Air–water CO2 flux in an algae bloom year for Lake Hongfeng,Southwest China:implications for the carbon cycle of global inland waters

The carbon cycle of global inland waters is quantitatively comparable to other components in the global carbon budget. Among inland waters, a significant part is man-made lakes formed by damming rivers. Manmade lakes are undergoing a rapid increase in number and size. Human impacts and frequent algae blooms lead to it necessary to make a better constraint on their carbon cycles. Here, we make a primary estimation on the air–water CO_2 transfer flux through an algae bloom year for a subtropical man-made lake—Hongfeng Lake, Southwest China. To do this a new type of glass bottles was designed for content and isotopic analysis of DIC and other environmental parameters. At the early stage of algae bloom,CO_2 was transferred from the atmosphere to the lake with a net flux of 1.770 g·C·m^(-2). Later, the partial pressure(pCO_2) of the aqueous CO_2 increased rapidly and the lake outgassed to the atmosphere with a net flux of 95.727 g·C·m^(-2). In the remaining days, the lake again took up CO_2 from the atmosphere with a net flux of 14.804 g·C·m^(-2). As a whole, Lake Hongfeng released 4527 t C to the atmosphere, accounting for one-third of the atmosphere/soil CO_2 sequestered by chemical weathering in the whole drainage. With an empirical mode decomposition method, we found air temperature plays a major role in controlling water temperature, aqueous pCO_2 and hence CO_2 flux. This work indicates a necessity to make detailed and comprehensive carbon budgets in man-made lakes.

Review of 15 Years of Research on Sediment Heavy Metal Contents and Sediment Nutrient Release in Inland Aquatic Ecosystems,Turkey

Turkey’s inland water ecosystem consists of 33 rivers (177.714 miles), 200 natural lakes (906.118 ha), 159 reservoirs (342.377 ha) and 750 ponds (15.500 ha). Sedimentological studies conducted on inland water ecosystems during the last 15 years in Turkey can be categorized into two main topics. The first group of studies is concerned with heavy metal levels in sediment, with especial reference to the interaction between water, sediment and aquatic organisms. Additionally, the studies in question deal with the potential impacts of heavy metal concentrations on the ecosystem. The second group of studies is concerned with the role of eutrophication in the sediment as a result of serious contamination of inland water ecosystems. It is known that the sediment can directly influence the nutrient level in standing inland waters such as lakes and ponds by way of internal nutrient loading. In this context, studies regarding sediment, overlying water, sediment pore water and nutrient release from the sediment should be emphasized as these are important steps with respect to the eutrophication process. By keeping these studies in mind, the researcher in this study compiled and analyzed studies dealing with inland water ecosystems with differing nutrient levels and uses, including for drinking water, in Turkey’s drainage basins. In addition, field and laboratory studies regarding nutrient release from sediment into Turkey’s inland water ecosystems were evaluated in light of lake management practices.

The coordinated development of China’s inland water transport

The coordinated development is the core of sustainable development and the hot issue of international research.Inland water transport(IWT) is an important part of the water resources exploiting system and comprehensive transport system under socio-economic context of river basin,and also the country's sustainable development priorities to achieve resource-conserving and environment-friendly strategy.Based on the coordinated development content,the paper combined Germany's successful development experience,explored the elements and problem of the coordinated development of IWT system of China's national economic strategy and basin economy,water resourse system,comprehensive transport system,and system itself,and their countermeasures and suggestions,in order to facilitate rapid and coordinated development of China's inland water transport.

Marine and Inland Water Resources in Eneolithic Communities. New Data from Sardinia （Italy）

This paper presents research aimed at identifying the methods with which prehistoric man interacted with marine and inland water environments. The objective is to determine the degree to which resources from these environments influenced the socio-economic organization of these peoples. The coastline around Cagliari and its hinterland （southern Sardinia, Italy） were chosen as the subject, on the basis of the presence of both the sea and several ponds. The territory is noted as being home to both Neolithic and Eneolithic settlements. Among these the archaeological excavation of the village of Su Coddu/Canelles produced a large quantity of malacofauna. Data has been processed from part of the settlement that gave radiocarbon dating from the period between 3640 and 2900 cal. BC, and in which it was possible to carry out the level of sampling that was necessary to complete the research. In particular this interdisciplinary project, which aims to make an overall study of the settlement, the data relating to the geography of the area, the archaeological documentation, the fauna and shell artefacts will be extrapolated. Numerous methods are applied above all in reference to the marines and ponds resources. Additionally, the morphological anatomical-comparative analysis （in order to determine the typology of the faunal remains and to identify each individual species） and the technological analysis of the manufactured shells （so as to detect the selection and the transformation type of raw materials） are accomplished. The research has led to the identification of a settlement model in which agriculture formed the primary means of subsistence, that was complemented by the rearing of livestock, through hunting and gathering. The exploitation of marine and inland waters resources, as food source, have to be important because 99% of the faunal remains are shells. Different shell species are recognized, among those the Ostrea edulis provides the raw material to produce bevelled objects, which are documented inside the settlement in considerable number. Some plant species, typical of the lagoon ecosystem, were used for building and craft production.

Greenhouse Gas Emission from Inland Open Water Bodies and Their Estimation Process—An Emerging Issue in the Era of Climate Change

The persistent rise in concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the earth’s atmosphere is responsible for global warming and climate change. Besides the known source of GHGs emissions like energy, industry, and agriculture, intrinsic emissions from natural inland water bodies like wetland, rivers, reservoirs, estuaries, etc. have also been identified as other hotspots of GHGs emission and gaining the attention of the scientific communities in recent times. Inland fisheries in India are threatened by climate changes such as a change in temperature, precipitation, droughts, storm, sea-level rise, saltwater intrusion, floods that affect mostly the production, productivity and ultimately affect the fishers’ livelihood. There are, however, different mitigation and adaptation strategies to cope with the effects of climate change. Carbon sequestration and other related management interventions are one of the options available minimizing GHGs emissions from inland open waters, particularly the wetlands and coastal mangroves which are well known worldwide for their significant role in the storage of carbon. Assessment of C efflux from exposed sediments in dry streams, reservoirs, lakes, rivers, and ponds into the atmosphere can be considered imperative for a better understanding of their role as a C-sink or as a C-source to the atmosphere.

内河水上服务区绿色评价指标体系研究

为明确内河水上服务区绿色化建设目标和方向,促进水上服务区绿色效能提升,开展了水上服务区绿色评价指标体系研究,提出了一种适用于各类建设型式的水上服务区绿色评估方法。首先,在分析水上服务区建设型式和绿色建设现状的基础上,提出水上服务区绿色评价的主要原则,结合《绿色交通标准体系(2022)》与相关绿色评估标准明确具体的绿色化要素;其次,构建了水上服务区绿色评价指标体系,利用专家打分与层次分析法结合的方式确定指标权重,结合服务区实际情况验证指标权重的科学性,提出各项指标的评分方法;最后,运用所构建的指标体系对重庆某水上服务区进行评价。结果表明:该水上服务区可达到4星级绿色水平,验证了评价指标体系的适用性,并指出该服务区在节能管理、能耗监测、人员制度方面存在短板,为后续服务区优化提升提供了依据。

关于长江经济带内河港航资源整合发展的探讨——以湖南省港航资源整合为例

长江经济带是全国除沿海开放地区以外,经济密度最大的经济带,水系发达,发展航运得天独厚。通过分析长江中下游内河港航资源整合取得的实效,本文以湖南省港航资源整合为例,指出当前内河港航资源整合前存在的差距和共性问题,阐明在国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局下,推动内河港航资源整合发展、补齐现代综合立体交通运输体系短板、降低物流成本的必要性,对进一步深化内河港航整合提出指导性建议,以供参考。

Application of Multivariate Model Based on Three Simulated Sensors for Water Quality Variables Estimation in Shitoukoumen Reservoir,Jilin Province,China

This study applied a multivariate model based on three simulated sensors to estimating water quality variables in Shitoukoumen Reservoir,Changchun City,Jilin Province,China,including concentration of total suspended matter,concentration of chlorophyll-a and non-pigment matter absorption.Two field campaigns for spectra measurements with a total of 40 samples were carried out on June 13 and September 23,2008.The in-situ spectra were recalculated to the spectral bands and sensitivities of the instruments applied in this paper,i.e.Landsat TM,Alos and P6,by using the average method.And the recalculated spectra were used for estimating water quality variables by the single model and multivariate model.The results show that the multivariate model is superior to the single model as the multivariate model takes the combined effects of water components into consideration and can estimate water quality variables simultaneously.According to R2 and RMSE,Alos is superior to other sensors for water quality variables estimation although the precision of non-pigment matter absorption inversion performed the second.

海商法典的体系化和民族性:海上货物运输合同立法的实证研究

海商法典演进中呈现出勃兴、扩张与简约的趋向。海商法法典体系存在一定的差异性,但其体系演进中一直维系着海上货物运输合同的强制性体制。作为提单或者运输单证所证明的合同,海上货物运输合同迥异于航次租船合同。海商法典内部体系下我国《海商法》关于航次租船合同立法例存在瑕疵,这是由《海商法》下海上货物运输合同的本质和范围决定的。作为海商法典体系化中衍生品的民族性,为理解内河航运纳入我国《海商法》下海上货物运输立法的可能性和可行性提供了合理路径。因此,通过规范配置等立法技术和立法理念的革新,厘清和重构我国《海商法》下海上货物运输立法是可行的。

Significant decline of water pollution associated with inland fishery across China

Water pollution seriously threatens the sustainable development of fisheries in China.To inform effective pollution control policies,a comprehensive understanding of the fishery environment status is needed.However,nationwide data on the temporal changes of major pollutants in the fishery waters of China are scarce.This study collected data on the major water pollutants,including total nitrogen,total phosphorus,heavy metals,and total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPHs),from 2003 to 2017 to evaluate dynamic changes in the inland fishery water environment across China.We discovered that the levels of four heavy metals(Cu,Zn,Pb,and Cd)and TPH decreased during the 15-year period,corresponding to the reduced national discharge of pollution sources from 2003 to 2015.However,nitrogen and phosphorus levels in the inland fishery waters showed no significant changes during this period.A comparative analysis of water quality in different periods indicated that these improvements were highly associated with effective measures for water pollution control in China.In addition,the decline in pollution was consistent among the three regions of China(north,west,and southeast)from 2003 to 2017,while southeast China exhibited the weakest pollution mitigation among the three regions.These findings suggest that the inland fishery water quality improved during 2003–2017,but still faced eutrophication risk.

Assessments and diagnoses of aquatic ecosystem integrity based on integrity requirements of ecosystem service targets

This paper critically reviews the progress in ecosystem integrity(health)assessment of inland waters and provides future directions for assessment.Current biotic integrity assessments mainly use multimetric indices and predictive models to evaluate overall health status;the criteria largely rely on pristine reference sites,but such an approach is not applicable to unique natural waters and irreversibly modified waters.Biotic diagnostic assessments are still in the exploratory stage and can only diagnose possible stressor types and wide-ranges of their intensities through empirical models linking stressors and species-trait-indices.Current chemical integrity assessments mainly use criteria determined by small-scale ecotoxicity tests,rather than quantitative relationships developed between chemical factors and biotic effects in real ecosystems,thus potentially under or overestimating pollutant toxicity.Current physical integrity assessments focus on overall habitat quality,rather than quantitative habitat requirements,and thus cannot provide quantitative support for ecological restoration and conservation.Current hydrological integrity(environment flow)assessments largely depend on quantitative relationships between hydrological regimes with a few species and single groups,rather than with whole communities,and fail to comprehensively diagnose hydrological causes of biotic resource decline.In the future,integrity assessments need to be based on ecosystem integrity requirements of ecosystem service targets:first,there is a need to build quantitative relationships between biotic integrity and ecosystem services,assess requirements of community structure and function for service goals,and establish biotic integrity assessment methods;second,we must build quantitative relationships between biotic integrity and abiotic integrity in real ecosystems,assess chemical,physical,and hydrological integrity requirements of biotic needs,and establish diagnostic assessment methods.

我国部分内陆水域有机锡污染现状初探

首次对我国部分内陆水域由于使用丁基锡作为船舶防污涂料而带来的水污染现状进行了研究 ,运用气相色谱 表面发射火焰光度检测方法对所采样品进行了测定 ,在我国多处内陆水域发现了丁基锡污染 .

西北内陆盆地地下水循环模式及其可持续利用

以系统理论为指导,从地下水形成演化的介质场、水动力场和水文地球化学场角度研究西北内陆盆地地下水循环模式。初步划分出内陆盆地的地下水系统,以反映地下水在平面和垂向上的循环交替方式及其盐分的迁移聚集规律,为内陆盆地地下水形成条件研究、资源评价及合理开发利用提供理论基础。还提出内陆盆地水资源可持续开发利用的方向和途径。

内河综合海事应急管理系统的设计与实现

根据内河水域水上突发事件应急流程,对软件数据流进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了一种多层次框架体系结构。系统从下向上依次是基础设施层、数据层、应用支撑层和应用层。在此软件体系结构基础上,建立了内河水域的综合海事应急管理系统。系统由应急指挥、应急行动、资源管理、电子江图、报表管理、网络管理和系统管理及维护7大模块组成,系统的应用,为接警、应急事件的处理提供了方便。

西北内陆干旱区水资源承载能力研究

在西北内陆干旱区水资源生产能力分析的基础上,定量地给出了该区域重点地区的水资源承载力。针对生态环境脆弱的内陆干旱区特点,探讨了水资源承载力的主要研究内容、特性和影响它的主要因素,然后提出了水资源承载力的指标体系、计算流程和边界条件,分析计算了其水资源生产能力。研究结果表明,利用新疆、河西、宁夏的农产品弥补关中和柴达木农业生产的不足,利用新疆、关中、柴达木的工业生产弥补河西、宁夏工业生产的不足,2020年西北重点地区完全可以承载其6384×104人的预测人口,且能保证每人有年均400kg粮食和2×104元以上的富裕生活水平。

基于熵权法的内河运输供给评价研究

内河运输是综合运输网中重要的组成部分,为社会经济发展作出了巨大的贡献,因此,对内河运输供给评价体系及方法的研究具有重要的意义。文章建立了内河运输供给评价指标体系,介绍改进的熵权法的原理及具体的评价步骤,结合某省实际情况,通过实证分析,揭示了内河运输优越性,为该省内河运输的合理定位奠定了理论基础,同时为今后内河运输的评价提供重要依据和参考。

乌江银盘省水船闸整体水力学模型试验研究

乌江银盘水利枢纽省水船闸是我国第一座按现代省水船闸理念设计的船闸.整体水力学模型试验结果表明,省水船闸方案将实际最大工作水头由36.500 m降至18.250 m,理论省水率可达50%;输水时间、系缆力、阀门门后压力、峰值流量及流量系数等船闸输水系统的各项技术指标均满足规范要求.省水船闸方案不仅降低了船闸工作水头,简化了高水头阀门水力学难题,而且达到减少船闸耗水的目的.

西北干旱区内陆河流域水资源系统与生态环境问题

西北干旱区内陆河流域以水为纽带构成一个完整的山地——绿洲——荒漠水循环系统，系统内水资源、生态环境及其两者之间相互关联。人类经济活动和水资源开发利用已影响到内陆水文状态并导致生态环境的严重退化。水资源的持续开发利用和生态环境的综合治理要考虑系统的相互联系，以流域为单元，加强水资源的统筹调配和高效利用；强化科学管理和保护，促进经济和生态环境协调发展。

基于机器鱼的内陆湖泊水质在线监测系统设计

仅依赖无线传感器网络在线实测是利用多跳式通信实现远程发送与存储数据丢包率高,实验阶段设计的二维结构仿真机器鱼巡游避障性能差,GPRS全天候数据采集与传送所需的流量费用高,针对以上这些问题,设计了一套可进行实测的机器鱼自动巡游避障、水质环境实时监测系统平台;该系统通过移动终端程序设计、利用三维采集路径跟踪算法及WSNs与Wifi热点技术对机器鱼群实现远程精准控制,按照设定深度、路径规划的采集点进行水温水位、PH值、溶解氧、电导率、浊度等常五类水质环境数据实时采集、处理、远程存储、显示、分析及预警,给出了系统的总体设计、机器鱼的结构与控制系统设计、终端节点与协调器的硬件系统及上下位机软件系统设计;利用这套系统对巢湖5个取样点实测,水温、溶解氧、PH值平均误差率分别为0.18%、0.5%及0.01%,远高于其他水质在线监测的精度要求,达到了预期成果;同时对水库及精细水产养殖业等水质在线监测与预警具有很高的推广价值。