Input characteristics and risk analysis of ballast water from offshore entry ships in China

Large quantities of ballast water discharge from ocean going ships in sea ports of China is one of the important factorswhich cause the spread of aquatic nonindigenous harmful species isolated geographically by waters,the deteriorating environment of the near-shore water area and the frequent outbreaks of red tides.In this paper,the total amount of the ballast water input estimation model for entry ships in Chinese ports was established.The information of foreign trade shipping and the import and export goods released publicly by the State Department of Transportation and the State General Administration of Customs were investigated.And then,the input features and its ecological environment risk of ballast water in China's offshore entry ships from2007to2012were analyzed based on the established total input amounts of ballast water from entry ships to Chinese sea ports together with the ballast water input ratio of the five major port-groups in China.The results show that:the total ballast water input amounts from entry ships of the five major port-groups in China are extremely imbalanced.The most developed Yangtze River Delta in economy has the biggest total ballast water input amounts,103.61million tons in2012.The second is the Circum-Bohai Sea Region(73.66million tons)and the third is the Pearl River Delta(67.24million tons).The total ballast water input amounts of the northwest and the southwest coastal areas are less,only16.57and5.71million tons respectively.The large quantity of entry ships’ballast water discharge has been an enormous threat to ecological environment of our country's sea areas,especially to economically developed regions.

Environmental input-output model and its analysis with a focus on the solid waste management sectors

An environmental input output model (EIOM) was introduced to the regional solid waste management sectors, which can reflect the direct and indirect relations between the environment and the regional economy development. Some details about how to use the EIOM was discussed. The EIOM was applied to the Changsha City in China. The example results indicate that much useful information related to the environment and the regional economy development can be gained from the solution of the EIOM. Thus, the EIOM can be used as a useful tool for the sustainable development planning including the solid waste management sectors.

Virtual Water Flows of Brazil’s International Trade

The study aims to measure virtual water flows in Brazil’s international trade. The methodology is based on the input-output matrix, and the database used was the Eora Global Supply Chain Database. The results showed that Brazil exported 230.8 billion m3 of virtual water per year, representing approximately 34.7% of the water footprint of the national production system in 2015. Virtual water imports totaled 111.6 billion m3 with a positive balance (net exports) of 119.2 billion m3. The country is a net exporter of this resource except for trade relations with South America and Africa, regions with negative balances of −36 billion m3 and 3 billion m3, respectively. The main destinations for virtual water exports from Brazil are Europe, with 41% of the total exported, followed by Asia and North America, with values close to 20%. The fact that Brazil is a net exporter of water makes sustainable use of the resource important, as the diversity of climate, soil, and water availability at a regional level is a challenge, which makes it essential to increase the efficiency of the use and management of water resources.

By Sector Water Consumption and Related Economy Analysis Integrated Model and Its Application in Hai River Basin, China

This paper established a by sector water consumption and economy analysis integrated model with input–output analysis method. The model can be used to identify the relationships between economic activities and the direct water consumption, the total water consumption and the intersectoral water transaction for detailed sectors in regional economy. The method is applied to Hai River Basin in China that is characterized by water shortage. The results found that in Hai River Basin, agriculture sector is responsible for 81.2% of the direct total water consumption in the region, but industrial and service sectors account for 53.2% of the indirect total water consumption. To 24 industrial and service sectors, their ratios of indirect water consumption to total water consumption belong to [90%, 99%]. To per unit output, water consumption intensity was highest in agriculture sector 1 at 96.91 m3 per thousand Yuan, the value of 28 industrial and service sectors were smaller than 1. Products of sector 1, sector 24, sector 3, sector 12, sector 6, sector 11 and sector 10 are the main suppliers of indirect water.

An Analysis of the Influence of Chinese Agriculture on National Economy and the Macroeconomic Effects

As a basic industry,agriculture has a far-reaching impact on national economy. Based on input-output tables of China in 2005 and2010,this paper gives a deep insight into the relationship between agriculture and national economy and its macroeconomic effects by the methods of input-output analysis,industrial correlation and macroeconomic effect analysis. The results show that the agricultural development is highly dependent on the national economy,but makes low contribution; agriculture contributes to promoting employment and improving the structure of national income distribution; despite the government's tax incentive,the agricultural equipments are updated slowly,and the corporate profits are at low level; agricultural export effect is far below the average industry level,but the import effect increases over the years,and final products are often used for domestic consumption. Finally,we set forth recommendations for improving the development of agriculture and national economy.

Local-scale systems input-output analysis of embodied water for the Beijing economy in 2007

Using the most detailed and recent statistics available for Beijing, a local-scale embodiment analysis on water use was conducted, employing a systems input- output analysis that integrates economic systems with natural resources data. Systems analysis for water research at the local scale is a crucial part of a systems oriented water accounting framework. To our knowledge, however, related works have not been thoroughly conducted. In this paper, a set of embodied water intensity inventory data is presented, which is applicable to both intermediate input and final demand. Also, detailed analyses of Beijing＇s embodied water use accounting are presented. The embodied water intensity of the. Water Production and Supply Industry Sector turns out to be the highest among the 42 sectors. For water embodied in final demand, the total amount is 3.48 km3, of which the water embodied in urban household consumption makes up nearly a half proportion. As a net virtual water importer, Beijing＇s water embodied in commodity trade totals 5.84× 10^8m3. As a result, in addition to improvements in technology and water use efficiency, adjustments in industrial structure and trade policies are algo of significant importance to water conservation efforts.

近20年中国经济增长与生产用水脱钩及影响因素分析

采用Topia弹性系数法,评价中国经济增长与生产用水脱钩的程度,并基于投入产出表结合结构分解法,将中国生产用水变动的影响要素分解为经济总量、需求结构、生产技术、第一产业用水效率、第二产业用水效率、第三产业用水效率共6个指标,探讨了2002—2020年中国经济增长与生产用水脱钩状态及影响因素的变化。结果表明:①中国经济增长与生产用水脱钩状态逐渐增强;②中国经济增长与生产用水脱钩的主要影响因素始终为第一、第二产业用水效率,次要影响因素为生产技术、需求结构和第三产业用水效率;③第一产业用水效率、第二产业用水效率、需求结构对脱钩的促进作用整体上减弱,生产技术、第三产业用水效率对脱钩的促进作用整体上增强。

中国水资源空间转移网络及其结构韧性分析

水资源短缺影响人类生存和可持续发展,基于水足迹探究水资源利用的空间转移问题,对于缓解水资源短缺具有重要的意义。基于2012、2015年和2017年中国多区域投入产出表的相关数据,利用多区域投入产出模型和社会网络分析法对水资源空间转移网络及其结构韧性进行评估。结果表明:新疆和黑龙江省是水足迹输出量较大的地区,而广东、江苏、浙江和山东省等经济规模较大的省区通常是水足迹输入量较大的地区。关于水资源结构韧性指标:在层次性方面,2012~2017年网络度分布拟合曲线斜率|a|较大,这表明水资源网络的层次性明显;在匹配性方面,单个节点与其邻域之间存在更多的负相关性,并且链接路径通常是异构和多样化的;在传输性方面,2012~2017年网络的平均路径长度L在1.40~1.70之间,表明该区域的可达性和扩散性相对较大;在聚集性方面,水资源网络中的大多数地区与其他相邻区域之间的链接相对紧密,孤立区域中的节点数量较少。此外,区域水资源网络节点的聚类系数与度值之间呈现一定的负相关。研究成果可为水资源的可持续利用及合理配置提供参考。

石油开发利用的水资源稀缺性评价研究

石油是关系到国家安全的重要战略资源,但现阶段其开发利用受到了水资源的约束。已有研究通过水足迹和虚拟水等指标对石油开发利用的水资源使用情况进行了测算,但不能够全面地反映其面临的水资源脆弱性。本研究基于投入产出分析方法,考虑区域水资源压力,构建了稀缺水足迹评估模型和虚拟稀缺水贸易测算模型,从石油开发利用对稀缺水资源的消耗和对虚拟稀缺水贸易的驱动两个角度进行了综合评价。结果表明,将区域水资源压力纳入水资源使用评估,可以更好地反映中国区域石油开发利用面临的水资源约束。对于宁夏回族自治区等区域,虽然在石油开发利用中使用的水资源量不多,但却面临着严重的水资源稀缺性问题,尤其是石油、炼焦产品和核燃料加工品面临着较大的水资源短缺压力。为了有效缓解上述区域在石油开发利用中面临的水资源脆弱性,有必要从区域和部门层面对关键虚拟稀缺水流动进行识别和管理。从区域层面结果来看,需要重点关注新疆维吾尔自治区、黑龙江省等虚拟稀缺水净流出区域对浙江省、辽宁省等虚拟稀缺水净流入区域在石油开发利用中的虚拟稀缺水转移。从部门层面结果来看,需要重点关注能源类行业和农业对石油、炼焦产品和核燃料加工品的虚拟稀缺水的转移。为了有效缓解石油开发利用中面临的水资源压力,本研究呼吁构建高效协同的水资源管理机制,将水资源稀缺性作为核心考量因素纳入区域石油开发利用战略规划中。同时,加强能源部门与水资源管理部门的跨部门合作,科学规划开采布局与规模,确保石油开发活动不损害水资源安全。此外,通过虚拟稀缺水的区域调配、推广节水和水资源循环利用工艺技术等方式,推动中国石油资源的可持续开发利用。

中国灰水和碳足迹减污降碳空间联合网络研究

当前,中国面临着污染治理与碳减排的双重挑战,减污降碳成了社会经济绿色转型的重要抓手。该文以减污降碳为背景,利用2012年和2017年多区域投入产出表,分析2012年和2017年中国30个地区间贸易产生的灰水足迹与碳排放量,并采用社会网络分析法,从网络关系的视角,对2012年和2017年省际间灰水足迹和二氧化碳空间联合网络特征进行实证分析。结果表明:(1)山东、河南和江苏等经济规模较大的地区灰水足迹和碳排放量较大,海南、青海和宁夏等经济规模较小的地区灰水足迹和二氧化碳排放较小。(2)山西和内蒙古是主要的灰水足迹和碳排放净流出区域,广东、浙江和江苏是主要的灰水足迹净流入区域,地区发展和交通因素是灰水足迹和碳排放流动差异的主要原因。(3)在2012年和2017年中国省际灰水足迹和二氧化碳的空间联合关系中,所有地区均处于空间网络中。个体特征表明,西北经济规模较小的地区以溢出效应为主,经济规模较大的地区以接收其他地区的溢出关系为主,这是产品或服务流动导致的。研究结果可为制定科学的水资源管理和碳减排政策提供依据。

Embodied water analysis for Hebei Province, China by input-output modelling

With the accelerating coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, regional eco- nomic integration is recognized as a national strategy. As water scarcity places Hebei Province in a dilemma, it is of critical importance for Hebei Province to balance water resources as well as make full use of its unique advantages in the transition to sustainable development. To our knowledge, related embodied water accounting analysis has been conducted for Beijing and Tianjin, while similar works with the focus on Hebei are not found. In this paper, using the most complete and recent statistics available for Hebei Province, the embodied water use in Hebei Province is analyzed in detail. Based on input-output analysis, it presents a complete set of systems accounting framework for water resources. In addition, a database of embodied water intensity is proposed which is applicable to both intermediate inputs and final demand. The result suggests that the total amount of embodied water in final demand is 10.62 billion m3, of which the water embodied in urban household consumption accounts for more than half. As a net embodied water importer, the water embodied in the commodity trade in Hebei Province is 17.20 billion m3. The outcome of this work implies that it is particularly urgent to adjust industrial structure and trade policies for water conservation, to upgrade technology and to improve water utilization. As a result, to relieve water shortages in Hebei Province, it is of crucial importance to regulate the balance of water use within the province, thus balancing water distribution in the various industrial sectors.

基于生态网络分析的新疆“水-能-碳”耦合系统特征研究

水资源、能源、碳排放是扰动经济社会-生态复合系统的重要因素,单要素变化会产生联动效应,传递生态压力,影响区域和产业的持续发展。以新疆为研究对象,基于2007、2012、2017年新疆投入产出表,运用环境投入产出和生态网络分析模型呈现“水-能-碳”网络系统耦合特征。结果表明:(1)混合水主要用于国内省外流出和居民消费,混合能、混合碳主要用于国内省外流出和资本形成总额。(2)水类网络循环率小于42%,能类网络和碳类网络循环率小于25%,网络系统整体表现出下降趋势。(3)水类网络、能类网络、碳类网络系统鲁棒性向发展停滞一侧倾斜,整体展现出不可持续发展的状态。(4)新疆“水-能-碳”耦合系统各部门间的水系统、能系统、碳系统关联性不强,控制与依赖关系尚处于偶发状态,产业间“水-能-碳”未能形成协同关系。厘清新疆“水-能-碳”耦合系统规律,为实现低碳高效资源综合管理模式提供实证支撑。

长江经济带省际贸易隐含水-能-碳耦合关系研究

采用环境投入产出模型计算长江经济带省际贸易中虚拟水、隐含能及隐含碳流量,进一步结合Spearman等级相关系数研究分地区与分部门间的水能碳耦合关系。结果表明:水、能和碳在地区间和部门间均呈显著相关关系,其中第二产业和隐含能碳相关性最强。虚拟水、隐含能和隐含碳调出调入中,江苏、浙江为关键省份,农业、建筑业和电力、热力、燃气及水的生产供应业是关键部门。深入研究隐含水能碳耦合特征,从贸易平衡视角将长江经济带11省市分为3类,发现隐含水能碳压力存在从发达地区转入欠发达地区的环境不公平现象。长江经济带应注重关键地区和关键部门节水节能减碳目标落实,推动产业结构低碳化、绿色化发展,同时加快形成区域协同治理体系。

What's So Special about China's Producer Services?An Input–output Analysis

In the present study, five stylized facts about China ＂s producer services are established through international, intersectoral and intertemporal comparisons based on input --output tables. First, the overall service input ratio is the lowest in all the sample economies. Second, most producer services are supplied by the traditional labor-intensive sectors. Third, manufacturing is the biggest user of producer services, and service industry is the second, while the opposite is true for most of the other sample economies. Fourth, unlike other economies, China ＂s ＂R＆D＂ is characterized more by consumer services than producer services. Fifth, China has fairly lower service input ratios in almost all the industries. The backward and forward linkages coefficients are both smaller for ＂real estate activities＂ and ＂finance and insurance. ＂＂ Policy reform should focus not only on specific producer services but also on reducing obstacles that are inhibiting the balanced development of diverse producer services that will help China to optimize its economic structure.

中国数字经济的产业关联和网络结构分析

“十四五”规划提出要加快建设数字经济,同时要提升产业链的现代化水平。基于2012年和2017年中国投入产出表,运用结构分解、社会网络分析和归因矩阵分析数字经济产业与其他产业的关联结构,结果表明:数字化赋权基础设施产业、数字化交易产业和数字化媒体产业在经济社会发展中的联系愈加紧密,其它产业需求增加能够显著促进三者的产出;前两个产业位于产业关联网络中较为中心的位置,而数字化媒体位于较边缘的位置;三个产业间彼此无法凝聚为一个子群,产业间的结构、模式、特点以及对其它产业的贡献有明显区别。该研究是对数字经济产业实证研究新视角的补充,刻画产业链结构图对认识数字经济产业在经济体系中位置,推动融合发展具有现实意义。

基于投入产出分析的再生产循环动力学建模与解析

中国经济已迈入以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展阶段。传统的投入产出分析虽然能够较好地反映生产网络的中间结构,但较难充分揭示价值流循环。基于马克思再生产理论与循环经济以及能源经济在体系构建思想上的一致性,借鉴生物物理建模方法构建宏观经济再生产循环动力学模型,并对其进行模拟解析。结果发现,在经济发展初期,可以通过大量的资源消耗取得较快发展速度;随着资源约束增强,经济发展速度逐渐放缓。结论较好地揭示了经济发展路径,为马克思经济增长理论提供了一个模型示例,并为双循环战略提供了一个注解和指引。

中国数字经济与非数字经济的行业关联性研究

随着数字技术的发展,数字经济已成为新一轮科技革命中的重要力量。基于2017年、2018年和2020年投入产出表相关数据,利用投入产出分解模型和社会网络分析法,研究数字经济和非数字经济的行业关联效应。研究结果表明:我国非数字经济行业推动与拉动作用更显著,且供给推动作用辐射更广;数字经济和非数字经济行业之间的内部效应最大,其次是溢出效应,反馈效应最小;我国核心部门依然以非数字经济部门为主,数字经济部门大多为边缘部门。应优化经济结构,推进产业数字化转型;做好行业规划,提升我国数字竞争力;完善相关政策,优化我国数字经济环境。

基于投入产出方法的甘肃省水足迹及虚拟水贸易研究

随着社会化进程的加快,地处西北内陆的甘肃省正面临日益严峻的水资源短缺危机,社会经济发展受到一定程度的制约,水生态环境也呈现出恶化的趋势。水足迹是近年来提出的衡量人类活动对于水生态系统影响的指标,能够帮助决策者制定水资源管理及保护的政策,从而实现地区水资源的可持续利用。运用单区域投入产出方法计算并分析了甘肃省1997、2002和2007年第一产业、第二产业和第三产业部门的虚拟水强度、水足迹以及虚拟水贸易情况。结果显示:(1)甘肃省第一产业的虚拟水强度最高,但呈现出逐年下降的趋势,水足迹也因此有所下降;(2)虚拟水贸易方面,甘肃省以虚拟水净出口为主,尤其是第一产业,每年虚拟水净出口量约全省总水资源量的10%。建议甘肃省继续巩固已有的节水成果,调整产业结构,大力发展节水型产业和高新技术产业。同时建议适当调整贸易格局,合理控制虚拟水出口,以缓解当地水资源短缺危机,保障地区水安全与生态安全。

北京农业虚拟水结构变化及贸易研究

通过依据典型区县实际灌溉定额调查成果并用全国作物需水量等值线图进行修正,确定出北京市主要农作物的需水量,对北京农作物种植结构变化、农业用水及其GDP效益作了分析,进而对各类农作物历年的虚拟水含量及其结构变化进行了研究,最后基于投入产出方法对北京农业虚拟水贸易进行了计算分析.结果表明,①近年来,北京地区粮食作物虚拟水总量持续减少,由1990年的18.32×108m3减少到2004年的4.283×108m3,经济作物虚拟水总量却呈上升趋势,由1990年的9.06×108m3增加到2004年的14.92×108m3,但总体上农作物虚拟水总量仍呈现下降趋势;②北京是一个农产品虚拟水净输入的地区,年平均虚拟水净输入量约为2.37×108m3,这相当于北京市年产水资源总量的5.93%,间接地缓解了北京市水资源紧缺的局面.

国民经济行业用水特性分析与评价

本文对国民经济行业用水特性进行了分析,提出了节水高效型国民经济生产体系的定量分析方法。内容包括:①建立了水资源投入产出分析模型;②分别从用水效率和用水效益两方面构建了国民经济行业用水特性评价指标体系;③提出了国民经济行业用水特性综合评价方法;④提出了节水高效型国民经济产业结构的判定标准及其方法。本文提出的方法,可为制定国民经济和行业发展规划提供决策依据,文中以北京为例说明本方法的应用结果。