Air–water CO2 flux in an algae bloom year for Lake Hongfeng,Southwest China:implications for the carbon cycle of global inland waters

The carbon cycle of global inland waters is quantitatively comparable to other components in the global carbon budget. Among inland waters, a significant part is man-made lakes formed by damming rivers. Manmade lakes are undergoing a rapid increase in number and size. Human impacts and frequent algae blooms lead to it necessary to make a better constraint on their carbon cycles. Here, we make a primary estimation on the air–water CO_2 transfer flux through an algae bloom year for a subtropical man-made lake—Hongfeng Lake, Southwest China. To do this a new type of glass bottles was designed for content and isotopic analysis of DIC and other environmental parameters. At the early stage of algae bloom,CO_2 was transferred from the atmosphere to the lake with a net flux of 1.770 g·C·m^(-2). Later, the partial pressure(pCO_2) of the aqueous CO_2 increased rapidly and the lake outgassed to the atmosphere with a net flux of 95.727 g·C·m^(-2). In the remaining days, the lake again took up CO_2 from the atmosphere with a net flux of 14.804 g·C·m^(-2). As a whole, Lake Hongfeng released 4527 t C to the atmosphere, accounting for one-third of the atmosphere/soil CO_2 sequestered by chemical weathering in the whole drainage. With an empirical mode decomposition method, we found air temperature plays a major role in controlling water temperature, aqueous pCO_2 and hence CO_2 flux. This work indicates a necessity to make detailed and comprehensive carbon budgets in man-made lakes.

The coordinated development of China’s inland water transport

The coordinated development is the core of sustainable development and the hot issue of international research.Inland water transport(IWT) is an important part of the water resources exploiting system and comprehensive transport system under socio-economic context of river basin,and also the country's sustainable development priorities to achieve resource-conserving and environment-friendly strategy.Based on the coordinated development content,the paper combined Germany's successful development experience,explored the elements and problem of the coordinated development of IWT system of China's national economic strategy and basin economy,water resourse system,comprehensive transport system,and system itself,and their countermeasures and suggestions,in order to facilitate rapid and coordinated development of China's inland water transport.

Marine and Inland Water Resources in Eneolithic Communities. New Data from Sardinia （Italy）

This paper presents research aimed at identifying the methods with which prehistoric man interacted with marine and inland water environments. The objective is to determine the degree to which resources from these environments influenced the socio-economic organization of these peoples. The coastline around Cagliari and its hinterland （southern Sardinia, Italy） were chosen as the subject, on the basis of the presence of both the sea and several ponds. The territory is noted as being home to both Neolithic and Eneolithic settlements. Among these the archaeological excavation of the village of Su Coddu/Canelles produced a large quantity of malacofauna. Data has been processed from part of the settlement that gave radiocarbon dating from the period between 3640 and 2900 cal. BC, and in which it was possible to carry out the level of sampling that was necessary to complete the research. In particular this interdisciplinary project, which aims to make an overall study of the settlement, the data relating to the geography of the area, the archaeological documentation, the fauna and shell artefacts will be extrapolated. Numerous methods are applied above all in reference to the marines and ponds resources. Additionally, the morphological anatomical-comparative analysis （in order to determine the typology of the faunal remains and to identify each individual species） and the technological analysis of the manufactured shells （so as to detect the selection and the transformation type of raw materials） are accomplished. The research has led to the identification of a settlement model in which agriculture formed the primary means of subsistence, that was complemented by the rearing of livestock, through hunting and gathering. The exploitation of marine and inland waters resources, as food source, have to be important because 99% of the faunal remains are shells. Different shell species are recognized, among those the Ostrea edulis provides the raw material to produce bevelled objects, which are documented inside the settlement in considerable number. Some plant species, typical of the lagoon ecosystem, were used for building and craft production.

Performances of conventional fusion methods evaluated for inland water body observation using GF-1 image

Satellite remote sensing of inland water body requires a high spatial resolution and a multiband narrow spectral resolution, which makes the fusion between panchromatic(PAN) and multi-spectral(MS) images particularly important. Taking the Daquekou section of the Qiantang River as an observation target, four conventional fusion methods widely accepted in satellite image processing, including pan sharpening(PS), principal component analysis(PCA), Gram-Schmidt(GS), and wavelet fusion(WF), are utilized to fuse MS and PAN images of GF-1.The results of subjective and objective evaluation methods application indicate that GS performs the best,followed by the PCA, the WF and the PS in the order of descending. The existence of a large area of the water body is a dominant factor impacting the fusion performance. Meanwhile, the ability of retaining spatial and spectral informations is an important factor affecting the fusion performance of different fusion methods. The fundamental difference of reflectivity information acquisition between water and land is the reason for the failure of conventional fusion methods for land observation such as the PS to be used in the presence of the large water body. It is suggested that the adoption of the conventional fusion methods in the observing water body as the main target should be taken with caution. The performances of the fusion methods need re-assessment when the large-scale water body is present in the remote sensing image or when the research aims for the water body observation.

An Empirical Model for Dinitrogen Gas Emission from Inland Waters

The motivation to calculate this empirical model resulted from often observing—at the time disconcerting—excess dinitrogen gas (N2 concentration > background concentration) in bubble-gas emission samples, collected primarily for the purpose of carbon budget research, from Brazilian rivers and reservoirs sampled during roughly 100 field surveys lasting 4 days each on average and executed between years 2000 and 2012. We model the (serendipitously) measured dinitrogen gas above environmental concentration (N2aec) escaping in bubbles from Brazilian rivers as a function of dissolved nitrogen (N) in water. To this model, we mathematically add a pre-existing model of diffusively emitted denitrified dinitrogen (also as a function of dissolved N) from streams in the United States of America (USA). The resulting model predicts denitrified dinitrogen water-air emission from inland waters in the USA, China and Germany.

A global,high-resolution(30-m)inland water body dataset for 2000:first results of a topographic-spectral classification algorithm

The science and management of terrestrial ecosystems require accurate,high-resolution mapping of surface water.We produced a global,30-m-resolution inland surface water dataset with an automated algorithm using Landsat-based surface reflectance estimates,multispectral water and vegetation indices,terrain metrics,and prior coarse-resolution water masks.The dataset identified 3,650,723 km2 of inland water globally–nearly three quarters of which was located in North America(40.65%)and Asia(32.77%),followed by Europe(9.64%),Africa(8.47%),South America(6.91%),and Oceania(1.57%).Boreal forests contained the largest portion of terrestrial surface water(25.03%of the global total),followed by the nominal‘inland water’biome(16.36%),tundra(15.67%),and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests(13.91%).Agreement with respect to the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer water mask and Landsat-based national land-cover datasets was very high,with commission errors<4%and omission errors<14%relative to each.Most of these were accounted for in the seasonality of water cover,snow and ice,and clouds–effects which were compounded by differences in image acquisition date relative to reference datasets.The Global Land Cover Facility(GLCF)inland surface water dataset is available for open access at the GLCF website(http://www.landcover.org).

Remote sensing of cyanobacterial blooms in inland waters: present knowledge and future challenges

Timely monitoring, detection and quantification of cyanobacterial blooms are especially important for controlling public health risks and understanding aquatic ecosystem dynamics. Due to the advantages of simultaneous data acquisition over large geographical areas and high temporal coverage, remote sensing strongly facilitates cyanobacterial bloom monitoring in inland waters. We provide a comprehensive review regarding cyanobacterial bloom remote sensing in inland waters including cyanobacterial optical characteristics, operational remote sensing algorithms of chlorophyll, phycocyanin and cyanobacterial bloom areas, and satellite imaging applications. We conclude that there have many significant progresses in the remote sensing algorithm of cyanobacterial pigments over the past 30 years. The band ratio algorithms in the red and near-infrared(NIR) spectral regions have great potential for the remote estimation of chlorophyll a in eutrophic and hypereutrophic inland waters, and the floating algae index(FAI) is the most widely used spectral index for detecting dense cyanobacterial blooms. Landsat, MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and MERIS(MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) are the most widely used products for monitoring the spatial and temporal dynamics of cyanobacteria in inland waters due to the appropriate temporal, spatial and spectral resolutions. Future work should primarily focus on the development of universal algorithms, remote retrievals of cyanobacterial blooms in oligotrophic waters, and the algorithm applicability to mapping phycocyanin at a large spatial-temporal scale. The applications of satellite images will greatly improve our understanding of the driving mechanism of cyanobacterial blooms by combining numerical and ecosystem dynamics models.

Chlorophyll-a retrieval in inland waters based on a regional three-band model

以太湖和石头口门水库为例,建立了一种可直接计算水体叶绿素a浓度的区域化三波段模型。该模型通过对研究水体的光学特性分析,明确三波段组合与叶绿素a浓度间的函数关系参数,不仅可较好指示研究水体叶绿素a浓度水平,而且大大减小了回归算法所带来的模型不确定性。利用高精度、长时间序列的水体光学特性观测数据,建立针对不同研究水体的区域化三波段模型可为实现内陆水体叶绿素a浓度遥感监测业务化运行提供方法借鉴。

SUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION AND UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE INLAND RIVERBASIN OF ARID NORTHWEST CHINA

Calculated in terms of surface runoff plus irrepeated groundwater, there is about 8. 67 ×1010m3 of total available water resources in the inland river basins of arid Northwest China. Water resources is the decisive factor for survival of oases and human being. But there have arisen several aspects of Serious eco-environment problems resulted from irrational exploitation and utilization. From now on, the development and utilization of water not only requires to promote regional economy, but also needs to protect and improve the environment based on their potential. Sustainable utilization needs to broaden new sources and saving water at first. Then three measures are recommended.

Simulation of hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins: taking the Heihe Mainstream River as an example

The hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins are complicated.It is absolutely significant to quantify mountainous runoff for social,economic and ecological purposes.This paper takes the mountainous watershed of the Heihe Mainstream River as a study area to simulate the hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins by using the soil and water assessment tool(SWAT)model.SWAT simulation results show that both the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and the determination coefficient values of the calibration period(January 1995 to December 2002)and validation period(January 2002 to December 2009)are higher than 0.90,and the percent bias is controlled within±5%,indicating that the simulation results are satisfactory.According to the SWAT performance,we discussed the yearly and monthly variation trends of the mountainous runoff and the runoff components.The results show that from 1996 to 2009,an indistinctive rising trend was observed for the yearly mountainous runoff,which is mainly recharged by lateral flow,and followed by shallow groundwater runoff and surface runoff.The monthly variation demonstrates that the mountainous runoff decreases slightly from May to July,contrary to other months.The mountainous runoff is mainly recharged by shallow groundwater runoff in January,February,and from October to December,by surface runoff in March and April,and by lateral flow from May to September.

Greenhouse Gas Emission from Inland Open Water Bodies and Their Estimation Process—An Emerging Issue in the Era of Climate Change

The persistent rise in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the earth’s atmosphere is responsible for global warming and climate change. Besides the known source of GHGs emissions like energy, industry, and agriculture, intrinsic emissions from natural inland water bodies like wetland, rivers, reservoirs, estuaries, etc. have also been identified as other hotspots of GHGs emission and gaining the attention of the scientific communities in recent times. Inland fisheries in India are threatened by climate changes such as a change in temperature, precipitation, droughts, storm, sea-level rise, saltwater intrusion, floods that affect mostly the production, productivity and ultimately affect the fishers’ livelihood. There are, however, different mitigation and adaptation strategies to cope with the effects of climate change. Carbon sequestration and other related management interventions are one of the options available minimizing GHGs emissions from inland open waters, particularly the wetlands and coastal mangroves which are well known worldwide for their significant role in the storage of carbon. Assessment of C efflux from exposed sediments in dry streams, reservoirs, lakes, rivers, and ponds into the atmosphere can be considered imperative for a better understanding of their role as a C-sink or as a C-source to the atmosphere.

The Process of Cultivated Land and Water Resource Distribution Changing in Recent Decades in Upstream and Downstream in Shiyang Inland River Basin in Arid Area of Northwest China

Last century 50 - 70 years, the dam construction of Shiyang Inland River Basin (SIRB) profound impact on the distribution of water resources and arable land in the basin. Through data collection, field surveys and remote sensing image interpretation, we analysis the use of land and water resources change process in the middle and lower reaches of SIRB in recent decades. The results show: (1) The cultivated area of SIRB has been an upward trend in recent decades, The whole basin cultivated area has increased total 229,000 hm2 from 1973 to 2010 and mainly in the middle and lower reaches. Midstream increased by 149,700 hm2 accounting for 65.36 percent of total, downstream increased by 70,000 hm2 accounting for 30.70 percent of total. (2) The amount of surface water resources of downstream reduce significantly gradually since dam construction, and the water table sharp decline. While the volume of surface water resources come downstream from the 1950s accounted for 30 to 40 percent of the total gradually reduced to less than 10% in 2012;(3) since the arable land area of middle and lower reaches of SIRB basin substantial increase, so the surface water resource does not meet irrigation needs. Agricultural irrigation relies heavily on exploitation of groundwater to supplement, resulting in Regional Groundwater Depth dropped rapidly, and forming several huge funnel groundwater settlements. 20 years from 1981 to 2001 the groundwater level of midstream dropped from around 5m to around 10m in Wuwei, and in Minqin dam-region of downstream along faster rate of decline in 20 years fell from 8.52 m to 22.68 m. Dam construction project has changed the pattern of the basin water cycle, the middle reaches closure a large number of surface water resources led to downstream sharp decline. Downstream continued exploitation of groundwater formed a few huge funnel groundwater settlements, it caused serious ecological problems. The basin should adjust the industrial structure and develop water saving irrigation, promote a virtuous cycle of water resources, to achieve sustainable development, seek a sustainable development ways conversion natural oasis to artificial oasis efficiency in arid zone.

Hydrological and water cycle processes of inland river basins in the arid region of Northwest China

The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.

大兴安岭多年冻土区两种水体温室气体浓度动态与冬季储存特征

北方内陆水体是温室气体排放的热点,对量化区域碳收支起重要作用,但其排放的季节变化尚不清楚。观测了大兴安岭多年冻土区府库奇河及其改道形成的牛轭湖(演替晚期)冻结期冰层中储存的二氧化碳(CO_(2))和甲烷(CH_(4))浓度,并比较了两种水体中CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度在三个不同时期(冻结期、非冻结期、春季融化)的差异。结果表明:两种水体CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度季节变化存在差异。牛轭湖在冻结期水体中CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度最高,有明显的冰下积累现象,其中CH_(4)浓度平均值为(2.21±0.54)μmo/L,分别是非冻结期和春季融化期水体CH_(4)浓度的5倍和14倍。河流水体中CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度最高出现在春季融化期,显著高于非冻结期和冻结期(P<0.05)。水中CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度受多种环境因子的影响,与可溶性有机碳(DOC)正相关(P<0.05),与溶解氧(DO)、水温为负相关(P<0.05)。冻结期冰层形成后,温室气体会以冰气泡的形式存储在冰层中,气泡的主要成分是CO_(2)和CH_(4),其中CO_(2)占90%以上。由于冰气泡中CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度约为冰下水体浓度的1%—30%,忽略冰层中储存的温室气体将会增加北方水体碳排放的不确定性。研究明确了大兴安岭多年冻土区两种水体溶解性CO_(2)和CH_(4)的季节变化特征与冬季温室气体储存能力,为深入认知该区域水体碳循环过程提供重要数据支持。

兼顾内陆水体水位时空变化特性的合成孔径雷达波形重跟踪算法

合成孔径雷达(SAR)测高技术已被广泛运用于内陆水位监测中,但内陆水域回波复杂,需要波形重跟踪精化才能获取有效水位。内陆水域SAR高度计回波通常包含多个子波形,重跟踪的主要思路是寻找最优子波形,在特定条件下可以获得较合理水位,但在复杂水域或小水体中容易出现最优子波形筛选错误导致水位异常。传统最优子波形筛选主要是基于沿轨或外部数据约束下进行,而本文提出一种不使用外部数据、兼顾了内陆水体水位时间变化连续且空间变化平稳特性的重跟踪算法SaTCoM,首先对波形进行插值平滑,有效提高子波形识别准确度;然后对所有周期沿轨子波形水位集合进行时间向滤波得到参考水位序列;最后将沿轨子波形水位划分为若干区间并将子波形水位“放入”最近区间,在参考水位波动约束下,根据表征沿轨水位空间稳态特性的指标函数,选择最优水位区间子波形水位计算最终水位。选择我国区域68个大中小型水体的水文站实测数据作为验证,对其附近的哨兵-3A/3B/6A卫星SAR回波数据,分别使用SaTCoM算法、OCOG、ICE1、阈值法和MWaPP+算法重跟踪后进行了比较。结果表明,SaTCoM算法所得内陆水体水位与实测数据不符值RMSE为0.34 m,相对RMSE为7.8%,相关性为0.95,在大部分内陆水体中均表现优异,较其他算法有很大优势,在中小水体中尤为明显,同时分析表明时空约束下的SaTCoM算法仍可以有效捕捉水体水位的快速变化。由此表明,本文算法SaTCoM可较好地解决小水体有效水位获取的困难,能够较大地拓展内陆测高数据的应用。

基于CiteSpace的三维荧光光谱技术对内陆水体中溶解性有机质研究的进展

采用文献计量学方法厘清国内外三维荧光光谱技术对内陆水体中溶解性有机质(DOM)的研究现状、热点和发展趋势。利用CiteSpace知识图谱分析工具,以CNKI和WoS核心合集为数据源,从年发文量、发文作者、发文国家、关键词聚类以及突显等方面进行可视化分析,并对三维荧光光谱技术研究内陆水体中的DOM及其数据分析方法与解析技术进行综述。结果表明该领域年发文量呈上升趋势且以外文文献量增长较快为主要特征,中国是发文量最多的国家,国际化交流合作程度高且已形成较为稳定的研究团体,研究潜力充足。国内外利用三维荧光光谱技术对内陆水体中DOM的研究主要集中在易受人类活动影响或富营养化严重的水域,包括富营养化水体与沉积物中溶解性有机质,有色溶解性有机质和消毒副产物的研究,以及涉及溶解性有机质与重金属相互作用、全球气候变化响应、生物利用性等方面。除了采用常规的数据分析方法外,综合运用三维荧光光谱与吸收光谱、质谱等技术相结合,从分子水平解析内陆水体中DOM的组成和来源特征是该领域未来的重要研究热点与趋势。

新一代国产高光谱ZY1-02E卫星在内陆水体水质参数反演中的应用

2021年12月26日,我国成功发射资源一号02E(ZY1-02E)卫星,其搭载了新一代高光谱相机(Advanced Hyperspectral Imager,AHSI),拥有30 m空间分辨率的可见光到短波红外范围内的166个波段,在内陆水体水质参数反演方面具有重要潜力。本研究以北京市沙河水库和金海湖为研究区,开展基于ZY1-02E AHSI影像数据的叶绿素a浓度和透明度反演研究,以评价其实际应用效果。基于京津冀地区12个湖库的遥感反射率和叶绿素a浓度实测数据,构建叶绿素a反演半经验模型。将该模型和基于准解析算法(Quasi-Analytical Algorithm,QAA)的透明度半分析模型应用于ZY1-02E AHSI影像,并利用在沙河水库和金海湖两个研究区获取的星地同步实测水质数据对反演结果进行精度评价。结果表明,基于670 nm和705 nm波长的归一化指数的叶绿素a反演半经验模型的精度最高,拟合度和平均相对误差分别为0.79和21.70%;基于QAA-V6的透明度半分析模型的精度最高,拟合度和平均相对误差分别为0.93和13.90%。该研究结果初步证明了ZY1-02E高光谱数据在内陆水体水质参数反演中的潜力。

广东内河水运高质量发展策略研究

本文梳理了广东内河水运发展特征及取得的成就,针对广东内河水运发展滞后、区域发展不平衡、资源要素制约突出、港口集疏运体系不够完善等问题,进行全面分析,提出继续推进广东内河高等级航道建设,优化内河港口总体规划,加强水资源综合利用,提高内河港口专业化水平,提升内河水运智慧、绿色发展水平的发展策略,推动广东内河水运高质量发展,为区域发展新格局提供有力支撑。

基于SVM模型的星载GNSS-R内陆水体识别方法研究

内陆水体探测是遥感领域中的重要研究方向之一,涵盖河流形态变化监测、实时洪水监测和地表水变化分析等领域。支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)在非线性分类问题上表现优秀并且能够得到较低的错误率。提出了一种基于SVM的全球导航卫星系统反射(GNSS-R)信号内陆水体识别方法,使用星载GNSS-R信噪比(Signal to Noise Ratio,SNR)作为像素构建遥感图像,并应用合成少数类过采样技术(Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique,SMOTE)进行数据处理。在此基础上,通过SVM模型的方式实现水体信息提取,并在刚果盆地区域的旋风全球导航卫星系统(Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System,CYGNSS)数据进行了验证。结果表明,未进行SMOTE算法处理的分类准确率是65.1%,其中水体分类准确率5.39%,而经过SVM模型和SMOTE算法处理后,数据分类准确率提高至96.49%,水体分类准确率提高至96.32%,准确率和水体查准率都得到了提高,显示了利用基于SVM的星载GNSS-R内陆水体识别方法的有效性。