There are many"little boys"images in Blake's poems, which is worth further analyzing. Accordingly, by observing and analyzing the boy images in William Blake's poems, this essay will explore the poet...There are many"little boys"images in Blake's poems, which is worth further analyzing. Accordingly, by observing and analyzing the boy images in William Blake's poems, this essay will explore the poet's developing attitude towards the vulnerable group.展开更多
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a method for quantifying the extent of renal dysfunction due to drug-induced nephrotoxicity using dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DCE-CT) and to investi...Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a method for quantifying the extent of renal dysfunction due to drug-induced nephrotoxicity using dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DCE-CT) and to investigate the protective effects of various antioxidant agents against cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (cisplatin)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats using this method. Materials and Methods: The DCE-CT studies were performed in 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. The CT scanning started 4 s before a bolus intravenous injection of iodinated contrast agent (CA) (150 mgI/kg) from the tail vein using an automatic injector and lasted 90 s at 1-s intervals. The contrast clearance per unit renal volume (K1) was estimated from the DCE-CT data using the Patlak model. The renal volume (V) was calculated by manually delineating the kidney on the CT image. The contrast clearance of the entire kid-ney (K) was obtained by . First, to investigate the effect of CA itself, the DCE-CT studies were performed without injecting cisplatin 2, 4, and 7 days after the first DCE-CT study on day 0. Second, to investigate the effect of injected dose of cisplatin, the DCE-CT study was performed after the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cisplatin (1.8 mg/kg) and was repeated every other day for one week. Finally, to investigate the protective effects of antioxidant agents [L-arginine (300 mg/kg), N-acetylcysteine (500 or 1000 mg/kg), methimazole (40 mg/kg), captopril (60 mg/kg), and taurine (750 mg/kg)], the DCE-CT studies were performed on days 0, 2, 4, and 7 after the i.p. injection of cisplatin (3.6 mg/kg). For comparison, the DCE-CT data were also acquired without injecting the antioxidant agents (CDDP group). Results: When cisplatin was not injected, there were no significant changes in the K value as compared to that on day 0 within the studied period. The K valuesignificantly (p < 0.05) decreased with increasing dose of cisplatin. Although some differences were observed in the extent of change in the K value normalized by that on day 0, depending on the antioxidant agents and their injected dose and schedule, the normalized K values on day 7 in the groups injected with the antioxidant agents were significantly higher than those in the CDDP group, suggesting that the antioxidant agents studied here had protective effects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in varying degrees. Conclusion: Our method appears useful for quantitatively evaluating the protective effects of antioxidant agents against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and for investigating the optimal injected dose and schedule of the agents, because it allows repeated measurements of split renal function in a single animal.展开更多
Previous studies on the behavioral implications of recommender systems suggest that consumer preferences after consumption are malleable and tend to shift towards the ratings presented by a recommender system because ...Previous studies on the behavioral implications of recommender systems suggest that consumer preferences after consumption are malleable and tend to shift towards the ratings presented by a recommender system because of the anchoring effects.Drawing upon the literature on consumer satisfaction,we show that such a view on the anchoring effects of recommender systems is incomplete.Apart from the assimilation effects that pull the consumers’preferences towards the anchor,the contrast effects may shift their preferences in the other direction.Therefore,we theoretically hypothesize that the impacts of recommendations on consumers’constructed preferences are dependent on the level of deviation of the presented rating.The hypotheses are validated through a laboratory experiment.Our findings extend the existing literature on behavioral implications of recommender systems and provide a more comprehensive theoretical lens for understanding the anchoring effects,which may offer helpful insights for improving the design and use of recommender systems.展开更多
William Blake’s "Infant Joy" and its companion poem "Infant Sorrow" present both an innocent way and an experienced way of seeing the newborn babies. This paper analyzes how different choice of di...William Blake’s "Infant Joy" and its companion poem "Infant Sorrow" present both an innocent way and an experienced way of seeing the newborn babies. This paper analyzes how different choice of diction, the creation of contrasting scenes and tones as well as the deliberate use of different rhyme schemes contribute to establishing their contrasting themes and enabling the readers to see this special moment of human experience innocently or with experience.展开更多
文摘There are many"little boys"images in Blake's poems, which is worth further analyzing. Accordingly, by observing and analyzing the boy images in William Blake's poems, this essay will explore the poet's developing attitude towards the vulnerable group.
文摘Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a method for quantifying the extent of renal dysfunction due to drug-induced nephrotoxicity using dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DCE-CT) and to investigate the protective effects of various antioxidant agents against cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (cisplatin)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats using this method. Materials and Methods: The DCE-CT studies were performed in 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. The CT scanning started 4 s before a bolus intravenous injection of iodinated contrast agent (CA) (150 mgI/kg) from the tail vein using an automatic injector and lasted 90 s at 1-s intervals. The contrast clearance per unit renal volume (K1) was estimated from the DCE-CT data using the Patlak model. The renal volume (V) was calculated by manually delineating the kidney on the CT image. The contrast clearance of the entire kid-ney (K) was obtained by . First, to investigate the effect of CA itself, the DCE-CT studies were performed without injecting cisplatin 2, 4, and 7 days after the first DCE-CT study on day 0. Second, to investigate the effect of injected dose of cisplatin, the DCE-CT study was performed after the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cisplatin (1.8 mg/kg) and was repeated every other day for one week. Finally, to investigate the protective effects of antioxidant agents [L-arginine (300 mg/kg), N-acetylcysteine (500 or 1000 mg/kg), methimazole (40 mg/kg), captopril (60 mg/kg), and taurine (750 mg/kg)], the DCE-CT studies were performed on days 0, 2, 4, and 7 after the i.p. injection of cisplatin (3.6 mg/kg). For comparison, the DCE-CT data were also acquired without injecting the antioxidant agents (CDDP group). Results: When cisplatin was not injected, there were no significant changes in the K value as compared to that on day 0 within the studied period. The K valuesignificantly (p < 0.05) decreased with increasing dose of cisplatin. Although some differences were observed in the extent of change in the K value normalized by that on day 0, depending on the antioxidant agents and their injected dose and schedule, the normalized K values on day 7 in the groups injected with the antioxidant agents were significantly higher than those in the CDDP group, suggesting that the antioxidant agents studied here had protective effects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in varying degrees. Conclusion: Our method appears useful for quantitatively evaluating the protective effects of antioxidant agents against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and for investigating the optimal injected dose and schedule of the agents, because it allows repeated measurements of split renal function in a single animal.
基金the TsinghuaUniversity Initiative Scientific Research Program under Grant No.2019THZWYX08the MOE Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities No.17JJD630006the Research Center for Interactive Technology Industry TsinghuaUniversity under Grant No.RCITI2022T002.
文摘Previous studies on the behavioral implications of recommender systems suggest that consumer preferences after consumption are malleable and tend to shift towards the ratings presented by a recommender system because of the anchoring effects.Drawing upon the literature on consumer satisfaction,we show that such a view on the anchoring effects of recommender systems is incomplete.Apart from the assimilation effects that pull the consumers’preferences towards the anchor,the contrast effects may shift their preferences in the other direction.Therefore,we theoretically hypothesize that the impacts of recommendations on consumers’constructed preferences are dependent on the level of deviation of the presented rating.The hypotheses are validated through a laboratory experiment.Our findings extend the existing literature on behavioral implications of recommender systems and provide a more comprehensive theoretical lens for understanding the anchoring effects,which may offer helpful insights for improving the design and use of recommender systems.
文摘William Blake’s "Infant Joy" and its companion poem "Infant Sorrow" present both an innocent way and an experienced way of seeing the newborn babies. This paper analyzes how different choice of diction, the creation of contrasting scenes and tones as well as the deliberate use of different rhyme schemes contribute to establishing their contrasting themes and enabling the readers to see this special moment of human experience innocently or with experience.
