Research on Perfecting Innovation Policy and Solving the Dilemma of Private Innovation in the Context of"Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation"

Based on the new opportunities aroused by the Maker Movement,this paper analyzes the five dilemmas faced by China's private innovation in the new era,and summarizes the practical experience of Japan,France,the United States and other developed countries.Furthermore,there is a need to try to improve non-governmental innovation policies and solve the problem of private innovation funds from giving national treatment to non-governmental researchers and non-governmental scientific and technological innovation activities,giving priority to evaluation conditions and equal protection of folk scientific and technological research achievements,promoting the marketization of non-governmental innovative scientific and technological achievements,and attaching importance to the cultivation of innovative talents,forming independent innovation and entrepreneurial talent resources,and establishing non-governmental innovation funds and other aspects.

How Will Different Types of Regional Innovation Policy and Their Mixes Affect the Innovation Performance of Enterprises: An Empirical Study Based on Shenzhen

Evaluating the functional boundary of different types of innovation policy instruments and their mixes on innovation performance of enterprises is an important but unresolved key issue.This paper,based on the systematically carding the quantization of 155 innovation policies issued by Shenzhen governmental departments from 2011 to 2019,analyzed the characteristics from different types of innovation instruments and their mixes.The results show that Shenzhen governmental has constantly enriched innovation policy instruments for encouraging enterprise innovation,but there are structural unbalances in the issued innovation policy manifested as follows:firstly supply-side policy and environmental-side policy were promulgated more than demand-side policy;secondly the specific instruments employed by Shenzhen governmental were also uneven in different type of innovation policy,like supply-side policy focused on the instruments of government procurement and R&D outsourcing,demand-side policy employed human resource training,innovation infrastructure and fiscal support most,and environmental-side policy main used target planning,intellectual property protection and financial support.This study expands and understanding empirical implementation of different reginal innovation policy instruments,and has implication for Shenzhen governmental in improving the applicability ability of policies in the enterprises innovation.

ICT Development and Innovation Policy in China

The information and communications technology （ICT） industries＇ development and the China＇s trend to innovative economy are outlined. The relationship between the national innovation system and innovation policy are analyzed. Moreover, the innovation policy in China is discussed and a recommendation to the further ICT innovative policy making is made.

Towards a holistic user innovation policy

This paper aims to synthesize previous user innovation policy proposals into an adapted system of innovation framework,on which a future holistic user innovation policy for the household sector can be based.We do this in three steps.First,we introduce the systems of innovation framework as a comprehensive basis for a holistic approach to innovation policy.Second,we identify and review policy proposals made by user innovation researchers and categorize them according to ten key activities in the systems of innovation framework.Third,from a system of innovation perspective,we synthesize the policy proposals identified into an adapted framework,including determinants specific to user innovation in the household sector.The synthesized proposals are intended to strengthen the systemic and multi-causal effects of policy on household sector user innovation in a country,region,or sector.Future policies for user innovation may,on this basis,be instrumental in avoiding mono-causality,or the concentration on only a few policy instruments in a proposed policy.

Upgrading of Technological Capability and Innovation Policy Transformation in China under a New Situation

Countries worldwide are actively pushing their innovation frontiers into the profound globalized innovation networks.China is entering into a new phase that experiences the profound transformation of the innovation systems and supporting policies,together with facing the accelerated technological innovation and emerging de-globalization trends.Improving the institution of innovation-driven development,as well as the quality and efficiency of innovation,are beneficial for China to integrate into the global innovation network and move towards the technological frontiers.This study analyzes the phases of the ongoing industrial innovation in China from the techno-economic perspective and proposes a multiplefactor framework to explore indigenous technological innovations.We suggest that the factors impacting technological upgrading and innovation capability are technological gaps,complexities of industrial ecology,the density of capital,and market need complexities under open competition conditions.These factors are necessary but not sufficient conditions for the success of cultivating the capability of technological innovations.The government must fulfill its roles adequately and effectively and pay more attention to the limits and focus of innovation policies.We propose that China’s innovation policies need to be flexible towards the changing world’s opportunities and challenges.China needs to boost its strengths towards an initiative and exploring role in the global innovation scene.Solid fundamental research and applications urgently need to support the layout of the upgrading of technological capabilities that bundled by greater openness and inclusiveness.Meanwhile,policies need to be transformed to guarantee equal benefits and greater tolerance to deliver an innovation-friendly system.

Transformative Innovation Policy:A Case-Study from China

Science,technology and innovation policy has been presented as developing through three"frames":innovation for growth;national systems of innovation;and transformative change(Schot and Steinmueller,2018).In this paper,we focus on the third frame by exploring the development of transformative innovation policy in China.More specifically,we present a case analysis of the Beautiful China Initiative(BCI).Within this context,we analyse participating actors,activities,and modes of innovation.In conclusion,we discuss three general challenges of transformative innovation policy at a national and international level.The first challenge is coordination and interaction between governmental agencies and other actors with different responsibilities and jurisdictions.Second,there is a major set of issues related to"development",which must encompass economic development but also societal and environmental development.Third,BCI fits with a broad understanding of the innovation process,including elements which are not directly commercial in orientation.Whether this broader approach can be maintained as BCI develops from its still-early stage into full development will represent a significant challenge.Finally in this paper,we consider the implications of our discussion for future research and practice,and offer three reflections.In particular,we emphasise the importance of scholars’participation across the social sciences rather than leaving this multi-faceted area only to innovation researchers.

Does innovative city pilot policy promote urban green growth in China?An analysis of green total factor productivity,2005-2020

The innovative city pilot policy(ICPP)is an essential manifestation of China’s construction of an innovative and green-driven development country.We incorporated urban green total factor productivity(GTFP)growth into the evaluation of ICPP.Based on the panel data of 223 cities in China from 2005 to 2020,we used the difference-in-differences model to empirically assess the influence and mechanism of the ICPP on urban GTFP growth.The main results show that(i)The ICPP has maintained an effectively fluctuating promotion on urban GTFP growth,mainly manifested in the urban green technological progress improvement.(ii)The ICPP has urban heterogeneity in promoting GTFP growth in pilot cities,mainly affecting key cities such as provincial capitals.(iii)The interaction between the agglomeration of producer services and the ICPP inhibits GTFP growth in pilot cities.

Dilemma for the Redevelopment of Village and Town Construction Land, Formation Mechanism and Policy Suggestions

Under the context of economy new normal and rapid urbanization, the shift of economic growth, structural adjustment pains as well as pre-stimulus digestion comes coincidentally. The boundary red line of urban growth, the red line of the number of basic farms and the ecology red line makes the local to conserve land. Land stock for village and town construction is a huge amount of potential resources. Redevelopment of land for village and town construction provides ensured land security for the smooth progress of urbanization. Combining village and town construction land use characteristics and making in-depth analysis of the difficulties in the redevelopment of village and town construction and its inner mechanism, policies and suggestions were proposed for the redevelopment of village and town construction land in terms of land property, land price, market allocation, planning, surveillance and so on, so as to provide valuable reference for the smooth redevelopment of village and town construction land, and the system design of villages and towns.

The New Normal of China's Macroeconomic Policy

This paper summarizes the theoretical background and realistic considerations for the emergence of the new normal of macro policy. The characteristics of the new normal of macro policy are as follows: 1) a supply-side approach in response to growth slowdown; 2) understanding economic heterogeneity and growth disequilibrium and paying attention to structural regulation; 3) highlighting strategic planning and broadening the horizon of macro policy; 4) re-establishing a benchmark of macro policy and re-initiating local competition; 5) balancing the interests of various stakeholders and understanding the political economy of macro policy; 6) respecting the spillover effects of major countries and implementing responsible macro policies; 7) respecting "market determinism" and recognizing the limitations of macro policy; and 8) propelling institutional developments and creating a basic framework of macro policy. This paper concludes that the new normal of macro policy is not simply a passive adjustment to the new normal of economy but represents an initiative of proactive response that steers the economy towards a more advanced form. In particular, the following issues should be clarified in current macro policy: some of the characteristics will be corrected or phased out, some that coincide with the new normal will be abreast with the times, and some require that a new trail be explored through innovation of macro policy. These components will constitute the basic framework for China's macro policy to transition towards the new normal.

CCPIT Builds Innovation Platform to Benefit Enterprise with FTA Policies

On Aug.28,at the CCPIT regular press conference,Yan Yun,deputy director of CCPIT Commerce Legal Service Center,said that to promote the implementation of free trade agreement between China and South Korea,China and Australia,CCPIT Commerce Legal Service Center will improve its services,innovate its service platform and offer FTA favorable policy support to more enterprise.

Local Governments as an Integrative Organizer:The Policy Practice of Constructing Innovation Platforms in South China

Based on an in-depth study of one city district and four new investment projects in South China,this article analyses the implementation practice of innovation policy by Chinese local governments.It is found that at the regional level,innovation policy as practice is a highly mixed-up and integrated process composed of steps from targeting emerging industries,to constructing platforms,and to developing new clusters,during which the most important policy concept of“innovation platform”is used in a distinctive way by local governments to effectively foster regional innovation-oriented development.In general,the local government intervenes heavily in or even“manages”every step of the implementation process with specific policy approach and instrument.Managing regional development as a whole process of innovation,the entrepreneurial Chinese local government indeed plays a role of meso-level organizer equivalent to the innovation project manager in business sector.These new practical approaches of regional innovation development with Chinese characteristics can inspire other emerging and catch-up economies for their policy making in five aspects.

Policy Innovation Diffusion and PPP Spatial Distribution

Since 2014,PPP policy has been promoted rapidly in China.Based on the theory of policy innovation diffusion,this paper explores the formation mechanism of PPP spatial disequilibrium at the micro level using Chinese municipal-level panel data from 2014 to 2019.According to the research,the innovation diffusion of China’s PPP policy at the local-government level exhibits R-shaped non-progressive characteristics and is influenced by both internal and external factors.On the internal side,the debt pressure of local governments is an important determinant with an inverted U-shaped influence on PPP policy.On the external side,imitation and competition among neighboring local governments are the main external determinants.This spatial strategic interaction occurs not only in same-province regions with close proximity and similar economic development but also in different-province regions with close proximity.The above studies offer certain insights into optimizing the spatial distribution pattern of PPP and guarding against fiscal risks.

Science and Innovation Diplomacy from a Practitioner's Perspective——A Case-study of “Nordic+” Countries in China

Science and innovation diplomacy is at a crossroad-facing the need for enhanced cooperation to tackle global challenges and in a more complex geopolitical landscape.Built on“learning-by-doing”and“learningby-experimenting”as well as focusing on future development needs and opportunities,the science and innovation diplomacy practices of“Nordic+”countries,i.e.,Denmark,Finland,Sweden and the Netherlands,in China are presented in the paper.Their common strategic insights can be summarized as:1)a new policy narrative on“co-opetition”,2)a balanced approach and a long-term and future-oriented perspective on“coopetition”and 3)more agile,targeted and impact-oriented instruments and partnerships for“co-opetition”.Concrete suggestions for the future development include:1)a deepened understanding of how science and innovation are inter-connected with strategic and economic interests of countries and continents,2)publicly funded schemes and instruments for engaging Nordic multinationals and deepening science-industry-policy collaborative efforts,3)systematic methods through combining evidence-based and future-oriented analyses and 4)skill-and capacity development for identifying,preventing and mitigating multifaceted risks in cooperation.In such contexts,the implementation of EU’s mission-driven innovation and the twin-transition,i.e.the sustainability transition and digital transition,can open up new opportunities for the future cooperation.

Impact of scientific and technological innovation policies on innovation efficiency of high-technology industrial parks-A dual analysis with linear regression and QCA

Scientific and technological innovation policies play a critical role in the innovative development of high-technology industrial parks.However,it remains unclear how scientific and technological innovation policies impact the innovation efficiency of hightechnology industrial parks and what the impact pathways are.An in-depth investigation of this topic can give an insight into the inherent relation between the scientific and technological innovation policies and technological innovation.By conducting a theoretical analysis,this study empirically analyzed the impact of scientific and technological innovation policies on the innovation efficiency of high-technology industrial parks.The main research methods applied in this study were linear regression and qualitative comparative analysis(QCA).The results showed that the policy targets drove innovation efficiency in a relatively minor way.Among all policy tools,the demand-based policy tools had the most significant influence on innovation efficiency.The supply-based and environment-based policy tools had notable positive impacts during the lag periods of policies.The policy mix pathways for scientific and technological innovation policies that impact innovation efficiency come in four forms,namely,the targets-directed,demand-driven,supplydominated environment optimization,and environment-dominated comprehensive pathways.Therefore,this study put forward proposals on classifying and refining the scientific and technological innovation policies and optimizing the policy mix-driven models.

Harnessing the potential of additive manufacturing technologies:Challenges and opportunities for entrepreneurial strategies

Additive manufacturing(AM),a revolutionary production technique that will make many previously inconceivable innovations a reality,is transforming the manufacturing sector.The technologies behind AM have a generic character and possess immense and transformative potential that will be felt across different sectors of the economy.This paper studies how entrepreneurs can access,exploit,and diffuse this new disruptive knowledge,as well as the potential challenges that lie ahead.Further,we examine the magnitude of the knowledge pool created by the Top 10 countries in AM research from 2011 to 2016;specifically,we determine the leading countries,the pattern of organizational and international collaborations,leading disciplines contributing to AM,and the pattern in authors'affiliations.We find that the US is clearly the dominant country,while China witnessed a notable acceleration in AM research between 2014 and 2016;we also show that universities are the predominant actor in codified AM knowledge creation.Using this information,we paint a vivid picture of the technological and market opportunities for entrepreneurs and identify the gaps in the current knowledge production environment;we find that the challenges currently faced by entrepreneurs could be overcome through academic entrepreneurship,collective entrepreneurship,and the actions of an entrepreneurial state.

Self-employment in Urban China:Entrepreneurship or Disguised Unemployment?

To explore the mechanism of entry to the self-employed sector in urban China,this study tested two hypotheses:the entrepreneurship hypothesis and the disguised unemployment hypothesis,investigating the impact of mass entrepreneurship and innovation policies on business start-ups.Three main findings emerged.First,the entrepreneurship hypothesis was rejected for both local urban residents and migrants in 2013 but was supported for both groups in 2018.Second,the causality relationship between mass entrepreneurship and innovation policies and business starts-ups was not significant.Third,the results differed by group.The entrepreneurship hypothesis was supported for the younger generation of migrants in 2018 but was clearly rejected for the less educated,both in the local urban resident and migrant groups in 2013 and 2018.Robustness checks confirmed these conclusions.