is then presented. Agreement can be seen between the mapped NMR T_2 spectra and the MRIL-Plog data in the location of the major peak, right boundary, distribution characteristics and T_2 logarithmic mean value. In addition, the capillary pressure curve construction model proposed in this paper is not affected by special log data or formation condition. It is of great importance in evaluating pore structure, predicting oil production and identifying oil layers through NMR log data in low-permeability sandstones.

Reconstruction and prediction of capillary pressure curve based on Particle Swarm Optimization-Back Propagation Neural Network method

Capillary pressure curve plays a critical role in the reservoir evaluation.It is essential to reconstruct and predict capillary pressure curve properly.Many traditional capillary pressure correlations have been suggested in the literature.However,their major limitation is mainly applicable to homogenous reservoir,and the larger error will be caused when heterogeneous reservoir is dealt by using these mathematical correlations.This study aims at providing an important method based on Particle Swarm Optimization-Back Propagation Neural Network(PSO-BP neural network)to represent and predict capillary pressure curve for homogenous and heterogeneous reservoir.The combination of PSO algorithm and BP neural network converges quickly,which improves the accuracy and efficiency of simulation.In this paper,core samples from three blocks of the same marine-sand reservoir,whose porosity is between 0.6%and 20.0%and permeability is between 0.1mD and 6117mD,are investigated by PSO-BP neural network method and J-Function method respectively.The reconstruction and prediction results are compared with the results obtained by mercury intrusion method in laboratory.The results show that capillary pressure curves reconstructed and predicted by PSO-BP neural network method are in better agreement with mercury intrusion curves than J-Function method,with 0.1%e5%and 5%e8%relative error respectively,which can totally meet the in-situ requirements.It is also demonstrated that PSO-BP neural network method is more suitable for homogenous and heterogeneous reservoir.©2018 Southwest Petroleum University.

A novel Shan and Chen type Lattice Boltzmann two phase method to study the capillary pressure curves of an oil water pair in a porous media

In this study,an immiscible oil-water two phase flow in a typical porous media was modeled using the well-known Lattice Boltzmann method.A set of flow tests for modeling an oil-water two phase flow in the porous media were conducted to generate the capillary pressure curves for two distinctive initial conditions,namely,water and oil dispersed conditions in two domains of different resolutions.Based on the obtained results,the general trend of these curves has an acceptable agreement with the usual trend of these curves in hydrocarbon reservoirs and the capillary data are independent of the initial conditions.Also,the results showed the effect of grid resolution on capillary data which are validated quantitatively by proposing a new approach using Purcell's equation.One can see that they are compatible with the geometrical characteristics of the porous media as well as the conditions governing the tests.Finally,another set of tests for oil water pairs of higher viscosity ratio up to 4.4 was performed in a low porosity heterogeneous porous media and the viscous coupling effect on capillary data,due to viscosity ratio,was studied to strengthen the model validation.

考虑润湿反转效应的相对渗透率动态计算方法

润湿反转剂是化学驱提高采收率常用试剂之一,润湿反转剂驱后将改变原始储层岩石性质,对开发中后期油水渗流能力产生较大影响。针对润湿反转过程中相对渗透率曲线难以确定的问题,综合考虑了润湿反转剂导致的界面张力降低及润湿性变化特征,建立了相对渗透率及毛管压力曲线动态计算方法,并分析了润湿反转过程中相对渗透率及毛管压力变化规律。研究表明:油水两相相渗曲线变化同时受到毛管数和润湿性的影响,低毛管数条件下,相渗曲线形态主要受到润湿性的影响,随着毛管数逐渐增大,润湿性的影响减小,最终可以忽略不计。同时,润湿反转剂使得界面张力和毛管力减小,将对渗吸过程产生显著影响,因此,在渗吸驱油过程中,需要对润湿反转剂进行优选,以实现对驱油速度和采收率目标的相对最优。研究结果明确了润湿反转提高采收率过程中相对渗透率及毛管压力的变化规律,为研究润湿反转提高采收率的计算及油藏数值模拟提供了理论基础。

差分进化算法在岩石孔隙结构研究中的应用

应用岩心核磁共振横向弛豫时间谱研究岩心孔隙结构的核心在于横向弛豫时间与毛管压力的转换系数,传统方法在转换过程中需要用到一些岩石特性参数,实用难度较大。在确定了两者幂函数转换关系的基础上,建立了伪毛管压力曲线转换模型,采用差分进化算法反演得到最佳转换参数,通过文中方法得到的平均孔喉半径、分选系数、排替压力等孔隙结构参数与3块岩心数据进行对比,结果表明,该方法具有较高的准确性,计算的分选参数效果最好,相对误差在2%以内,其他参数相对误差最小的为0.2%,最大的也仅为37%。

核磁共振测井在川西气田储层评价中的应用

川西气田雷口坡组储层形成于潮坪相沉积环境,目前已处在开发建产阶段,且井型多为大斜度气井,常规测井测量的项目不全导致该区域储层评价工作存在一定难度。为充分了解储层各项参数和流体性质,对该区域大部分已完钻气井补充开展了核磁共振测井工作。在核磁共振测井原理基础上,对川西气田雷口坡组气藏储层开展一维核磁共振物性参数计算,并尝试使用核磁共振T2谱构建储层毛细管压力曲线,进而开展储层孔隙结构特征和裂缝研究。研究结果表明,利用一维核磁共振测井资料计算川西气田雷口坡组气藏储层物性参数的应用效果较好,计算结果和岩心分析数据、常规测井解释成果及测试结论一致;利用核磁共振T2谱构建的毛细管压力曲线的分布特征与岩心实测压汞曲线的分布特征规律一致,因此,当实测压汞曲线资料缺少时,可以利用核磁共振T2谱构建全井段的毛细管压力曲线,进而分析孔隙结构特征;由于裂缝型和孔隙型储层毛细管压力曲线形态不同,可以借助构建的毛细管压力曲线来评价储层裂缝分布情况。综上,核磁共振测井技术在川西气田雷口坡组气藏储层的应用效果较好。

联合核磁共振测井与Thomeer模型评价碳酸盐岩储层饱和度

碳酸盐岩储层孔隙类型多样、孔隙结构复杂,传统的饱和度评价模型无法表征岩石的微观结构,给饱和度评价工作带来了极大的困难。针对该问题,本文以毛管压力曲线资料与核磁共振测井资料为基础,提出了结合核磁共振测井的Thomeer饱和度模型。分析压汞资料的孔隙系统结构信息,利用Thomeer函数拟合得到多孔隙类型的毛管压力曲线分布,将复杂的孔隙结构表征为多条Thomeer曲线的共同作用。核磁共振测井是唯一能够连续定量表征储层孔隙结构特征的测井方法,利用核磁共振横向弛豫时间谱参数T2算术平均值(T2LM)与核磁孔隙度(MPHS),结合R35岩石物理分类计算Thomeer参数B_(v)、P_(d)、G和最大孔喉直径模态元素Porositon,构建复杂孔隙结构碳酸盐岩的饱和度评价模型,该模型解决了实验手段无法开展连续地层孔隙结构评价研究的问题。将该模型应用到中东X油田复杂孔隙结构碳酸盐岩储层进行饱和度评价,与J函数模型、阿尔奇公式进行对比。结果表明该联合模型方法相比于J函数模型与阿尔奇公式,相对误差分别从0.496、0.442降低到0.272,且能较好地表征变化趋势,无论是在高饱和度储层还是低饱和度储层,都取得了较好的应用效果。该模型可以最大程度上避免复杂孔隙碳酸盐岩储层带来的影响,提高饱和度评价精度。

基于微电阻率成像测井的储集层物性及孔隙结构表征——孔隙度谱、渗透率谱及等效毛管压力曲线

基于毛管理论,在构建微电阻率成像测井等效毛管模型的基础上,建立反映储集层非均质性的孔隙度谱(φ_(i))、渗透率谱(K_(i))和等效毛管压力曲线(p_(ci))的理论模型;为扩展理论模型的实际应用,引入阿尔奇公式建立定量表征φ_(i)、K_(i)、p_(ci)的通用模型。对比现有模型表明:(1)现有孔隙度谱模型与φ_(i)的通用模型相同;(2)相较于普塞尔(Purcell)渗透率模型,K_(i)模型能计算得到渗透率谱;(3)相较于现有的毛管压力曲线构建经验模型,p_(ci)模型具有理论基础且克服了现有模型仅基于孔隙度谱分量构建的应用局限。四川盆地川中古隆起TSX井二叠系茅口组实例应用表明,基于孔隙度谱、渗透率谱及等效毛管压力曲线可有效区分储集层类型并计算得到储集层物性及孔隙结构参数,进而有效评价储集层的非均质性。

川西气田雷四段白云岩储层流动单元测井评价方法

川西气田雷口坡组四段白云岩储层开发井型以大斜度井、水平井为主,主要依靠声波时差和二维核磁共振测井资料获得储层信息,储层评价和流动单元评价难度较大。基于关键直井的沉积相、岩心试验数据和储层对比方法,利用测井资料将雷四段储层划分为4类流动单元,利用核磁共振测井资料构建伪毛细管压力曲线,以拟合度较高的中值压力、排驱压力作为中间参数,计算出偏离程度系数(S指数和T指数),作为定量评价储层孔隙结构的参数,并建立了雷四段储层4类流动单元划分标准。S指数、T指数结合孔隙度、渗透率等参数,实现了沿水平井筒连续、准确评价白云岩储层孔隙结构和定量区分流动单元的目的。白云岩储层流动单元测井评价方法为同类储层水平井评价和开发方案编制提供了技术参考。

毛管压力曲线法与CT扫描数字岩心技术的应用对比分析

岩石微观孔喉是表征储层物性的重要因素,目前海上少井条件下可获得的岩心物性分析资料有限。为了定量分析西湖凹陷X油田平湖组储层岩石微观孔喉特征与物性特征,该研究采用毛管压力曲线法与CT扫描数字岩心技术表征该油田微观孔喉,并进行对比分析。毛管压力曲线法利用压汞实验,测得岩心岩样数据,通过毛管压力曲线图版得到排驱压力与孔隙特征参数。CT扫描数字岩心技术对岩样进行三维数字岩心重构,构建的三维数字岩心与真实岩心的相似度高,结合最大球法与图像处理方法,做到了定量化、可视化岩石微观孔喉表征。毛管压力曲线法与CT扫描数字岩心技术得到的孔隙分布曲线形状趋势相仿,存在差异。该文拟通过对毛管压力曲线法和CT扫描数字岩心技术在微观孔喉表征中的应用进行对比分析,旨在为研究人员提供更为准确、全面的储层表征信息,为油气勘探开发提供理论指导。

Establishment and application of logging saturation interpretation equation in vuggy reservoirs

Vuggy reservoirs are the most common, albeit important heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs in China. However, saturation calculations using logging data are not well developed, whereas Archie method is more common. In this study, electrical conduction in a vuggy reservoir is theoretically analyzed to establish a new saturation equation for vuggy reservoirs. We found that vugs have a greater effect on saturation than resistivity, which causes inflection in the rock-electricity curve. Using single-variable exPeriments, we evaluated the effects of rug size, vug number, and vug distribution on the rock-electricity relation. Based on the general saturation model, a saturation equation for vuggy reservoirs is derived, and the physical significance of the equation parameters is discussed based on the seepage-electricity similarity. The equation parameters depend on the pore structure, and vugs and matrix pore size distribution. Furthermore, a method for calculating the equation parameters is proposed, which uses nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） data to calculate the capillary pressure curve. Field application of the proposed equation and parameter derivation method shows good match between calculated and experimental results, with an average absolute error of 5.8%.

毛管压力曲线平均化及J函数处理

实验测试结果表明,压汞法测得的毛管压力曲线,其形状特征主要取决于岩石的润湿性和岩石的孔隙结构特征。具有不同渗透率和孔隙度的岩心,测得毛管压力曲线是不相同的。因此,对于某一具体的油藏,如何得到一个具有代表性的毛管压力曲线,就显得十分重要。而J函数就是通过无因次化处理消除了渗透率和孔隙度的影响。提出了毛管压力曲线平均化原理以及处理J函数的方法,并编制程序对实际油田毛管压力实验数据进行处理,得到了较好的结果。

利用核磁共振T_2分布构造毛管压力曲线的新方法

根据实验分析,提出一种新的构建方法,该方法对单峰 T2谱,用单一幂函数构造毛管压力曲线;利用核磁共振(NMR)T2分布与孔隙结构直接相关,可以利用T2 分布来构建毛管压力曲线。对双峰 T2谱则用两种不同的幂函数在小孔和大孔处分段构造毛管压力曲线。分别利用线性方法和幂函数方法构建毛管压力曲线,与实验测量得到的毛管压力曲线相对比,新方法对于毛管压力曲线的构造精度有明显改进。

核磁毛管压力曲线构造方法综述

核磁共振(NMR)测井数据的一般解释方法是将NMR信号分为快速衰减部分和慢衰减部分,与此相对应将储层流体分为束缚流体和可动流体,划分的主要依据是弛豫时间T2截止值。为了能在井下连续获取毛管压力曲线,可以将NMRT2分布直接转换成毛管压力曲线,但孔隙中烃的存在对T2谱的形态影响较大。文章就目前国内外NMR毛管压力曲线构造方法以及含烃情况下核磁T2谱形态校正方法作了详细阐述。

镇原-泾川地区储层下限标准的研究

镇原-泾川地区延长组长6-长8储层属于低孔-特低渗透型储层,储层下限标准的研究是划分有效储层的基础,也是油层识别和容积法储量计算的前提.通常认为,低于下限标准的储层是不具备产能的.依据毛管压力资料,通过帕塞尔法、渗透率敏感法、相对渗透率曲线与毛管压力曲线叠合法、孔喉分布4种方法对该区储层下限进行研究. 结果表明,有效储层的孔喉下限约为0.25μm,与孔喉下限对应的渗透率为0.1×10-3μm2,孔隙度为8%.然而储层下限受地质因素和现有储层改造技术的影响,其值也不是一成不变的.因此,必须结合油藏的实际情况,对储层下限做出适当的调整.

压汞法研究岩心孔隙结构特征

人造岩心广泛用于各类驱油实验,针对人造岩心与天然岩心的孔隙结构问题,选取不同渗透率的人造岩心及天然岩心进行常规压汞实验,研究了表征岩石孔隙结构特征的各项参数,分析了不同孔隙半径区间的孔隙体积及孔喉比等特点,给出了人造岩心和天然岩心的孔隙结构特征。研究结果表明,高渗透率的人造岩心与天然岩心的孔隙结构相近,孔隙体积大部分集中在半径区间为(5μm,20μm];而中低渗透层的人造岩心,在孔隙半径较小区间的孔隙体积所占比例小于天然岩心的,孔隙结构有一定差异。

盖层全孔隙结构测定方法

目前测定岩石孔隙结构的方法有压汞法、气体吸附法等，但压汞法测不到岩石中最小的孔隙，气体吸附法测不到岩石中较大的孔隙，测定结果均不能得到完整的岩石全孔隙结构。将压汞法和气体吸附法2种测定结果换算相衔接可得到完整的盖层全孔隙结构孔径分布图及其毛细管压力曲线，结合全驱岩样饱和水模拟实验即可直接测定岩样突破压力。研究结果表明，泥岩、灰岩、白云岩、粉砂质泥岩等的突破饱和度在19％～37％之间，平均26％，而细砂岩、粉砂岩、含砾泥质砂岩等的突破饱和度在41％～49％，平均44％。根据岩样的岩性，结合其毛细管压力曲线和孔径分布图选择合适的饱和度值，该饱和度值所对应的毛细管压力可以近似地看作该岩样在地层条件下的突破压力。