Deployment and Exploration of a Gas Storage Well Pattern Based on the Threshold Radius

To tackle the problem that wells that are deployed in a specific pattern based on the requirements of gas reservoir development are not suitable for gas storage,we have conducted concentrically circular injection and production simulation experiments for gas storage,discovered the existence of a threshold radius,denoted by Rt,and derived the expression for Rt.Based on the analysis and discussion results,we propose a strategy for deploying gas storage wells in specific patterns.The expression for Rt shows that it is affected by factors such as the gas storage gas production/injection time,the upper pressure limit,the lower pressure limit,the bottomhole flow pressure at the ends of injection and production,the and permeability.The analysis and discussion results show that the Rt of a gas storage facility is much smaller than the Rt for gas reservoir development.In the gas storage facilities in China,the Rt for gas production is less than the Rt for the gas injection,and Rt increases with the difference in the operating pressure and with permeability K.Based on the characteristics of Rt,we propose three suggestions for gas storage well pattern deployment:(1)calculate Rt according to the designed functions of the gas storage facility and deploy the well pattern according to Rt;(2)deploy sparser,large-wellbore patterns in high-permeability areas and denser,small-wellbore patterns in high-permeability areas;and(3)achieve the gas injection well pattern by new drilling,and the gas production well pattern through a combination of the gas injection well pattern and old wells.By assessing a gas storage facility with a perfect well pattern after a number of adjustments,we found that the Rt of the 12 wells calculated in this paper is basically close to the corresponding actual radius,which validates our method.The results of this study provide a methodological basis for well pattern deployment in new gas storage construction.

Optimal Deployment Patterns for k-Coverage and k-Connectivity 3D WSNs in Underground Tunnel

In this paper,we first model the mining structure as a arched shape in terms of the tunnel geometry.Based on the regularly placement of nodes in that model,a set of deployment patterns for seamless coverage and k-connectivity is proposed,i.e.1-and 2-connectivity.Further,we figure out the maximum horizontal distance of tangent plane to determine the placement of nodes for k-coverage（k=1,2）.Besides,the mathematical relations between the communication radius and the sensing radius are derived,when the network keeps k-coverage（k=1,2） and k-connectivity（k=2,3） under certain regularity constrains for various patterns.Finally,we demonstrate the optimality of several approaches that we have proposed in the aspect of energy consumption and network lifetime.

Experiments on the influences of well pattern on water flooding characteristics of dissolution vug-cave reservoir

Based on the similarity criterion, volcanic rock samples were taken from outcrops to make experimental models. Water flooding experiments of five-spot well pattern, nine-spot well pattern, five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, the relationship between relative well and fracture positions, and injection rate in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with/without fractures were carried out to analyze variation regularities of development indexes, find out development characteristics of water flooding with different well patterns and sort out the optimal water flooding development mode. For dissolution vug-cave reservoirs without fractures, five-spot well pattern waterflooding has very small sweeping area, serious water channeling and low oil recovery. When the well pattern was adjusted from five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, oil recovery could be largely improved, but the corner well far from the injector is little affected. In dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with fractures, when the injector and producer are not connected by fractures, the fractures could effectively connect the poorly linked vugs to improve the development effect of water flooding. Whether there are fractures or not in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs, the development effect of nine-spot well-pattern is much better than that of five-spot well pattern and five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, this is more evident when there are fractures, and the edge well has better development indexes than corner well. At the high-water cut stage of water flooding with nine-spot well pattern, the oil recovery can be further improved with staggered line-drive pattern by converting the corner well into injection well. It is helpful to increase the oil production of corner well of nine-spot well pattern by increasing the injection rate, and improve ultimate oil recovery, but the water-free production period would be greatly shortened and water-free recovery would decrease.

A flat-foldable equiangular spiral folding pattern inspired by sunflowers for deployable structures

Flasher origami pattern has been widely utilized to improve the stowage efficiency of deployable structures.Nevertheless,flasher origami cannot be folded fully flat,and they still have great potential for optimization in terms of storage volume and folding creases.In this paper,a flat foldable equiangular spiral folding pattern inspired by the sunflower disk is introduced.Then,a parametric design method for this equiangular spiral crease diagram is introduced in detail.Subsequently,a kinematic model of the equiangular spiral folding pattern is established based on the kinematic equivalence between rigid origami and spherical linkages.A simulation of the developed model demonstrates that the equiangular spiral folding pattern can be folded flat.Using the folded ratio as an evaluation index,the calculated results and experiments show that the equiangular spiral crease pattern can yield fewer creases and improve stowage efficiency in comparison to flasher origami pattern.Equiangular spiral folding pattern can save a considerable amount of space and provide a new approach to spatially deployable structures.

井工厂井网部署与压裂模式发展现状与展望

随着我国油气对外依存度逐渐加剧,致密油气、页岩油气等非常规油气能源成为了我国能源发展的重点方向。井工厂压裂技术因其可以改造低渗透性地层、大幅降低施工成本、缩短施工周期、提高设备利用率、节约用地而被广泛应用于非常规油气开发之中。本文在论述井工厂压裂技术发展现状的基础上,介绍了丛式水平井的井筒走向、水平段长度、井筒间距等井网部署特点,统计分析了水平井分段分簇的裂缝长度、簇间距和射孔簇数等关键技术参数特点;介绍了丛式水平井井工厂压裂常用的压裂方式,包括双井同步压裂、双井拉链式压裂和多井组合压裂等,对比分析了各种压裂方式的利弊。建议有针对性的发展立体井网井间裂缝干扰预测、井丛压裂孔簇设计等理论,为我国非常规油气储层井工厂压裂技术发展指明了方向。

“相谈”谈话中语言策略的中日对比

为帮助日语学习者掌握和运用日语,也为了向日语会话教育实践提供参考和帮助,有必要从微观的角度,对汉语母语者、日语学习者及日语母语者三类群体的谈话展开的各个构成要素进行对比分析。对比三类群体的相谈谈话中出现的“提出相谈的话段”(A部分)展开模式和“确认回答的小话段”(E部分)的特征,发现关于A部分的展开模式,汉语母语者、日语母语者都偏好使用模式(1),而日语学习者则偏好使用模式(2)。关于E部分的使用特征,汉语母语者和日语学习者在向对方确认回答时,使用的方式较为相似,多采用类型(3),而日语母语者则相对多样化,除类型(3)外,也较多地采用类型(1)和类型(2)。

煤层气开发井网设计与优化部署

以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘三区块煤层气为例，按照开发前期井网设计、现场优化部署和动态效果跟踪3个阶段一体化的整体思路和方法，对煤层气开发井网进行优化部署和动态调整。开发前期井网设计以煤层构造、埋深、厚度、顶底板岩性、含气量、渗透率和水文地质条件等7个方面的地质条件为依据，确定开采井网应为菱形井网，井型以丛式井为主，水平井为辅；井网方位是菱形长对角线为面割理方向，短对角线为端割理方向；高渗透区井距为300～350m，低渗透区井距为350-400m。现场优化部署要充分考虑地表、地下和钻井工程条件3个因素，并遵循地上服从地下、工程服从地质的基本要求。动态效果跟踪阶段，通过对区内井间干扰和层间干扰现象的观察，重新优化部署24口生产井，调整36口生产井的开发层系，使得区块井网设计更为合理。5a的开发实践证明，三区块优化部署后的井网和开发模式基本合理。

基于规则网格的农田环境监测传感器节点部署方法

为了实现农田环境监测传感器网络节点合理布局,在分析应用需求基础上,提出基于采样间距rs和节点通信范围rc进行节点部署。设计了等边三角形、正方形、正六边形规则网格的系统节点部署和系统随机节点部署2种方法,并分别给出了2种方法中3种规则网格单元边长最大值的求解方法。此外,通过比较部署成本、连通性等指标探讨了最佳规则网格节点部署方案的选取原则,为农田环境监测应用中传感器节点的合理布局规划提供理论依据。

现行自动化调剂模式对门诊药房调剂质量控制的影响

目的探讨现行自动化调剂模式对门诊药房调剂质量控制的影响。方法分析门诊药房2014年6—8月传统手工调剂模式与2015年同期自动化调剂模式的调配内差、患者或家属取药等候时间以及患者或家属对门诊药房的满意度,并对其进行比较。结果在传统手工调剂模式及现行自动化调剂模式下,门诊药房的调配内差率分别为0.54‰、0.37‰,两者差异有统计学意义(χ~2=8.27,P<0.05);患者或家属在两种模式下的平均取药等候时间分别为(1.29±0.19)、(1.05±0.07)min,两者差异有统计学意义(t=2.86,P<0.05);患者或家属在两种模式下的满意率分别为81.82%、90.91%,两者差异有统计学意义(χ~2=8.45,P<0.05)。结论现行自动化调剂模式能够明显减少药品调配内差率,缩短患者或家属取药等候时间,提高患者或家属的满意度,提高了医院门诊药房的调剂质量。

元坝长兴组生物礁储层精细雕刻技术

元坝长兴组生物礁储层纵向上多期次叠加,内幕结构十分复杂,精细雕刻难度大。在实际开发生产中研究生物礁内幕结构可为井位调整优化和井轨迹设计钻遇优质储层提供重要依据。通过单井相识别生物礁发育层段、地震模型正演建立地震响应模式、古地貌分析、地震属性优选、储层多参数定量预测进行礁平面展布研究,并应用三维可视化技术对礁体内幕精细雕刻,形成了一套针对生物礁储层内幕结构的精细雕刻技术。应用该技术对元坝长兴组生物礁储层进行开发井位部署及井位优化调整,大大提高了优质储层的钻遇率,后期钻井预测厚度的符合率达88.6%。

无线传感器网络的格型拓扑可靠性分析

无线传感器网络应用于环境监测任务时,为了得到可靠的监测数据,必须合理部署传感器节点.针对地势平坦的环境,对对称格型拓扑的无线传感器网络的可靠性进行建模.把信息的可靠性划分成信息获取可靠性和信息传输可靠性两部分分别建模,综合考虑网格形状、传感器节点间距、网络调度等因素,以提高可靠性同时降低成本为优化目标,提出优化的网格部署方案.

低渗透断块油藏合理注采井距研究

低渗透断块油藏储量丰度小,渗透率较低,存在启动压力梯度,很难建立有效的驱替压差,而且含油面积小、形状复杂,很多属于典型的窄条状油藏,难以形成规则的注水井网,后期井网调整困难,需要一次布井成功,所以注采井距一定要选取合理。采用油藏实际岩心,通过物理模拟实验,得到了低渗透油藏的启动压力参数;利用实验结果,通过理论分析和数值模拟计算,重点研究了启动压力梯度和储层条件等对有效井距、合理井距和井网形式的影响。提出了首先将物理模拟实验、油藏工程理论推导和数值模拟计算相结合,计算得到低渗透断块油藏的合理注采井距,然后在此基础上进行合理井网部署的方法。研究结果应用于油田实际区块的井网部署中,取得了较好的开发效果,与同类油藏相比采收率可提高1.86%～2.6%。

重点目标防空作战中多预警机协同探测空域配置

针对重点目标防空作战中预警机空域配置问题,构建了多预警机阵位选择和架数优化配置模型。通过分析重点目标预警线划分,确定预警机防空作战具体任务,从而构建其阵位选择量化模型,并以此为基础,提出了一种在确保自身安全且充分发挥预警机固有探测威力前提下的多预警机并立航线和串接航线空域配置量化模型。实例运算结果表明,该模型能够对比分析关键参数对多预警机协同探测空域配置、出动兵力和航线样式选择的影响,可为预警机作战部队任务规划提供理论依据。

页岩气藏合理开发方式及井型优选

面对我国石油能源短缺及常规天然气不足的现状,三大非常规气藏之一的页岩气藏在能源供给中占有非常大的优势。在分析研究区页岩气藏地质概况、储层物性及试采资料的基础上,结合国内外页岩气藏开发经验,初步确定该气藏的开发方式为衰竭式开采。页岩气藏只有经过压裂作业后才能形成工业气流,加之研究区储层具有酸敏、水敏的特点。因此,选择可以克服这些缺点且具有泡沫携砂能力、助排能力等优点,低滤失特性和经济效益好的CO2泡沫压裂技术为最终的储层改造措施。关于布井方案,重点设计三套井网部署方案进行对比分析,考虑布井成本、年总产气量及所布新井数目,最终确定以分支鱼骨状水平井为主的混合井网为最优井网部署方案。对今后的页岩气开发布井方案起到一定的指导作用。

苏里格气田致密气开发井网效果评价与调整对策

鄂尔多斯盆地致密气资源丰富,其天然气资源量占全国致密气总资源量的60%以上,已发现苏里格、神木、大牛地、延安、米脂等多个致密气田。其中苏里格气田引领中国致密气开发已20年,由于气田开发井网复杂多样,其结构特征与开发效果缺乏系统评价,因此未来天然气井网优化调整对策尚不明确。为此,充分利用区内1.8×104余口气井的动、静态生产资料,系统梳理了开发进程中井网的持续优化过程,将其划分为直井规则、混合、水平井整体、加密试验与欠完善等5种类型,并采用加密井增产气量评价方法,评价了不同井网的特征和开发效果,提出了高效调整对策。研究结果表明:(1)500 m×650 m、600 m×600 m井网下,天然气的采收率较高,但优化调整面临较大风险;(2)600 m×800 m井网较优,既可达到较高的天然气采收率,又具备优化调整空间;(3)混合开发井网占比高,但储量碎片化严重,优化调整潜力有限;(4)水平井整体井网的优化调整可能性较低。结论认为,针对成熟天然气开发区需加强剩余气精细挖潜与井网精准调整技术攻关,针对未开发区应强化储层结构精准描述与可视化部署、差异化井网实施与储量极致动用技术研究,从而为气田长期稳产及提高天然气采收率提供支撑,也为我国致密气藏高效开发提供技术参考。

塔河油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏合理注采井网优化研究

塔河油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏是由多期次构造及古岩溶作用形成的大规模缝洞系统构成的强非均质性油藏。通过对前期注水试验,结合不同储集体中油水流动的机理分析,总结出了塔河油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏合理注采井网的优化部署问题,包括井间连通性的确定、注采井组的储集体类型、注采井组所处高低部位以及流体分布模式等。缝洞型油藏应根据井、注采井组在不同储集体上部署时,应选择缝洞系统低部位的井作为注水井,高部位的井作为采油井,充分利用油水重力差的作用来提高注水开发效果。

采用换元物理光学法分析桁架式可展开反射面天线方向图

桁架式可展开反射面天线在未来的星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)中将有着广泛应用,然而目前对该类天线方向图的系统性理论分析还不够完善。该文根据桁架式天线反射面的特殊构型——空间三角形单元拓扑结构,提出了一种将物理光学法与换元法相结合来计算馈源数目任意、位置任意的桁架式天线方向图的方法,仅需反射面上的节点坐标即可求出天线方向图。对矩形喇叭线阵馈源激励下的口径大小为2.8 m×6 m的桁架式可展开反射面天线方向图进行编程仿真,得到的主要参数计算值与实测值相吻合,通过与几何光学法仿真结果相比较,得出该文提出的算法更为精确有效。该文提出的算法建立了桁架式天线反射面结构与天线方向图的直接联系,实现了该类天线的机电一体化设计。

徐深气田升深2-1区块火山岩气藏开发优化部署

为探索松辽盆地徐深气田升深2-1区块火山岩气藏的有效开发模式,提高气藏整体开发效果,以区块火山岩气藏主要地质动态特征为基础,通过开展井网形式、井型和井距优化论证研究,确定"按一套层系,以整体动用Ⅰ、Ⅱ类储层为主",采用"不均匀井网形式、水平井与直井组合、稀井高产、高密低稀、高渗开采低渗"的滚动部署方式综合储层构造特征、火山机构地震反射特征、地震储层预测、地震属性分析和储层发育特征等预测成果,优选有利部位,分两批共优化部署开发评价井和开发井10口,区块平均井网密度达到0.64口/km2。钻探与测试结果表明,以优化方案所布的井均取得较好的开发效果。

概率法反演技术研究

针对常规反演技术(如叠后约束稀疏脉冲反演等)垂向分辨能力难以满足开发需求的问题,开展了概率法反演技术的研究。研究中引入贝叶斯后验概率公式,将地震、测井、地质的不确定性转换为后验概率分布,利用蒙特卡洛算法估算随机样本期望,并将随机样本作为空间储层解。该方法充分结合了井上分辨率高和地震横向趋势表征能力强的优点,有效提高了地震反演的分辨率,降低了地震反演的多解性,使储层的不确定性分析更符合地质规律和地质认识。实际资料测试表明,新方法在砂体叠置关系认识、砂体边界再认识、井网部署和井位优化等方面取得了很好的应用效果。

长8超低渗透储层压力传播与合理井网形式研究

镇泾油田长8储层属于低孔超低渗储层,依据储层分类标准在平面上可划分为孔隙型和裂缝型。为了研究不同类型储层压力传播与井网匹配关系,对长8油藏典型油水井动态指标进行分析,给出不同类型储层压力传播特征和合理井网形式;综合应用矢量井网和数值模拟方法对不同井排距方案进行预测,确定合理井排距。研究结果表明:孔隙型储层油井初产低、递减快、压力传播慢、传播范围小;注水井吸水能力随注水量增加而降低。裂缝型储层采油井初产高、递减慢、注水井吸水能力强、吸水指数存在明显拐点。孔隙型储层中部署菱形反九点井网,合理井距范围450～500m,合理排距范围110～130m;裂缝型储层部署矩形井网(行列式),合理井距范围400～450m,合理排距范围130～150m。