Flame quenching process in cavity based on model scramjet combustor

The flame quenching process in combustors was observed by high speed camera and Schlieren system, at the inflow conditions of Ma = 2.64, To = 1483K, P0 = 1.65 MPa, T = 724 K and P -- 76.3 kPa. Changing process of the flame and shock structure in the combustor was clearly observed. The results revealed that the precom- bustion shock disappeared accompanied with the process in which the flame was blown out and withdrawed from the mainflow into the cavity and vanished after a short while. The time of quenching process was extended by the cavity flame holder, and the ability of flame holding was enhanced by arranging more cavities in the downstream as well. The flame was blown from the upstream to the downstream, so the flame in the downstream of the cavity was quenched out later than that in the upstream.

Experimental Study of Ethylene Combustion in a Scramjet Combustor

In this paper the ignition characteristics of gaseous ethylene hydrocarbon fuel is investigated in the supersonic clean airstreams experimental facility with a resistance heater. The generic cavity flame holder is used to create recirculation and promote the fuel/air mixing at the lower wall of the combustor. Three different injection concepts are considered in this research ： （ 1 ） ethylene injection upstream of the cavity ; （2） ethylene and hydrogen injection upstream of the cavity simultaneously; （ 3 ）ethylene injection preceded by pilot hydrogen injection. The pilot injection showed to be a supportive tool for holding the flame of the main normal ethylene fuel injection. Therefore, using pilot hydrogen injection and cavity configuration necessitates optimizing the combustor length to ensure the complete combustion and the full liberation of the chemical energy stored in the fuel before exiting the combustor.The present study proved the possibility of igniting the ethylene and maintaining its flame in the supersonic airstreams.

Experimental Study on Effects of Fuel Injection on Scramjet Combustor Performance

In order to investigate the effects of fuel injection distribution on the scrarnjet combustor performance, there are conducted three sets of test on a hydrocarbon fueled direct-connect scramjet test facility. The results of Test A, whose fuel injection is carried out with injectors located on the top-wall and the bottom-wall, show that the fuel injection with an appropriate close-front and centralized distribution would be of much help to optimize combustor performances. The results of Test B, whose fuel injection is performed at the optimal injection locations found in Test A, with a given equivalence ratio and different injection proportions for each injector, show that this injection mode is of little benefit to improve combustor performances. The results of Test C with a circumferential fuel injection distribution displaies the possibility of ameliorating combustor performance. By analyzing the effects of injection location parameters on combustor performances on the base of the data of Test C, it is clear that the injector location has strong coupled influences on combustor performances. In addition, an irmer-force synthesis specific impulse is used to reduce the errors caused by the disturbance of fuel supply and working state of air heater while assessing combustor performances.

Mixing and combustion characteristics in a scramjet combustor with different distances between cavity and backward-facing step

The mixing and combustion characteristics in a cavity flameholding combustor under inlet Mach number 2.92 are numerically investigated with ethylene injection.Dimensionless distance is defined as the ratio of the actual distance to the height of the combustor entrance.The cavity shear-layer mode,the lifted cavity shear-layer mode,and jet wake mode with upstream separation are observed respectively with dimensionless distance equals to 1.5,4.5,and 7.5.In both non-reacting and reacting flow fields,the numerical results are essentially in agreement with the schlieren photography,flame chemiluminescence images,and wall pressure,which verify the reliability of the numerical method.The results of non-reacting flow fields show that the BackwardFacing Step(BFS)can promote the flow separation downstream at a fixed distance.The more forward the separation position is,the larger the separation zone is in the non-reacting flow field.Furthermore,the larger the separation zone is,the higher the intensity of combustion in the reacting flow field is.A reasonable distance can reduce the total pressure loss generated by the shock waves in the combustor.The flame presents remarkable three-dimensional characteristics in the reacting flow fields.When dimensionless distance equals to 4.5,there are flames near the side wall above the cavity and it is difficult for the flame stabilization in the center of the combustor,while the combustion intensity in the center of the combustor is higher than that near the side wall when dimensionless distance equals to 7.5.In the cavity flameholding combustors with a backward-facing step,the higher combustion intensity may bring much total pressure loss to the combustor.Thus,it is a good choice to achieve better thrust performance when dimensionless distance equals to 4.5 compared to the other two combustors.

Scramjet燃烧室流场的三维并行数值模拟及试验比较

作者采用时间相关法,通过有限体积离散,运用带化学反应的全N S方程,在神州巨型机上,针对试验模型,对油气比Φ=0.0和0.35的喷氢Scramjet燃烧室流场进行了三维并行数值模拟,得到了流场的精细结构。并行模拟所得壁面压力分布与试验所测得的壁面压力分布吻合较好。

Combustion enhancement in rearward step based scramjet combustor by air injection at step base

Numerical simulations were performed to model the non-reacting and reacting flow behind a rearward step flameholder in Mach 1.6 supersonic flow with fuel injection at the step base.The combustor geometry was based on the University of Florida scramjet experimental facility.Turbulence was modeled using k-u shear stress transport(SST),laminar flamelet was used for combustion modeling.Wall static pressure showed good agreement with experimental data for non-reacting and reacting flow.For non-reacting flow,dummy fuel helium mole fraction distribution in the recirculation region behind the step was validated with planar laser induced fluorescence(PLIF)images in experiments.To improve the combustion characteristics,air was injected in tandem with hydrogen at step base using various configurations.With all fuel injection as baseline,the case with 2 air jets around each fuel jet and air injected at 2 times the stagnation pressure of fuel showed the most improvement compared to other cases.It was most effective in reducing the local fuel richness,shortening the flame length and increasing combustion efficiency.

Parametric effects on the combustion flow field of a typical strut-based scramjet combustor

The flame-holding mechanism in hypersonic propulsion technology is the most important factor in prolonging the duration time of hypersonic vehicles.The two-dimensional coupled implicit Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations,the shear-stress transport k-ω turbulence model and the finite-rate/eddy-dissipation reaction models were used to simulate the combustion flow field of a typical strut-based scramjet combustor.We investigated the effects of the hydrogen-air reaction mechanism and fuel injection temperature and pressure on the parametric distributions in the combustor.The numerical results show qualitative agreement with the experimental data.The hydrogen-air reaction mechanism makes only a slight difference in parametric distributions along the walls of the combustor,and the expansion waves and shock waves exist in the combustor simultaneously.Furthermore,the expansion wave is formed ahead of the shock wave.A transition occurs from the shock wave to the normal shock wave when the injection pressure or temperature increases,and the reaction zone becomes broader.When the injection pressure and temperature both increase,the waves are pushed out of the combustor with subsonic flows.When the waves are generated ahead of the strut,the separation zone is formed in double near the walls of the combustor because of the interaction of the shock wave and the boundary layer.The separation zone becomes smaller and disappears with the disappearance of the shock wave.Because of the horizontal fuel injection,the vorticity is generated near the base face of the strut,and this region is the main origin for turbulent combustion.

The Two-Dimensional Supersonic Flow and Mixing with a Perpendicular Injection in a Scramjet Combustor

A numerical investigation has been performed on supersonic mixing of hydrogen with air in a Scramjet (Supersonic Combustion Ramjet) combustor and its flame holding capability by solving Two-Dimensional full Navier-Stokes equations. The main flow is air entering through a finite width of inlet and gaseous hydrogen is injected perpendicularly from the side wall. An explicit Harten-Yee Non-MUSCL Modified-flux-type TVD scheme has been used to solve the system of equations, and a zero-equation algebraic turbulence model to calculate the eddy viscosity coefficient. In this study the enhancement of mixing and good flame holding capability of a supersonic combustor have been investigated by varying the distance of injector position from left boundary keeping constant the backward-facing step height and other calculation parameters. The results show that the configuration for small distance of injector position has high mixing efficiency but the upstream recirculation can not evolved properly which is an important factor for flame holding capability. On the other hand, the configuration for very long distance has lower mixing efficiency due to lower gradient of hydrogen mass concentration on the top of injector caused by the expansion of side jet in both upstream and downstream of injector. For moderate distance of injector position, large and elongated upstream recirculation can evolve which might be activated as a good flame holder.

Thermochemical non-equilibrium flow characteristics of high Mach number inlet in a wide operation range

The high-temperature non-equilibrium effect is a novel and significant issue in the flows over a high Mach number(above Mach 8)air-breathing vehicle.Thus,this study attempts to investigate the high-temperature non-equilibrium flows of a curved compression two-dimensional scramjet inlet at Mach 8 to 12 utilizing the two-dimensional non-equilibrium RANS calculations.Notably,the thermochemical non-equilibrium gas model can predict the actual high-temperature flows,and the numerical results of the other four thermochemical gas models are only used for comparative analysis.Firstly,the thermochemical non-equilibrium flow fields and work performance of the inlet at Mach 8 to 12 are analyzed.Then,the influences of high-temperature non-equilibrium effects on the starting characteristics of the inlet are investigated.The results reveal that a large separation bubble caused by the cowl shock/lower wall boundary layer interaction appears upstream of the shoulder,at Mach 8.The separation zone size is smaller,and its location is closer to the downstream area while the thermal process changes from frozen to non-equilibrium and then to equilibrium.With the increase of inflow Mach number,the thermochemical non-equilibrium effects in the whole inlet flow field gradually strengthen,so their influences on the overall work performance of the high Mach number inlet are more obvious.The vibrational relaxation or thermal non-equilibrium effects can yield more visible influences on the inlet performance than the chemical non-equilibrium reactions.The inlet in the thermochemical non-equilibrium flow can restart more easily than that in the thermochemical frozen flow.This work should provide a basis for the design and starting ability prediction of the high Mach number inlet in the wide operation range.

Numerical study of unsteady starting characteristics of a hypersonic inlet

The impulse and self starting characteristics of a mixed-compression hypersonic inlet designed at Mach number of 6.5 are studied by applying the unsteady computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method. The full Navier–Stokes equations are solved with the assumption of viscous perfect gas model, and the shear-stress transport （SST） k–x two-equation Reynolds averaged Navier– Stokes （RANS） model is used for turbulence modeling. Results indicate that during impulse starting, the flow field is divided into three zones with different aerodynamic parameters by primary shock and upstream-facing shock. The separation bubble on the shoulder of ramp undergoes a generating, growing, swallowing and disappearing process in sequence. But a separation bubble at the entrance of inlet exists until the freestream velocity is accelerated to the starting Mach number during self starting. The mass flux distribution of flow field is non-uniform because of the interaction between shock and boundary layer, so that the mass flow rate at throat is unsteady during impulse starting. The duration of impulse starting process increases almost linearly with the decrease of freestream Mach number but rises abruptly when the freestream Mach number approaches the starting Mach number. The accelerating performance of booster almost has no influence on the self starting ability of hypersonic inlet.

Analysis of flow-field in a dual mode ramjet combustor with boundary layer bleed in isolator

A two-dimensional Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes(RANS)simulation of a dual mode ramjet(DMRJ)combustor is performed,modeling the University of Michigan dual-mode combustor experimental setup operating in reacting mode with different equivalence ratios(4).The simulations are carried out using a k-u SST turbulence model and a steady diffusion flamelet model for non-premixed combustion.Air enters the isolator at Mach 2.2,stagnation pressure and temperature of 549.2 kPa and 1400 K respectively.Hydrogen is injected transverse to the flow direction and upstream of the cavity flame holder to simulate ramjet(4 Z 0.29)and scramjet(4 Z 0.19)modes of operation.Wall static pressure plots are used to validate numerical results against experimental data.Analysis of flow separation in ramjet mode due to the presence of a shock train in the isolator is carried out by means of numerical Schlieren images overlapped with contours of negative axial velocity,showing the effects of shock wave boundary layer interaction(SWBLI).Active control through wall normal boundary layer bleed in the separated flow region is implemented,which weakens the shock train and moves it downstream closer to the cavity.Bleed results in an improved stagnation pressure recovery in ramjet mode,with a marginal increase in combustion efficiency.

超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流场超分辨率重建

超声速燃烧室受限空间内复杂流场波系结构的获取受到光学测量装置精度的制约。为提升流场时空分辨率特征,本文应用中国空气动力研究与发展中心地面脉冲燃烧风洞获取的试验数据,在发动机入口马赫数2.5的条件下,构建了6种不同当量比下基于压力数据重构的燃烧室流场低分辨率图像数据集,研究了三种提高图像分辨率的方法来提升超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流场重构图像的分辨率。结果表明,本文所提出的流场超分辨率稠密网络(Flow-field Super-Resolution Dense Network,FSRDN)、流场超分辨率生成对抗网络(Flow-field Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Network,FSRGAN)、传统的双三次插值法(Bicubic interpolation,Bicubic)对流场图像分辨率都提高了4^(2)倍。FSRDN网络所得流场图像结果的峰值信噪比(Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio,PSNR)、相关性系数(Correlation coefficient,CORR)、感知指数(Perceptual Index,PI)指标均优于双三次插值法,但实际图像存在过于平滑的现象。FSRGAN网络所得流场结果消除了图像平滑现象,使流场图像的细节更加丰富,大幅度优化了PI指标,对燃烧室内的剪切层、斜激波、分离激波等主要波系结构的清晰度有了极大的增强作用。

筒形五喷嘴燃烧室冷态时均流场特性实验研究

为深入研究五喷嘴燃烧室的流场特性,采用高频PIV测量方法对燃烧室中心截面的冷态流场开展实验研究,主要分析了燃烧室入口速度以及中心喷嘴旋流强度对五喷嘴燃烧室中心截面的时均流场特征的影响。实验结果表明:中心喷嘴和外侧喷嘴出口均存在主回流区,外侧喷嘴与燃烧室壁面间存在角回流区,相邻喷嘴射流相互干涉。喷嘴旋流强度相同时,入口速度由10 m/s增大到20 m/s,中心喷嘴和外侧喷嘴的回流区形态、主回流区长度、最大回流速度位置和气流合并点位置基本不变。入口速度为14.3 m/s时,中心喷嘴旋流强度由0.63增大到0.84,中心喷嘴回流区长度增大,外侧喷嘴回流区长度不变,主回流区最大回流速度显著增大,且更靠近喷嘴出口,气流合并点径向位置基本不变,轴向位置向喷嘴出口移动。

超燃冲压发动机燃烧室三种冷却结构性能比较

面对超燃冲压发动机燃烧室严峻热环境,需要通过改进设计以提高气膜冷却性能。本文用数值方法分析比较了三种不同于传统气膜冷却的结构:(1)沿冷气通道增加气膜孔直径的改进型气膜冷却结构;(2)增加冷气冲击与对流换热的层板冷却结构;(3)增加多孔板的发散气膜组合冷却结构。通过机理实验数据验证数学模型和数值方法。利用经过验证的模型和方法,在真实的超燃冲压发动机燃烧室工况下,数值分析三种结构的冷却机理。在不同冷气注射量下,比较三种冷却结构热端冷却效率及温度分布的均匀性,结果表明组合冷却结构最高冷却效率高出其他结构的28%。此外,分析热障涂层对三种结构综合冷却特性的贡献,结果表明层板结构冷却效率在大冷气量下高出其他结构的16%。

固体火箭超燃冲压发动机点火燃烧过程实验研究

为解决硼基贫氧燃料固体火箭超燃冲压发动机补燃室内硼颗粒超声速点火燃烧难题,设计制造了在超声速燃气射流掺混区域开设观察窗的点火燃烧过程试验样机,开展了含硼贫氧固体燃料的超声速点火试验。试验模拟了26 km,Ma5.9的飞行工况并通过高速摄像获得了点火燃烧过程的火焰形态。试验结果表明:掺混增强装置可以显著改善补燃室内存在的分层流动和一次燃气气固两相分离的现象,为硼颗粒提供良好的点火条件从而提升其附近硼颗粒的点火燃烧性能。通过合理设计掺混增强装置位置,将硼颗粒在一次燃气喷注口附近的高温点火区点燃比在补燃室中段点燃具有更高的燃烧效率,本文设计的燃烧组织结构在试验中实现了硼贫氧固体燃料0.812的燃烧效率。

基于双向耦合的燃烧室与冷却通道的传热研究

为研究超燃冲压发动机燃烧室与再生冷却通道的耦合传热特性,采用双向弱耦合迭代计算方法,研究燃烧室和冷却通道的特征参数对耦合传热特性的影响规律。结果表明:当量比的增加导致燃烧反应区域和壁面高温区域后移,当量比增大至0.75时,部分壁面高温区后移至超出燃烧段范围,在燃烧室的当量比设计时需考虑冷却通道范围的限制;喷射角度的增大会提高燃烧段壁面平均温度,喷射角度由30°增大到75°时,冷却通道出口裂解率由8%增长到11%;增大冷却剂的工作压力和流量能增强冷却剂的吸热能力,降低燃烧室内壁面温度,最大下降幅度约200 K。

中轴流场参数波动对超燃燃烧室性能的影响研究

当吸气式飞行器在进行宽域飞行时,燃烧室中轴线上流场会发生较大改变,流场参数沿轴向发生“波动”。因此,有必要开展中轴线流场参数波动对燃烧室性能的影响研究,为吸气式飞行器燃烧室在进行宽域飞行设计时提供相关理论支持。在N-S气相控制模型的基础上,结合燃烧模型、湍流模型、燃速模型、加质模型,建立了固体燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流动燃烧数值仿真模型。通过该模型,开展中轴线上流场参数波动对燃烧室性能的影响。研究结果表明:宽域飞行时不同的飞行工况导致的入口空气流量不同,会引起燃烧室内马赫数沿流向振荡,振荡幅值越大,总压损失越大。入口空气流量过高或过低都会导致燃烧室内气流马赫数振荡,但选取合适的入口流量可显著降低燃烧室气流马赫数的振荡幅值。因此,针对需要在宽域条件下工作的燃烧室,应设计合适的入口流量使燃烧室整个工作周期内流场马赫数振荡综合最小,进而降低燃烧室流动损失,并提升燃烧室工作性能。

Research progress on solid-fueled Scramjet

The solid-fueled Scramjet is an interesting option for supersonic combustion ramjet.It shows significant advantages such as simple fuel supply and compactness,avoiding the complex system of tanks and pipelines that encountered in liquid-fueled Scramjets.The solid-fueled Scramjet could be the simplest air-breathing engine for the hypersonic flight regime.This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic review of the research progress on solid-fueled Scramjet in various institutes and universities.It summarizes a progress overview of three types of the solid-fueled Scramjet,which covers a wealth of landmark numerical and experimental results.Based on this,several relevant key technologies are proposed.Several inherent scientific issues are refined,such as the mixing mechanism of multi-phase flow and supersonic airflow,ignition and combustion mechanism of the condensed phase in a supersonic airflow,and coupling mechanism of gas and solid phase in a supersonic flow.Finally,the historical development trend is clarified,and some recommendations are provided for future solid-fueled Scramjet.

固体火箭超燃冲压发动机燃烧室构型对燃烧特性影响研究

为进一步提升固体火箭超燃冲压发动机燃烧性能,明晰燃烧室设计参数对发动机燃烧模态及性能的影响和作用规律,利用数值模拟分析了燃烧室最小几何喉道和凹腔前缘与燃料喷注口距离对燃烧室流动与气固两相燃气燃烧特性的影响。研究表明:燃烧室最小几何喉道通过影响燃烧室内的阻塞程度,进而改变燃烧室内的热力喉道位置;随着凹腔前缘与燃料喷注口距离的增大,其产生的低速区对气流的阻塞作用更强,进而延长颗粒相燃料在燃烧室中的滞留时间,提升燃烧效率;颗粒相燃料的燃烧效率是决定燃料总燃烧效率的主要因素,从而影响燃烧室性能提升和燃烧模态的改变。

燃料预喷注与释热对高马赫数进气道性能影响的数值研究

为掌握高马赫数条件下燃料预喷注与释热对进气道性能的影响,以来流马赫数Ma_(∞)=10为设计点进行了典型二元构型进气道设计与基准流场仿真,开展了Ma_(∞)=7~10进气道氢燃料预喷注、反应流场仿真研究。结果表明:预喷注引起局部压缩激波系变化、改变下游流动特性、从而影响进气道性能,主要会导致总压恢复系数、喉部马赫数减小;同时预喷注动作具有一定的激波系调节、压缩循环调控的作用,且与预喷注位置密切相关,外压缩喷注会诱导外部斜激波向亚额定偏移,导致流量溢流增加、流量系数减小;内压缩喷注可以避免流量溢流,对进气道性能影响相对较小,且双侧组合喷注的预混效率可达0.60以上。反应流场仿真显示,燃烧反应主要发生在近壁面区域,流向上主要释热区在内压缩段,反应释热进一步降低总压恢复系数、减小喉部马赫数,外压缩喷注时会增加流量溢流,而循环静压比、静温比均相对增大,阻力系数基本保持不变,整体上预喷注及释热影响效应具有可控性。