Preparation of PDOT:PSS Transparent Conductive Film Using Ink-Jet Printing

Flexible devices produced using organic materials have attracted the attention of many researchers. Important components of these flexible devices include transparent electrodes, which transmit visible light and possess conductivity. The present study improved the characteristics of a transparent conductive film that was made of poly(3, 4 ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesul-fonate) (PEDOT:PSS), an organic conductive material, and that had been prepared using ink-jet printing. To improve the resistance value and visible light transmittance of the film, the film substrate was first cleaned with ultraviolet/ozone treatment, and then the film was annealed after it was deposited on the substrate and dipped into a polar solvent. Consequently, the resistance value of the thin film decreased. However, the surface state of the film changed according to the treatment method and affected its visible light transmittance. Thus, the surface state of the film substrate, the annealing temperature after film deposition, and the dipping treatment with a polar solvent influenced the characteristics of a thin film.

Characteristics Improvement of PEDOT:PSS Transparent Conductive Film Prepared by Ink-Jet Printing

Recently, a high-performance and low-priced transparent conductive film has been expected to be developed because flexible devices produced using organic materials have been actively studied. An indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film, which has been generally used as a material for a transparent conductive film, has problems, such as fragility to bending stress and depletion of the resource. The present study used poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), an organic electroconductive material, and examined the improvement in the resistance value and visible light transmittance of a transparent conductive film produced using the ink-jet method. In previous studies, we reported that, to improve the resistance value and visible light transmittance of a thin film, it was effective to clean the film substrate with ultraviolet/ozone (UV/O3) treatment, anneal the film after it was deposited on the substance, and dip the annealed film into a polar solvent. Focusing on the thin film processing between printing operations, the present study improved resistance value and visible light transmittance by examining both the application methods of a polar solvent and the annealing time between printing operations. As a result, the resistance value and visible light transmittance of a PEDOT:PSS thin film were 390.4 Ω and 86.6%, respectively. This film was obtained by applying a polar solvent and performing annealing for 30 min between printing operations. The printing was performed three times.

Application of nonlinear color matching model to four-color ink-jet printing

Through discussing the color matching technology and its application in printing industry the conventional approaches commonly used in color matching, and the difficulties in color matching, a nonlinear color matching model based on two step learning is established by finding a linear model by learning pure color data first and then a nonlinear modification model by learning mixed color data. Nonlinear multiple regression is used to fit the parameters of the modification model. Nonlinear modification function is discovered by BACON system by learning mixture data. Experiment results indicate that nonlinear color conversion by two step learning can further improve the accuracy when it is used for straightforward conversion from RGB to CMYK. An improved separation model based on GCR concept is proposed to solve the problem of gray balance and it can be used for three to four color conversion as well. The method proposed has better learning ability and faster printing speed than other historical approaches when it is applied to four color ink jet printing.

The Effect of Silica Particle Size on the Performance of Color Ink-jet Printing Paper

In this paper,the effects of four sorts of silica with the particle size range of 4～10μm on coated paper properties and printing performance were studied.The results showed that the smaller particle size silica can provide the coated paper with higher density and contrast, better definition and good printing performance.

3D printing of tissue engineering scaffolds:a focus on vascular regeneration

Tissue engineering is an emerging means for resolving the problems of tissue repair and organ replacement in regenerative medicine.Insufficient supply of nutrients and oxygen to cells in large-scale tissues has led to the demand to prepare blood vessels.Scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches are effective methods to form new blood vessel tissues.The demand for blood vessels prompts systematic research on fabrication strategies of vascular scaffolds for tissue engineering.Recent advances in 3D printing have facilitated fabrication of vascular scaffolds,contributing to broad prospects for tissue vascularization.This review presents state of the art on modeling methods,print materials and preparation processes for fabrication of vascular scaffolds,and discusses the advantages and application fields of each method.Specially,significance and importance of scaffold-based tissue engineering for vascular regeneration are emphasized.Print materials and preparation processes are discussed in detail.And a focus is placed on preparation processes based on 3D printing technologies and traditional manufacturing technologies including casting,electrospinning,and Lego-like construction.And related studies are exemplified.Transformation of vascular scaffolds to clinical application is discussed.Also,four trends of 3D printing of tissue engineering vascular scaffolds are presented,including machine learning,near-infrared photopolymerization,4D printing,and combination of self-assembly and 3D printing-based methods.

Ultra-fast 3D printing of assembly——free complex optics with sub-nanometer surface quality at mesoscale

Complex-shaped optical lenses are of great interest in the areas of laser processing,machine vision,and optical communications.Traditionally,the processing of complex optical lenses is usually achieved by precision machining combined with post-grinding or polishing,which is expensive,labor-intensive and difficult in the processing of ultra-complex optical lenses.Additive manufacturing is an emerging technology that provides significant advantages in producing highly intricate optical devices.However,the layer-by-layer method employed in such manufacturing processes has resulted in low printing speeds,as well as limitations in surface quality.To address these challenges,we apply tomographic volumetric printing(TVP)in this work,which can realize the integrated printing of complex structural models without layering.By coordinating the TVP and the meniscus equilibrium post-curing methods,ultra-fast fabrication of complex-shaped lenses with sub-nanometric roughness has been achieved.A2.5 mm high,outer diameter 9 mm spherical lens with a roughness value of RMS=0.3340 nm is printed at a speed of 3.1×10^(4)mm^(3)h^(-1).As a further demonstration,a complex-shaped fly-eye lens is fabricated without any part assembly.The designed spherical lens is mounted on a smartphone’s camera,and the precise alignments above the circuit board are captured.Upon further optimization,this new technology demonstrates the potential for rapid fabrication of ultra-smooth complex optical devices or systems.

Numerical Study of the Biomechanical Behavior of a 3D Printed Polymer Esophageal Stent in the Esophagus by BP Neural Network Algorithm

Esophageal disease is a common disorder of the digestive system that can severely affect the quality of life andprognosis of patients. Esophageal stenting is an effective treatment that has been widely used in clinical practice.However, esophageal stents of different types and parameters have varying adaptability and effectiveness forpatients, and they need to be individually selected according to the patient’s specific situation. The purposeof this study was to provide a reference for clinical doctors to choose suitable esophageal stents. We used 3Dprinting technology to fabricate esophageal stents with different ratios of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/(Poly-ε-caprolactone) PCL polymer, and established an artificial neural network model that could predict the radial forceof esophageal stents based on the content of TPU, PCL and print parameter. We selected three optimal ratios formechanical performance tests and evaluated the biomechanical effects of different ratios of stents on esophagealimplantation, swallowing, and stent migration processes through finite element numerical simulation and in vitrosimulation tests. The results showed that different ratios of polymer stents had different mechanical properties,affecting the effectiveness of stent expansion treatment and the possibility of postoperative complications of stentimplantation.

Determination of the full-field stress and displacement using photoelasticity and sampling moirémethod in a 3D-printed model

The quantitative characterization of the full-field stress and displacement is significant for analyzing the failure and instability of engineering materials.Various optical measurement techniques such as photoelasticity,moiréand digital image correlation methods have been developed to achieve this goal.However,these methods are difficult to incorporate to determine the stress and displacement fields simultaneously because the tested models must contain particles and grating for displacement measurement;however,these elements will disturb the light passing through the tested models using photoelasticity.In this study,by combining photoelasticity and the sampling moirémethod,we developed a method to determine the stress and displacement fields simultaneously in a three-dimensional(3D)-printed photoelastic model with orthogonal grating.Then,the full-field stress was determined by analyzing 10 photoelastic patterns,and the displacement fields were calculated using the sampling moirémethod.The results indicate that the developed method can simultaneously determine the stress and displacement fields.

Plasma Nitriding-Assisted Printing of Stainless Steel Punches for Micro-piercing Process

MEMS （micro-electric-mechanical-system） required for miniature, thin mechanical parts as a structural member; e.g., the miniature pumping system consisted of ten to twelve thin metallic plates before joining. At present, those thin shaped sheets were fabricated by the chemical etching. Their geometric inaccuracy as well as long leading time often became an engineering issue. Micro-piercing process was expected to make mass production of thin sheet products with complex and accurate geometry for much shorter leading time once the die for this micro-piercing was built in. In the present paper, a new plasma nitriding-assisted printing was proposed as an automatic production line to fabricate the micro-piercing punch. After preparation of CAD-data of the punch head, its two dimensional geometry was ink-jet printed directly on the AISI420 stainless steel die-substrate. The unprinted surface area was only plasma nitrided at 693 K for 14.4 ks to transform this two dimensional micro-pattern to the three dimensional hardness distribution in the AISI420 substrate. Through the mechanical removal of ink-jet printed area, the flat punch head with sharp edge comers was fabricated in much shorter duration time than the end-milling. SEM-EDX, surface profiling measurement as well as micro-hardness testing were employed to describe each step in the above plasma printing. The thin MEMS stainless steel part with a micro-pendulum as well as three S-letter shaped springs was taken for an example to describe this automatic production procedure of plasma printing from the CAD data mining to the micro-piercing punch finishing.

Spatially-graded 3D-printed viscoelastic truss metamaterials for impact trajectory control and energy absorption

This study demonstrates that two-and three-dimensional spatially graded,truss-based polymeric-material metamaterials can be designed for beneficial impact mitigation and energy absorption capabilities.Through a combination of numerical and experimental techniques,we highlight the broad property space of periodic viscoelastic trusses,realized using 3D printing via selective laser sintering.Extending beyond periodic designs,we investigate the impact response of spatially variant viscoelastic lattices in both two and three dimensions.Our result reveal that introducing spatial variations in lattice topology allows for redirecting of the impact trajectory,opening new opportunities for engineering and tailoring lightweight materials with target impact functionality.This is achieved through the combined selection of base material and metamaterial design.

细菌学方法和HOOF-Prints技术在绵羊种布鲁氏菌019株鉴定中的比较研究

应用细菌学常规方法和分子生物学检测方法对绵羊种布鲁氏菌非典型株019进行分类研究。利用高变8聚核苷酸DNA指纹技术(HOOF-Prints)对绵羊种布鲁氏菌019株可变数目重复片段(VNTR)的8个位点进行PCR扩增和序列测定,将测定结果与GenBank数据库比较分析,应用DNAMAN进行同源性分析,并构建系统进化树。结果表明,绵羊种布鲁氏菌019株和绵羊种布鲁氏菌参考株63/290的亲缘关系高于绵羊种布鲁氏菌019株与其他参考株的亲缘关系,该结论与细菌学常规鉴定结果一致。应用HOOF-Prints技术可以对绵羊种布鲁氏菌非典型株019进行鉴定,该技术有望弥补传统分类方法的不足。

Fabrication of integrated resistors in printed circuit boards

In order to utilize integrated passive technology in printed circuit boards （PCBs）, manufacturing processing for integrated resistors by lamination method was investigated. Integrated resistors fabricated from Ohmega technologies in the experiment were 1 408 pieces per panel with four different patterns A, B, C and D and four resistance values of 25, 50, 75 and 100 fL Six panel per batch and four batches were performed totally. The testing was done for 960 pieces of integrated resistors randomly selected with the same size. The value distribution ranges and the relative standard deviation （RSD） show that the scatter degree of the resistance decreases with the resistor size increasing and/or with the resistance increasing. Patterns D with resistance of 75 and 100% for four patterns have the resistance value variances less than 10%. Patterns C and D with resistance of 100 Ω have the manufacturing tolerance less than 10%. The process capabilities are from about 0.6 to 1.6 for the designed testing patterns, which shows that the integrated resistors fabricated have the potential to be used in multilayer PCBs in the future.

Inner damage identification and residual strength assessment of a 3D printed tunnel with marble-like cementitious materials using piezoelectric transducers

Quantitative damage identification of surrounding rock is important to assess the current condition and residual strength of underground tunnels.In this work,an underground tunnel model with marble-like cementitious materials was first fabricated using the three-dimensional(3D)printing technique and then loaded to simulate its failure mode in the laboratory.Lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric(PZT)transducers were embedded in the surrounding rock around the tunnel in the process of 3D printing.A 3D monitoring network was formed to locate damage areas and evaluate damage extent during loading.Results show that as the load increased,main cracks firstly appeared above the tunnel roof and below the floor,and then they coalesced into the tunnel boundary.Finally,the tunnel model was broken into several parts.The resonant frequency and the peak of the conductance signature firstly shifted rightwards with loading due to the sealing of microcracks,and then shifted backwards after new cracks appeared.An overall increase in the root-mean-square deviation(RMSD)calculated from conductance signatures of all the PZT transducers was observed as the load(damage)increased.Damage-dependent equivalent stiffness parameters(ESPs)were calculated from the real and imaginary signatures of each PZT at different damage states.Satisfactory agreement between equivalent and experimental ESP values was achieved.Also,the relationship between the change of the ESP and the residual strength was obtained.The method paves the way for damage identification and residual strength estimation of other 3D printed structures in civil engineering.

3D打印用砂浆的可打印性能研究

现有研究和相关技术标准多采用观测法检验3D打印材料的打印性能,缺少对可挤出性和可建造性的量化评价指标。本文基于流动度等常规工作性能指标对可打印性能的影响,提出挤出均匀性、累计形变率两个量化指标,用于评价3D打印材料的可打印性能,并在本试验条件下建立常规工作性能指标与打印质量的联系。结果表明:3D打印砂浆的挤出均匀性随流动度的增加先提高后降低,随动态屈服应力的增加而降低;累计形变率随高度保留率的增加而降低,随静态屈服应力的增加而降低。本试验参数条件下,当挤出均匀性小于3.5%、累计变形率不大于6%、动态屈服应力为200~800 Pa、静态屈服应力为1800~3300 Pa时,砂浆打印层数较高(不小于30层),可打印性能较好。

增材制造技术课程思政融入与多维度教学方法探究

当前,世界各国均将增材制造技术列为先进制造的国家战略进行重点支持。随着增材制造技术的飞速发展,科技前沿与理论教学的差距越来越明显。针对这一现状,在大学课程增材制造技术教学中引入课程思政元素,围绕“四个面向”中与增材制造相关的方向,对学生进行典型案例讲解,引导学生树立正确的人生观和价值观。为进一步体现增材制造的实践特色,更新增材制造前沿方向教学内容和方法,建立课堂—实践—实习—科创“四维度”教学方法和人才培养模式,四环节层层深入、互融互促,让学生学以致用,开拓学生科技视野。

含印染废水的污水处理新工艺

随着国家对水环境的不断重视,排水标准也在不断提高。太湖流域水网密集、水环境敏感性强,对出水排入太湖的污水处理厂提出了更高的要求。某污水处理厂采用“倒置A^(2)/O-MBR-磁混凝”组合工艺处理污水,出水能满足准Ⅳ类地表水排放标准。对工艺特点、主要构筑物工艺参数进行了分析,通过对4月中下旬每一天的COD、TP、TN、NH_(3)-N监测数据进行分析,评价污水处理厂运行效果。运行结果表明,污水经过处理后,COD、TP、TN、NH_(3)-N平均去除率分别达到83%、90%、81%、98%,出水COD、TP、TN、NH_(3)-N各项指标的平均值分别为25.00、0.28、5.33、0.33 mg/L,5月平均处理水经营成本为0.84元/m^(3)。

3D打印教具结合CBL教学法在神经外科住培中的应用

目的探讨3D打印教具结合以案例为基础的教学法(case-based learning,CBL)在神经外科住院医师规范化培训(简称住培)中的应用价值。方法选取2022年7月—2022年12月在绍兴市人民医院神经外科进行住院医师规范化培训的60名住院医师为研究对象,随机分为试验组(n=30)和对照组(n=30)。试验组采用3D打印教具结合CBL教学法进行教学,对照组采用传统CBL教学法进行教学,教具主要为普通影像学资料。培训结束后对2组学员进行理论知识考核、影像读片考核以及满意度评估,其中满意度又细分为提高学习兴趣、加深课程理解、提高操作能力、提高学习自信、提高沟通能力5个方面。结果试验组的理论知识考核成绩[(85.80±4.56)分]高于对照组[(82.30±5.47)],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组的影像读片考核成绩[(84.73±3.94)分]高于对照组[(80.97±5.10)],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组在提高学习兴趣、加深课程理解、提高操作能力方面的满意度(86.67%、66.67%、70.00%)均高于对照组(56.67%、36.67%、40.00%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组在提高学习自信、提高沟通能力方面的满意度(60.00%、73.33%)与对照组(53.33%、50.00%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论3D打印教具结合CBL教学法可以增强神经外科住院医师规范化培训的效果。

3D打印技术在住院医师规范化培训骨肿瘤案例式学习法中的应用

目的:分析评价3D打印技术在住院医师规范化培训骨肿瘤案例式学习法(case-based learning,CBL)中的应用效果。方法:纳入我院骨科住培基地学员60名,随机分为试验组(3D打印+CBL组)和对照组(床边带教组),通过考试和问卷调查评价3D打印技术在住培骨肿瘤CBL教学中的应用效果。结果:试验组学员理论知识考核成绩和实践能力考核成绩均高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组学员在总体满意程度、学习兴趣、教学吸引力、知识掌握程度、临床沟通交流能力和治疗方案理解程度方面的评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:3D打印技术联合CBL教学以案例为基础,突出骨肿瘤专业学习的重点和难点,提高了住培学员的学习兴趣和临床综合能力,值得在住培工作中推广应用。

基于Kano-FAST的瓦楞纸激光印刷设备设计研究

目的推动印刷行业朝更高效的方向迈进,提高印刷设备的易操作性和视觉识别性。方法将Kano和FAST(Function Analysis System Technique)模型引入瓦楞纸激光打印设备设计的前期应用需求分析中,通过问卷的方法获取用户的基本要求,并划分为几个子类型,进而建立Kano的二维功能属性模型。采用FAST法建立功能树,辅助使用Kano模型,从而更精准地分析用户需求,并更好地根据其需求进行优化设计。结果综合运用设计原理,针对性地挖掘瓦楞纸激光印刷设备在造型识别性、操作易用性、生产安全性上存在的问题,进而输出更优解。结论该设计方法的引入有助于为同类型的印刷设备设计提供参考,并引起更多相关厂家的重视,推动印刷行业向更积极的方向发展。

基于逆向工程法培养小学生微创新能力的实践研究——以“3D打印”为例

逆向工程法是一种“从成品出发”的教学方法,降低了创新门槛,容易实现微创新。文章以微创新能力内涵为导向,遵循“从仿到创”的阶段式教学理念,在项目式教学理论、做中学理论的支持下,提出了基于逆向工程法培养小学生微创新能力的教学活动框架,以“3D打印”为例进行三轮教学实践,并采用三角互证的方法从教师、学生、教学过程三个角度探究实践效果,以此修正与完善活动框架。研究结果表明,基于逆向工程法设计的教学活动从总体上显著提高了小学生微创新能力水平,对创新思维与创新技能要素也有显著促进作用,但对创新人格的影响不显著。研究结果为小学生微创新能力培养及国家创新人才培养提供了理论指导和实践参考。