Deliberate self-harm among pediatric psychiatric inpatients in China:A single-center retrospective study

BACKGROUND For children and adolescents,deliberate self-harm(DSH)is becoming a mental health problem of concern.Despite several studies on the prevalence and factors of DSH in the world,there is little information on DSH among children and adolescents in China.This study explores the prevalence,types,associated risk factors and tendency of DSH in pediatric psychiatric inpatients in China.AIM To understand the situation of DSH among hospitalized children and adolescents and its related factors.METHODS In this study,we retrospectively studied 1414 hospitalized children and adolescents with mental illness at Xiamen Mental Health Center from 2014 to 2019,extracted the demographic and clinical data of all patients,and analyzed clinical risk factors of DSH.RESULTS A total of 239(16.90%)patients engaged in at least one type of DSH in our study.Cutting(n=115,48.12%)was the most common type of DSH.Females(n=171,71.55%)were more likely to engage in DSH than males(n=68,28.45%).DSH was positively associated with depressive disorders[OR=3.845(2.196-6.732);P<0.01],female[OR=2.536(1.815-3.542);P<0.01],parental marital status[OR=5.387(2.254-12.875);P<0.01]and negative family history of psychiatric illness[OR=7.767(2.952-20.433);P<0.01],but not with occupation,substance use and history of physical abuse.CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that for patients with depression,females,an abnormal marriage of parents,and no history of mental illness,attention should be paid to the occurrence of DSH.

Changes in Inpatient Hospital Utilization at the Community Level

This study demonstrated that numbers of hospital inpatient discharges have declined in the metropolitan area of Syracuse, New York. The largest impact has been in adult medicine and adult surgery, the hospital services with the highest utilization rates. Reductions in inpatient care have also affected services with lower utilization, such as pediatrics, obstetrics, and mental health. The study indicated that, between January - June 2019 and 2024, adult medicine discharges declined by 11.9 percent and adult surgery discharges declined by 24.6 percent. A large proportion of the reductions involved orthopedic surgery. They indicated that more than 50 percent of the joint replacements in the Syracuse hospitals have been moved to outpatient services. These patients included those with low severity of illness. The study suggested that reductions in hospital discharges could contribute to the efficiency of care. Fewer inpatient admissions could reduce the need for staffing and other resources. Information from the Syracuse hospitals has suggested that these reductions may continue.

Association between alcohol-associated cirrhosis and inpatient complications among COVID-19 patients:A propensity-matched analysis from the United

BACKGROUND Alcohol-associated cirrhosis(AC)contributes to significant liver-related mortality in the United States.It is known to cause immune dysfunction and coagulation abnormalities.Patients with comorbid conditions like AC are at risk of worse clinical outcomes from coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).The specific association between AC and COVID-19 mortality remains inconclusive,given the lack of robust clinical evi-dence from prior studies.AIM To study the predictors of mortality and the outcomes of AC in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the United States.METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Inpatient Sample(NIS)database 2020.Patients were identified with primary COVID-19 hospitalizations based on an underlying diagnosis of AC.A matched comparison cohort of COVID-19 patients without AC was identified after 1:N propensity score matching based on baseline sociodemographic characteristics and Elixhauser comorbidities.Primary outcomes included median length of stay,median inpatient charges,and in-hospital mortality.Secondary outcomes included a prevalence of systemic complications.RESULTS A total of 1325 COVID-19 patients with AC were matched to 1135 patients without AC.There was no difference in median length of stay and hospital charges in COVID-19 patients with AC compared to non-AC(P>0.05).There was an increased prevalence of septic shock(5.7%vs 4.1%),ventricular fibrillation/ventricular flutter(0.4%vs 0%),atrial fibrillation(13.2%vs 8.8%),atrial flutter(8.7%vs 4.4%),first-degree atrioventricular nodal block(0.8%vs 0%),upper extremity venous thromboembolism(1.5%vs 0%),and variceal bleeding(3.8%vs 0%)in the AC cohort compared to the non-AC cohort(P<0.05).There was no difference in inpatient mortality in COVID-19 patients with non-AC compared to AC,with an odds ratio of 0.97(95%confidence interval:0.78-1.22,P=0.85).Predictors of mortality included advanced age,cardiac arrhythmias,coagulopathy,protein-calorie malnutrition,fluid and electrolyte disorders,septic shock,and upper extremity venous thromboembolism.CONCLUSION AC does not increase mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.There is an increased association between inpatient complications among COVID-19 patients with AC compared to non-AC.

Incidence and risk factors of in-hospital venous thromboembolism in non-oncological urological inpatients:A single center experience

Objective To determine incidence and risk factors for venous thromboembolism(VTE)development of in-hospital VTE in urological inpatients who underwent non-oncological surgery in a tertiary hospital in China.Methods Consecutive 1453 inpatients who were admitted to a non-oncological urological ward in the tertiary hospital from January 1,2018 to December 31,2018 were enrolled in the study,and the VTE events were diagnosed by ultrasound or computed tomographic pulmonary angiography.Patients’occurrence of VTE and characteristics which may contribute to the development of VTE were collected and analyzed as incidence and risk factors.Results The incidence of VTE in non-oncological urological inpatients is 2.3%.In our cohort,patients who experienced previous VTE(adjusted odds ratios[aOR]14.272,95%CI 3.620-56.275),taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents before admission(aOR 10.181,95%CI 2.453-42.256),D-dimer(max)≥1μg/mL(aOR 22.456,95%CI 6.468-77.967),lower extremity swelling(aOR 10.264,95%CI 2.242-46.994),chest symptoms(aOR 79.182,95%CI 7.132-879.076),operation time of more than or equal to 180 min(aOR 10.690,95%CI 1.356-84.300),and Caprini score(max)of more than or equal to 5(aOR 34.241,95%CI 1.831-640.235)were considered as risk factors for VTE.Conclusion In this study,we found that the incidence of VTE in non-oncological surgery was about 2.3%,which was higher than some previous studies.Risk factors could be used for early detection and diagnosis of VTE.

Liver Transplantation Outcomes of HBV-,HCV-,and Alcohol-induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the United States:Analysis of National Inpatient Samples

Objective Liver transplantation is a current treatment option for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).The United States National Inpatient Sample database was utilized to identify risk factors that influence the outcome of liver transplantation,including locoregional recurrence,distant metastasis,and in-hospital mortality,in HCC patients with concurrent hepatitis B infection,hepatitis C infection,or alcoholic cirrhosis.Methods This retrospective cohort study included HCC patients(n=2391)from the National Inpatient Sample database who underwent liver transplantation and were diagnosed with hepatitis B or C virus infection,co-infection with hepatitis B and C,or alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver between 2005 and 2014.Associations between HCC etiology and post-transplant outcomes were examined with multivariate analysis models.Results Liver cirrhosis was due to alcohol in 10.5%of patients,hepatitis B in 6.6%,hepatitis C in 10.8%,and combined hepatitis B and C infection in 24.3%.Distant metastasis was found in 16.7%of patients infected with hepatitis B and 9%of hepatitis C patients.Local recurrence of HCC was significantly more likely to occur in patients with hepatitis B than in those with alcohol-induced disease.Conclusion After liver transplantation,patients with hepatitis B infection have a higher risk of local recurrence and distant metastasis.Postoperative care and patient tracking are essential for liver transplant patients with hepatitis B infection.

Evaluation of antibiotic use among inpatients in surgical ward at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital,South-Western Uganda

Objective The main aim of this study was to evaluate antibiotic use among inpatients in surgical ward at South-Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital,South-Western Uganda.Methodology:A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out on patients'follow-up forms of Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital,surgical ward from 15th November to 15th December.Data abstraction tool was employed to extracted data,entered in excel version 2010 then imported into SPSS software version 2010 where different variables were analyzed.Results:A total of 136 patient forms were studied.At least one antibiotic was prescribed in 76(56%).Majority(81.58%)of the antibiotics were prescribed for therapeutic purpose while some lacked documented and approved indications.Specific indications were not documented in 15(19.73%)of the forms.Sepsis without culture and sensitivity was the most frequent indication 14(18.42%)for antibiotics followed by prophylactic use 12(15.79%).Ceftriaxone was the most commonly(82.9%)prescribed antibiotic;followed by metronidazole for 31(40.8%)and Ampicillin/Cloxacillin for 8(10.5%)of the patients.Out of the 76 patients who used antibiotics,the overall use was found to be appropriate in only 20(26.3%).Most prescriptions had right doses 57(75.0%)followed by right frequencies 53(69.7%);whereas the duration was the least appropriate with only 46(60.5%)of the 76 patients.Conclusion:More than half of the patients had at least one antibiotic prescribed to them.Ceftriaxone and metronidazole were the most prescribed,the majority of antibiotics were used for treatment and some of the patients were on antibiotics without specific indications.Sepsis was the most common indication for the antibiotics used.Most antibiotics were inappropriately used.Duration of treatment was the most inappropriate parameter and antibiotic use varied greatly with guidelines.

Nationwide trends and predictors of inpatient mortality in 83884 transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

AIM: To evaluate and validate the national trends and predictors of in-patient mortality of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in 15 years.METHODS: Using the National Inpatient Sample which is a part of Health Cost and Utilization Project, we identified a discharge-weighted national estimate of 83884 TIPS procedures performed in the United States from 1998 to 2012 using international classification of diseases-9 procedural code 39.1. The demographic, hospital and co-morbility data were analyzed using a multivariant analysis. Using multi-nominal logistic regression analysis, we determined predictive factors related to increases in-hospital mortality. Comorbidity measures are in accordance to the Comorbidity Software designed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.RESULTS: Overall, 12.3% of patients died during hospitalization with downward trend in-hospital mortality with the mean length of stay of 10.8 &#x000b1; 13.1 d. Notable, African American patients (OR = 1.809 vs Caucasian patients, P &#x0003c; 0.001), transferred patients (OR = 1.347 vs non-transferred, P &#x0003c; 0.001), emergency admissions (OR = 3.032 vs elective cases, P &#x0003c; 0.001), patients in the Northeast region (OR = 1.449 vs West, P &#x0003c; 0.001) had significantly higher odds of in-hospital mortality. Number of diagnoses and number of procedures showed positive correlations with in-hospital death (OR = 1.249 per one increase in number of procedures). Patients diagnosed with acute respiratory failure (OR = 8.246), acute kidney failure (OR = 4.359), hepatic encephalopathy (OR = 2.217) and esophageal variceal bleeding (OR = 2.187) were at considerably higher odds of in-hospital death compared with ascites (OR = 0.136, P &#x0003c; 0.001). Comorbidity measures with the highest odds of in-hospital death were fluid and electrolyte disorders (OR = 2.823), coagulopathy (OR = 2.016), and lymphoma (OR = 1.842).CONCLUSION: The overall mortality of the TIPS procedure is steadily decreasing, though the length of stay has remained relatively constant. Specific patient ethnicity, location, transfer status, primary diagnosis and comorbidities correlate with increased odds of TIPS in-hospital death.

Aerobic exercise improves gastrointestinal motility in psychiatric inpatients

AIM: To evaluate the benefit of aerobic exercise on colonic transit time (CTT) for psychiatric inpatients in a closed ward.

Handgrip Strength as a Predictor of Nutritional Status in Chinese Elderly Inpatients at Hospital Admission

Objective To assess nutritional status and define gender-and age-specific handgrip strength（HGS） cut-point values for malnutrition or nutritional risk in elderly inpatients. Methods A cross-sectional study of 1,343 elderly inpatients was conducted in the Chinese PLA General Hospital. Nutrition Risk Screening（NRS 2002） and Subjective Global Assessment（SGA） were administered. Anthropometric measurements and blood biochemical indicators were obtained using standard techniques. The gender-and age-specific receiver operating characteristic（ROC） curves were constructed to evaluate the HGS for nutritional status by SGA and NRS 2002. Sensitivity, specificity, and areas under the curves（AUCs） were calculated. Results According to NRS 2002 and SGA, 63.81% of elderly inpatients were at nutritional risk and 28.22% were malnourished. Patients with higher HGS had an independently decreased risk of malnutrition and nutritional risk. The AUCs varied between 0.670 and 0.761. According to NRS 2002, the optimal HGS cut-points were 27.5 kg（65-74 years） and 21.0 kg（75-90 years） for men and 17.0 kg（65-74 years） and 14.6 kg（75-90 years） for women. According to SGA, the optimal HGS cut-points were 24.9 kg（65-74 years） and 20.8 kg（75-90 years） for men and 15.2 kg（65-74 years） and 13.5 kg（75-90 years） for women. Conclusion Elderly inpatients had increased incidence of malnutrition or nutritional risk. HGS cut-points can be used for assessing nutritional status in elderly inpatients at hospital admission in China.

Effect of an inpatient nursing risk early warning and control system in Shanghai:A retrospective study of adverse events

Purpose:To avoid the nursing risk of inpatients,reduce the occurrence of nursing errors and improve the safety of inpatients.Methods:We established a nursing risk early warning and control system,which includes a safety supervisory network,risk screening and early warning tools,and a risk control process.Results:The qualified rates of risk control measures to prevent pressure ulcers,unplanned extubation and fall/fall from bed all increased.The incidence of reported nursing errors decreased.The number of mistakes in medication-giving decreased.Conclusion:The establishment of an inpatient early warning and control system could effectively avoid nursing risk,improve risk prevention abilities,improve patient safety,and improve nursing quality.

A qualitative study on nurses'reactions to inpatient suicide in a general hospital

Aims:To explore the impact of inpatient suicides on nurses working in front-line,the patterns of regulation and their needs for support.Methods:Data were collected through purposive sampling by conducting semi-structured and individual in-depth interviews in a tertiary referral hospital in China.Colaizzi's sevenstep phenomenological method was simultaneously used by two interviewers.Results:Reactions to inpatient suicides revealed three central themes:(1)inpatients were highly likely to commit suicide,(2)inpatient suicide was difficult to prevent,and(3)nurses lacked the necessary suicide prevention skills.Psychological responses mainly included shock and panic,self-accusation or guilt,sense of fear,and frustration.The impacts on practice were stress,excessive vigilance,and burnout.Avoidance and sharing of feelings played key roles in the regulation patterns of nurses.Conclusions:Nurses who experienced inpatient suicide became stressed.Effective interventions must be implemented to improve the coping mechanisms of nurses against the negative consequences of inpatient suicide.The findings of this study will allow administrators to gain insight into the impacts of inpatient suicides on nurses in general hospitals.Such information can be used to develop effective strategies and provide individual support and ongoing education.Consequently,nurses will acquire suicide prevention skills and help patients achieve swift recovery.

Development of a psychological first-aid model in inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan,China

Background Facing the social panic and substantial shortage of medical resources during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak,providing psychological first-aid to inpatients is essential for their rehabilitation and the orderly operating of medical systems.However,the closed-ward environment and extreme shortage of onsite mental health workers have limited the use of traditional face-to-face diagnosis and psychological interventions.Aim To develop a mental health intervention model for inpatients that can be applied during a widespread epidemic,such as COVID-19.Methods In a medical team stationed in Leishenshan Hospital,Wuhan,China,we integrated onsite and online psychological support resources to implement a graded psychological intervention system.The onsite psychiatrist established trust with the patients and classified them into categories according to their symptom severity.While face-to-face evaluation and intervention are critical for effective online support,the online team effectively extended the scope of the'first-aid'to all patients.Conclusion This integrated onsite and online approach was effective and eficient in providing psychological interventions for inpatients during the crisis.Our model provides a realistic scheme for healthcare systems in or after the COVID-19 epidemic and also could be adopted in areas of the world with insufficient mental healthcare resources.

Prevalence and correlates of aggressive behavior in psychiatric inpatient populations

Aggressive behavior in patients with psychiatric disorders is attracting increasing research interest.One reason for this is that psychiatric patients are generally considered more likely to be aggressive,which raises a related question of whether diagnoses of psychiatric disorders predict the prevalence of aggressive behavior.Predicting aggression in psychiatric wards is crucial,because aggressive behavior not only endangers the safety of both patients and staff,but it also extends the hospitalization times.Predictions of aggressive behavior also need careful attention to ensure effective treatment planning.This literature review explores the relationship between aggressive behavior and psychiatric disorders and syndromes(dementia,psychoactive substance use,acute psychotic disorder,schizophrenia,bipolar affective disorder,major depressive disorder,obsessivecompulsive disorder,personality disorders and intellectual disability).The prevalence of aggressive behavior and its underlying risk factors,such as sex,age,comorbid psychiatric disorders,socioeconomic status,and history of aggressive behavior are discussed as these are the components that mostly contribute to the increased risk of aggressive behavior.Measurement tools commonly used to predict and detect aggressive behavior and to differentiate between different forms of aggressive behavior in both research and clinical practice are also reviewed.Successful aggression prevention programs can be developed based on the current findings of the correlates of aggressive behavior in psychiatric patients.

Analysis of inpatient payments of breast cancer patients with different medical insurance coverages in China(mainland) in 2011–2015

Objective： An understanding of the levels and trends of medical cost is made for breast cancer patients with different medical insurance coverages in China（mainland）, in an attempt to offer a clue to further control the costs.Methods： The inpatient payments of 9,716,180 breast cancer patients spent in medical institutions of different types and grades during 2011–2015 were collected from the inpatient medical record home page（IMRHP） dataset.The data were then processed with SAS（Version 9.3; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA）. Indicators like means,increase（decrease） percentages were used to descriptively analyze the average hospitalization expense of each time（AHEET） and its trends of breast cancer patients with different medical insurance coverages treated in medical institutions of different types and grades.Results：In 2011–2015,the AHEET borne by breast cancer patients in China had been constantly increasing.Specifically,the self-pay inpatients had the largest increase,inpatients covered by Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance（UEBMI）and Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance（URBMI）were the next,and those covered by New Rural Cooperative Medical System（NRCMS）had the least increase.Breast cancer inpatient treated in public hospitals had quite greater increase and higher expenditure level than those in private hospitals.The AHEET borne by the inpatients in Grade 3 hospitals had greater increase and higher cost than those in Grade 2 hospitals.Conclusions：The inpatient payments of breast cancer patients will be wisely controlled by reducing the number of self-pay inpatients,taking advantage of restriction mechanism of the medical insurances,and promoting healthy competition between private hospitals and public hospitals.The economic burden imposed on the society by breast cancer can be relieved through further control of inpatient payments of UEBMI-and URBMI-covered breast cancer patients and of Grade 3 hospitals.

Health personnel-targeted education interventions on inpatient suicide prevention in general hospitals:A scoping review

Background:Inpatient suicide is an important part of patient safety management in general hospitals.Incidence of inpatient suicide can be decreased by health personnel mastering inpatient suicide prevention strategy.To enhance health personnel’s inpatient suicide prevention strategy,education intervention is a common method.Educational interventions in the researches varied in contents,duration and outcome measurements.However,there has been not synthesis of education interventions targeting health personnel on inpatient suicide prevention.Objective:Prevention of inpatient suicide is a critical priority in patient safety management in general hospitals.Incidence of inpatient suicide can be decreased by effective strategies mastered by health personnel through education interventions.Educational interventions in researches varied in contents,duration and outcome measurements.We aimed to review education interventions targeting health personnel on inpatient suicide prevention.Methods:A scoping review was used to analyze existing researches on education interventions targeting health personnel focusing on inpatient suicide prevention in general hospitals.Cochrane Library,PubMed,Embase,CINAHL,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,WanFang,and Chinese Scientific Journal Database were searched in Oct 2019.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,the searched studies were screened by two reviewers.And then,two researchers conducted the data extraction independently by using a table format,including the first author,year of publication,study design,participants,education intervention,etc.Results:Twelve studies were included in this scoping review.The contents of education interventions on inpatient suicide prevention included three aspects:suicide knowledge,suicide assessment,and skills for coping with suicide.The duration of education interventions ranged from 1.5-h to 32.0-h.The effects of education interventions were mainly focused on participants’knowledge,attitudes and skills of suicide prevention.Conclusion:The evidence showed that education interventions on inpatient suicide prevention had positive impact on health personnel’s knowledge,attitude and skills about inpatient suicide prevention in general hospitals.However,the best health personnel-targeted education intervention on inpatient suicide prevention in general hospitals was yet to be determined.In the future,it is necessary to combine evidence in this review and the actual condition in clinical practice.

Five High-risk Factors for Inpatient Suicide

Objective： The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for inpatient suicide in a general hospital. Methods： Thirty suicide victims were drawn from the adverse event reports of suicidal acts during hospitalization in a general hospital from 2008 to 2014. Data were gathered from a focus group interview of 6 medical staff who had experienced inpatient suicide. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyze the data. Results： Five main themes regarding high-risk factors for inpatient suicide emerged from this study： mental disorders, diseases, the source of money to meet medical expenses, social support, and the hospital environment. Patients with mental disorders were at a high risk of suicide. Having a serious disease, paying high medical expenses alone, the loss of social support and unsafe hospital environments were also associated with an increased risk of suicide. Conclusions： This study puts forward different perspectives on the reasons that inpatients commit suicide and corresponding preventive measures based on these 5 main themes that could be implemented to avoid or reduce suicidal acts among inpatients during hospitalization.

Study on Influence Factors of Pressure Injury Risk in the Elderly Inpatients with Kidney Disease Based on LASSO Regression

Objective: This paper aims to explore clinical status and related influence factors of pressure injury (PI) in the elderly inpatients with kidney disease, so as to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of PI in the elderly inpatients with kidney disease. Methods: Retrospective collection method is adopted to collect 158 clinical cases of the elderly inpatients with kidney disease aged ≥ 60 in the Nephrology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University from January 2017 to December 2019, and then least absolute shrinkage and selection Operator (LASSO) regression analysis is used to analyze 17 possible influence factors;finally Logistic regression model is established to analyze and screen influence factors of risk. Results: 1) Among 158 elderly inpatients with medium and high risk of PI, the incidence of PI is 20.25%;the most common stage of injury is stage I (42.5%);sacrococcygeal (60%) is the high-risk site of pressure injury. 2) LASSO regression analysis shows that history of present respiratory infection/respiratory failure (β = 1.2714. P < 0.05) and hospitalization time (β = 0.4177. P < 0.05) are independent factors influencing PI risk in the elderly inpatients with kidney disease. Conclusion: The elderly patients with kidney disease and PI risk are the high incidence population of hospital acquired PI;for the elderly inpatients with kidney disease and having respiratory infection history or respiratory failure, prolonged hospitalization will significantly increase the risk of PI. Therefore, targeted preventive and control measures should be taken to reduce the incidence of PI.

Burden, Health and Sense of Coherence among Relatives of Depressed Inpatients

In Europe, there are an increasing number of persons suffering from depression, which also affects many relatives. The burden and health when being the relative of an inpatient suffering from severe depression has been less examined. The aim of the study was to describe burden, health and sense of coherence among relatives of inpatients with severe depression. Furthermore, the aim was to investigate relatives’ burden in relation to their health and sense of coherence. A cross-sectional design was performed, with a questionnaire consisting of background questions and three instruments;Burden Assessment Scale, General Health Questionnaire and Sense of Coherence scale. The participants consisted of 68 relatives recruited from a sample of inpatients diagnosed with depression in the psychiatric specialist health services in one hospital trust in Norway. The Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics, Norway South East, gave approval to the study. The relatives reported burden to a various degree, with some reporting a significantly greater burden, poorer health and a weaker sense of coherence than others. With regard to subjective burden eight out of ten relatives reported “Worry about future”, and almost six out of ten were “Upset by change in patient”. Regarding objective burden, more than half the relatives reported having “Less time for friends” and “Reduced leisure time”. In conclusion the relatives with a high level of burden reported more mental distress, poorer health and weaker sense of coherence than those with lower level of burden. Further research should focus on identification of factors predicting burden and health of relatives of inpatients with severe depression.

Healthcare for Patients with Hepatitis B Virus:Analysis of 367381 Inpatient Cases in China

Objective Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection,which has been recognized as an international public health challenge,has caused significant morbidity for the entire world.This research focused on patients with HBV in China to examine health utilization and expenses.Methods Patients hospitalized with HBV from 2017 to 2019 in tertiary hospitals in Hubei,a province located in central China,were selected as the study population.Healthcare information was collected from the provincial inpatient electronic system database.Univariate and regression analyses were performed to describe the basic situation of healthcare services and determine the influencing indicators of inpatient service expenditure.Results A total of 367381 cases of HBV infection were identified in the study area.Most of these cases were patients who were married(90.2%)and males(63%).With the great efforts by the universal coverage of the basic medical insurance(BMI)in China,the increasing rate of inpatient hospitalization for HBV was 3.5 times higher than that of the total inpatient health service cases in the study area.The average age of this group was 52.84±14.10 years and 11.1%of patients paid for their own medical expenditures without insurance.The average length of stay(LOS)was 11.10 days,and the average cost per patient was 15712.05 RMB.Both values were higher than the average level in study area.Gender,marital status,career,payment type,and kind of hospitals significantly influenced healthcare utilization.Males and the elderly might incur higher healthcare costs than their counterparts.Conclusion The BMI operated by government has played a role in the utilization release of health services for HBV carriers.However,researchers must pay more attention to the continuing increase in the medical expenses of this group.

Assessing anxiety,depression,and stress among inpatients with cancer

Objective This study aimed to assess anxiety,depression,and stress among inpatients with cancer.Methods Two hundred thirty-five hospitalized patients with cancer were surveyed with the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales(simplified Chinese Version).The software program SPSS 25.0 was used for statistical analysis of the survey data.Results The average scores of depression,anxiety,and stress of inpatients with cancer were 12.17,11.84,and 13.98 respectively,which were higher than the normal range.The scores of anxiety and stress of inpatients with different caregivers were statistically different(P=0.024/0.036).The anxiety and stress scores of inpatients with spouses as caregivers were higher than those of inpatients with children as caregivers.There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of stress between inpatients with cancer with religious beliefs and inpatients with cancer without religious beliefs(P=0.026),and those with religious beliefs had greater incidence of stress.The score of anxiety was significantly higher for inpatients with children than for inpatients without children(P=0.040).Conclusion The anxiety,depression,and stress levels of inpatients with cancer are relatively high.It is necessary to pay special attention to the psychological status of these patients during clinical diagnosis and treatment to improve their quality of life.