Analysis of Drought Characteristics in the Inland Areas of Shandong Province from 1960 to 2013

Drought is one of the major meteorological disasters affecting the climate in China.In this paper,the interannual variation and seasonal distribution changes of drought at different time scales were analyzed with the standardized precipitation index( SPI) as the drought evaluation criterion to the precipitation data of the 5 meteorological stations of Jinan,Tai'an,Yiyuan,Shen County and Yanzhou from 1960 to 2013.The results showed that:(1) the frequency of drought was low in spring and summer in inland areas of Shandong Province,while autumn had frequent occurrences of moderate drought,and winter had frequent occurrences of heavy and severe droughts.(2) In the 1960 s,1980 s and early 21^(st) century,the number of droughts increased significantly,and the SPI values showed a significant decrease.(3) The 3-month time scale range was wide,during which the frequency of occurrence was high.The trend of SPI changes at the 12-month time scale was affected by the accumulation of antecedent precipitation,and the change was slow.The research results can provide a scientific reference for arid climate analysis and water resources management in agriculture and production in inland areas of Shandong Province.

Impact of climate change and human activities on the spatiotemporal dynamics of surface water area in Gansu Province, China

Understanding the dynamics of surface water area and their drivers is crucial for human survival and ecosystem stability in inland arid and semi-arid areas.This study took Gansu Province,China,a typical area with complex terrain and variable climate,as the research subject.Based on Google Earth Engine,we used Landsat data and the Open-surface Water Detection Method with Enhanced Impurity Control method to monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of surface water area in Gansu Province from 1985 to 2022,and quantitatively analyzed the main causes of regional differences in surface water area.The findings revealed that surface water area in Gansu Province expanded by 406.88 km2 from 1985 to 2022.Seasonal surface water area exhibited significant fluctuations,while permanent surface water area showed a steady increase.Notably,terrestrial water storage exhibited a trend of first decreasing and then increasing,correlated with the dynamics of surface water area.Climate change and human activities jointly affected surface hydrological processes,with the impact of climate change being slightly higher than that of human activities.Spatially,climate change affected the'source'of surface water to a greater extent,while human activities tended to affect the'destination'of surface water.Challenges of surface water resources faced by inland arid and semi-arid areas like Gansu Province are multifaceted.Therefore,we summarized the surface hydrology patterns typical in inland arid and semi-arid areas and tailored surface water'supply-demand'balance strategies.The study not only sheds light on the dynamics of surface water area in Gansu Province,but also offers valuable insights for ecological protection and surface water resource management in inland arid and semi-arid areas facing water scarcity.

Effects of drip irrigation on components of water cycle in arid inland areas: A case study of Manas river basin in northwestern China

Compared to either drip irrigation or mulching with plastic film,the two methods together can reduce water requirements of crops grown in arid areas by more than 30%.Such a combination deployed on a large scale(1)reduced the loss of soil water by 31.8%compared to that from drip irrigation alone;(2)narrowed the range of annual evapotranspiration from 1582.4-1780.3 mm,which is average for the basin,to 222.2-294.8 mm;and(3)increased the overall humidity in the central plain of the basin.However,the surrounding regions in which drip irrigation is not combined with mulching are getting more arid;thus,as a result of the water-saving technology,both oases and the desertification of the river basin are increasing at the same time.The results of the study further the understanding of the effects of drip irrigation combined with mulching on water cycles in the basin of the Manas river and suggest ways to protect the ecology and the environment of the basin.

Progress, problems and prospects of palynology in reconstructing environmental change in inland arid areas of Asia

Studying the climatic and environmental changes on different time scales in inland arid regions of Asia can greatly im‐prove our understanding of climatic influences for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the context of global change. Pollen, as a remnant of seed plants, is sensitive to environmental factors including precipitation, temperature and altitude, and is a clas‐sic proxy in environmental reconstruction. In the last two decades, great progress in the application of palynology to in‐land areas of Asia has highlighted the role of palynology in paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental research. The main progress is as follows. (1) On the tectonic time scale of the late Cenozoic, the palaeoclimatological sequence has been es‐tablished on the basis of pollen percentage, concentration and taxon. Pollen data have revealed a continuous enhancement of drought in the inland arid region of Asia, in contrast to evidence acquired based on other proxies. (2) In the late Quater‐nary, an increase in herbaceous plants further supports the intensification of drought associated with global cooling. In more detail, the palynological record shows a glacial-interglacial pattern consistent with changes in global ice volume. (3) The Holocene pollen record has been established at a high resolution and across a wide range of inland areas. In general, it presents an arid grassland environment in the early Holocene, followed by the development of woody plants in the mid- to late-Holocene climate optimum. This pattern is related to moisture changes in areas dominated by the westerlies. There are also significant regional differences in the pattern and amplitude of vegetation response to the Holocene environment. (4) Modern pollen studies based on vegetation surveys, meteorological data and statistics show that topsoil palynology can better reflect regional vegetation types (e. g., grassland, meadow, desert). Drier climates yield higher pollen contents of drought-tolerant plants such as Chenopodioideae, Ephedra, and Nitriaria, while contents of Artemisia and Poaceae are greater under humid climates. Besides these achievements, problems remain in palynological research: for example, pol‐len extraction, identification, interpretation, and quantitative reconstruction. In the future, we encourage strengthened inter‐disciplinary cooperation to improve experimental methods and innovation. Firstly, we should strengthen palynological classification and improve the skill of identification;secondly, laboratory experiments are needed to better constrain pol‐len transport dynamics in water and air;thirdly, more rigorous mathematical principles will improve the reliability of re‐constructions and deepen the knowledge of plant geography;and finally, new areas and methods in palynology should be explored, for example DNA, UV-B and isotopic analysis. It is expected that palynology will continue to develop, and we hope it will continue to play an important role in the study of past climatic and environmental changes.

The Process of Cultivated Land and Water Resource Distribution Changing in Recent Decades in Upstream and Downstream in Shiyang Inland River Basin in Arid Area of Northwest China

Last century 50 - 70 years, the dam construction of Shiyang Inland River Basin (SIRB) profound impact on the distribution of water resources and arable land in the basin. Through data collection, field surveys and remote sensing image interpretation, we analysis the use of land and water resources change process in the middle and lower reaches of SIRB in recent decades. The results show: (1) The cultivated area of SIRB has been an upward trend in recent decades, The whole basin cultivated area has increased total 229,000 hm2 from 1973 to 2010 and mainly in the middle and lower reaches. Midstream increased by 149,700 hm2 accounting for 65.36 percent of total, downstream increased by 70,000 hm2 accounting for 30.70 percent of total. (2) The amount of surface water resources of downstream reduce significantly gradually since dam construction, and the water table sharp decline. While the volume of surface water resources come downstream from the 1950s accounted for 30 to 40 percent of the total gradually reduced to less than 10% in 2012;(3) since the arable land area of middle and lower reaches of SIRB basin substantial increase, so the surface water resource does not meet irrigation needs. Agricultural irrigation relies heavily on exploitation of groundwater to supplement, resulting in Regional Groundwater Depth dropped rapidly, and forming several huge funnel groundwater settlements. 20 years from 1981 to 2001 the groundwater level of midstream dropped from around 5m to around 10m in Wuwei, and in Minqin dam-region of downstream along faster rate of decline in 20 years fell from 8.52 m to 22.68 m. Dam construction project has changed the pattern of the basin water cycle, the middle reaches closure a large number of surface water resources led to downstream sharp decline. Downstream continued exploitation of groundwater formed a few huge funnel groundwater settlements, it caused serious ecological problems. The basin should adjust the industrial structure and develop water saving irrigation, promote a virtuous cycle of water resources, to achieve sustainable development, seek a sustainable development ways conversion natural oasis to artificial oasis efficiency in arid zone.

Study of temperature and precipitation change in upstream mountain area of the Hexi inland river basin since 1960s

All rivers in the Hexi inland region of Gansu Province, China, originate from the northern slope of the Qilian Mountains. They are located in the southern portion of the region and respectively belong to the three large river systems from east to west, the Shiyang, Heihe and Shule river basins. These rivers are supplied by precipitation, snowmelt and ice-melt runoff from the Qilian Mountain area. Therefore, changes of precipitation and temperature in the upstream watersheds of these rivers have an important effect on changes of mountainous runoff and reasonable utilization of water resources in this region. For this reason, the Qilian Mountain area, upstream watersheds and runoff forming areas of these rivers are chosen as the study area. The change characteristics and variation trend of temperature and precipitation in this area under the backdrop of global warming axe analyzed based on observa- tional data of relational weather and hydrologic stations in the area. Results show that temperatures in the upriver mountain areas of these three large river basins have been increasing, although the increasing degree is differentially affected by global warming. The rising extent of annual and seasonal temperatures in the upstream mountain area of the Shule river basin located in the west- em Qilian Mountains, were all largest over the past 50 years. Precipitation in the upstream mountain areas of Hexi region＇ three river basins located respectively in the western, middle and eastern Qilian Mountains have been presenting an increasing trend to varying degrees as a whole for more than 50 years. This means that climate in the upstream mountain areas of Hexi region＇ three river basins are becoming increasingly warmer and moister over the past 50 years, which will be very good for the ecological en- vironment and agricultural production in the region.

区域协调发展视域下内陆地区与沿海地区产业合作的困境与突破

中国内陆地区与沿海地区生产活动紧密联系,二者共同参与全球价值分工、培育新形势下的竞争新优势是新时代中国高质量发展的选择。沿海地区对内陆地区的辐射带动力受空间异质性、地区间政策、空间距离等影响,城乡之间、群体之间、地区之间存在着明显的差距。近年来,内陆地区经济增长呈现良好势头,与沿海地区的协调性进一步增强,但深层次的矛盾和问题也开始呈现出来。面对国际格局深刻演变和日趋复杂的国际环境,未来应着眼于内陆地区资源禀赋与内生能力、沿海地区辐射带动力的提升,深化区域产业合作机制,破除区域间利益藩篱。

内河水上服务区绿色评价指标体系研究

为明确内河水上服务区绿色化建设目标和方向,促进水上服务区绿色效能提升,开展了水上服务区绿色评价指标体系研究,提出了一种适用于各类建设型式的水上服务区绿色评估方法。首先,在分析水上服务区建设型式和绿色建设现状的基础上,提出水上服务区绿色评价的主要原则,结合《绿色交通标准体系(2022)》与相关绿色评估标准明确具体的绿色化要素;其次,构建了水上服务区绿色评价指标体系,利用专家打分与层次分析法结合的方式确定指标权重,结合服务区实际情况验证指标权重的科学性,提出各项指标的评分方法;最后,运用所构建的指标体系对重庆某水上服务区进行评价。结果表明:该水上服务区可达到4星级绿色水平,验证了评价指标体系的适用性,并指出该服务区在节能管理、能耗监测、人员制度方面存在短板,为后续服务区优化提升提供了依据。

中中新世气候适宜期全球变暖背景下亚洲内陆干旱区古气候演化特征及驱动机制

中中新世气候适宜期是新生代全球降温趋势下一次强烈的全球升温事件,其气候状态被认为是未来全球变暖最可能达到的状态。亚洲内陆干旱区是全球典型的中纬度干旱区,其干旱化过程对人类生存环境影响最为深刻、最为直接。在全球变暖背景下,叠加人类活动的影响,干旱区变得更加脆弱,其扩张或变迁都会直接影响人类的生存和可持续发展。探讨亚洲内陆干旱区在中中新世全球气候变暖背景下的气候演化历史,对未来气候变暖模式下干旱区的气候变化预估提供重要参考。本文梳理了亚洲内陆干旱区典型盆地现有中中新世期间古气候演化研究结果,通过环境磁学参数、孢粉、同位素等多种气候代用指标的综合分析,发现在中中新世期间,多数地区呈现湿润化,但开始的时间有所差异,同时,少量地区呈现持续干旱化的现象。另一方面,对中中新世适宜期形成的主控因素依然存在较大争议,有的学者认为哥伦比亚玄武岩喷发是主要因素,有的学者认为构造活动是主要因素。要解决上述争议,需要获取更多具有精确年代控制的高分辨率记录,以确定中中新世升温事件的起始响应时间。通过正确解译气候代用指标,特别是对古气候变化响应最为直接和敏感的孢粉,以及环境磁学参数和地球化学比值等蕴含的古环境信息,厘清各种因素对气候变化造成的影响,揭示亚洲内陆干旱区中中新世气候适宜期气候演化的驱动机制。

国际陆港建设促进了中国内陆地区的对外贸易吗?

相较于东部沿海地区,在内陆地区对外开放程度相对偏低的现实背景下,国际陆港的建设是否真正发挥了内陆地区对外开放平台的作用?文章基于数据的可靠性,选择2005—2020年内陆地区12个省份共85个地级市的面板数据,利用多期DID模型实证检验了国际陆港建设对内陆地区对外贸易的影响和作用机制。研究结果显示,国际陆港建设能促进内陆地区对外贸易的发展,并且对进口的影响大于出口。平行趋势检验、安慰剂检验、反事实检验均证实了该促进效应的存在。从作用机制看,国际陆港的建设通过促进经济集聚、产业结构升级进而促进内陆地区对外贸易发展。上述研究结果可为进一步加快陆港建设,推进我国内陆地区调整产业结构、培育贸易竞争新优势提供有益启示。

无受纳水体区域核设施液态流出物转气态排放技术研究

液态流出物的排放控制是无受纳水体区域核设施运行过程中的重要问题,为实现内陆核设施液态流出物的近零排放,可将液态流出物转气态并利用大气稀释进行排放。本次研究开展了一体式载带塔对液体进行载带并转为气态排放规律的探索,研究过程中设计了液态流出物转气态排放工艺路线并搭建工程规模液转气实验台架进行工艺运行参数的探究。研究表明,在载带塔内不同的气液两相流体流量、温度以及外环境自然条件对液转气的处理能力有明显的影响,不同运行参数将改变蒸发速率、气液两相有效接触面积、单位气体载带上限及设备载带速率等因素,进而影响设备载带能力。工程台架实验表明,载带塔内多块塔板总面积约为60m^(2)的情况下,能够满足本设备100m^(3)/年的设计需求。

内河LNG加注趸船防爆电气设备选型浅析

内河液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas,LNG)船舶的推广对实现碳达峰具有重要的促进作用,但LNG具有易燃、易爆特性,如果防爆电气设备选型不当,可能会给正常的加注作业带来影响,甚至会引发重大安全事故。对不同的危险区域,科学选择防爆电气设备对内河LNG加注的安全作业具有重要意义。本文阐述了内河LNG加注趸船爆炸危险及电气设备选型存在的问题,对爆炸危险区域进行了划分,给出了防爆电气设备的选择原则、流程和方法;并以某内河LNG加注趸船液货舱接头处所的防爆投光灯为例,对防爆设备进行了选型分析。为内河LNG加注趸船的建造设计、防爆电气设备选型及检修管理提供参考。

河西内陆河灌区农田循环生产技术农户采纳意愿影响因素分析

基于河西内陆河灌区463户农户调查数据,采用排序选择Logit模型分析农户个人、家庭特征对农田循环生产技术农户采纳意愿的影响,结果显示,户主性别、身份和家庭人口因素对农户采纳意愿影响不显著,户主文化程度和种植规模对农户采纳意愿有显著正向影响,户主年龄和家庭收入水平对农户采纳意愿有显著负向影响。提出加强可持续发展理念宣传教育,为循环生产技术推广提供内在驱动力;发展农村职业教育和农民培训,提升农户农业技术接受能力;推进农村土地适度规模经营,为循环生产技术推广奠定基础;促进产业深度融合,为循环生产技术推广拓展发展空间。

浙北杭嘉湖地区内河航道生态护岸研究

基于生态文明建设,分析浙江省杭州市、嘉兴市、湖州市的内河航道及护岸基本情况。针对浙江省内河航道存在的问题,研究内河航道的建设工况和环境特点,根据护岸选用原则提出改善内河航道护岸工程的措施,以实现内河航道的可持续发展和生态保护目标,并总结制约我国内河航道生态性发展的关键因素,对浙江省航道生态建设进行展望。

两种河道洪水演进方法在新疆山区的应用比较

以呼图壁河流域石门水文站以上山区河道为研究区域,利用石门站2015—2019年的日流量观测数据和1978—1983年、2008—2019年的年平均流量数据,以GFS降水资料为WRF-Hydro模型的输入,用其内置的扩散波模式、马斯京根-康吉模式两种河道演算方式进行径流模拟,对比分析模拟径流与实测径流的差异,探讨基于WRFHydro模型的洪水演进方法在新疆内陆干旱区的径流模拟效果。结果表明:扩散波模式模拟效果总体优于马斯京根-康吉模式的模拟效果。分析了WRF-Hydro两种河道演算模式模拟洪水的一些特征,其中扩散波模式模拟结果较好,用时较长;马斯京根-康吉模式模拟结果不太理想,但用时短。

法律边疆学:概念、对象和内容

为建设法治边疆,在边疆地区贯彻实施国家法律,构建有别于内地的、有自身特色的边疆法治体系,实现与相邻发达国家的法治接轨,迫切需要建构一门相对独立的、以上述主题为主要研究对象的法律边疆学。为此,本文对法律边疆学的基本概念、研究对象和主要内容予以探讨,以为该学科的建立做一些初步工作。法律边疆学是一门以边疆地区的法律现象为研究对象的、旨在发现边疆地区的法律有别于内地之特殊发生、运行规律及一般过程的学科。与一般边疆学不同,法律边疆学的研究对象侧重于或者说主要是法律这一现象。描述性的法律边疆学、预测性的法律边疆学、规范性的法律边疆学和法律边疆学史依次构成了法律边疆学为实现其宗旨目的、目标任务的四大主要研究内容。

茂名近海、近岸及陆地站点气象要素对比分析

基于广东省茂名近海海洋浮标站、近岸海上平台站以及陆地电白基准站1年的观测数据,对比分析了风速、风向、温度和湿度的变化特征。(1)三个站点全年的主导风向均呈双峰状,只是主导风向有差异,海洋浮标站和海上平台站以东北风为主,偏南风为辅;而电白基准站主要是东北风和东南风。三个站点的月平均风速最小值都是在8月;最大值海洋浮标站出现在1月,海上平台站为11月,而电白基准站为4月。(2)电白基准站和海上平台站温度年平均日变化呈现出“一谷一峰”型特征;海上浮标站早上有一个低谷,但是峰值不太明显。三个站点月平均温度都是上半年呈上升趋势,下半年呈下降趋势。海洋浮标站纬度更南,受到陆地影响最小,全年高温持续时间最长。(3)三个站点的湿度年平均日变化都是呈“一峰一谷”型,即早晚湿度高,中午到下午低。从日变化振幅上看,电白基准站最大,海上平台站次之,海洋浮标站最小。三个站点湿度月平均都是2—8月湿度较大,最低月份出现在东北季风盛行的11—12月。海洋浮标站出现高湿度的月份最长;海上平台站因为受到陆地的影响,在中午和下午会出现较明显的低值区域。(4)受下垫面的影响,三个站点的风速、温度和湿度的日较差全年平均值,最大值都是电白基准站,其次是海上平台站,最小是海洋浮标站。

内河洪水对龙赛湖蓄滞洪区蓄洪容积影响特点的计算分析

蓄滞洪区的有效蓄洪容积是蓄滞洪区在分洪运用时实际能够蓄纳洪水的容积,是制定蓄滞洪区调度预案、实时优化调度方案的重要依据,内河洪水的调度将会占用蓄滞洪区内湖泊、圩垸及洼地的蓄洪容积,从而使有效蓄洪容积减少。选取汉北河龙赛湖蓄滞洪区,计算分析了不同频率内河洪水调度占用湖泊、圩垸及洼地蓄洪容积的变化特点,调蓄内河洪水后蓄滞洪区有效蓄洪容积的变化规律及影响,结果表明:①对于同时包括湖泊、圩垸和洼地的蓄滞洪区,调蓄内河洪水占用湖泊蓄洪容积显著大于占用圩垸及洼地蓄洪容积,内河洪水越大,占用湖泊与圩垸及洼地蓄洪容积的差别就越大。龙赛湖蓄滞洪区内河发生5年至50年一遇洪水时,在被占用蓄洪容积总量中,占用湖泊容积的比例达到97.9%~98.1%。②调蓄内河洪水减小蓄滞洪区有效容积随内河洪水频率的不同而改变,内河洪水越大,蓄滞洪区有效蓄洪的减小就越显著,龙赛湖蓄滞洪区内河发生50年一遇洪水时,有效蓄洪容积减小了约13.5%,而在发生5年一遇洪水时,有效蓄洪容积仅减小了7.81%。③当内河发生洪水并可能遭遇干流洪水时,蓄滞洪区有效蓄洪容积的减小将对干流防洪调度产生较为明显影响,应根据来水情况实时计算确定蓄滞洪区有效蓄洪容积,实时优化或调整调度方案,提前转移人员和财产。

食物·景观·建筑——日本濑户内海艺术节促进自然保护地的区域协同发展途径研究

自然保护地是世界重要的自然资源,如何促进自然保护地的区域协同发展是一个重要的议题。目前,对于该问题的研究大多集中在宏观层面指导保护的相关法规以及协调发展的理论措施。然而,对于微观层级,在特定区域的自然与人文资源背景下,有哪些可行的方法和成功的案例可以作为借鉴较少有研究分享和探讨。通过实地调查、资料收集以及归纳总结的方法探讨了日本濑户内海艺术节如何促进该自然保护地的区域协同发展。研究结果基于食物、景观、建筑三大途径,以及“生产、食用、学习、参访、环保、联系、艺术、生活、回忆”9个主题进行阐释。最后,总结濑户内海艺术节促进自然保护地的区域协同发展的途径以及对中国的启示,这些发现可以更好地推动国内自然保护地的保护与发展工作。