In 2009, Indonesia was included in a group of the ten biggest countries emitting greenhouse gases, and forest sector contributes 85%. This forest exploitation should be stopped, and by this research the industrial woo...In 2009, Indonesia was included in a group of the ten biggest countries emitting greenhouse gases, and forest sector contributes 85%. This forest exploitation should be stopped, and by this research the industrial wood species with special planting pattern was used as cocoa shade trees. The experiment was conducted in East Java, Indonesia, altitude 45 m above sea level using four planting patterns, i.e. （A） cocoa-Tectona grandis Linn. 3 m x 6 m, （B） cocoa-T, grandis 6 m x 4.2 m ~ 4.2 m （triangle）, （C） cocoa-Paraserianthesfalcataria L. （I. Nielsen） 3 m ~ 6 m, and （D） cocoa-Leucaena sp. 3 m ~ 6 m （control）. Cocoa was planted in 3 m ~ 3 m distance; between rows of teak and Paraserianthes was planted. Cassia surithensis of 3 m distance in the row, as reserve shade trees. At 6 year old, Paraserianthes was harvested, and at 7 year old, teak trees were thinned out 50% population for A and 66.7% for B treatments. The result showed that cocoa agroforestry by using timber trees in regular planting pattern and accurate spacing did not decrease cocoa yield but improved land productivity. Paraserianthes harvesting produced 0.71 m3 timber and the price was US$38.0-US $40.0 per tree, while teak thinning out produced 0.07 m3 wood per tree and it cost was US$5 per tree. From 108 Paraserianthes trees harvested, 81 cocoa trees were affected, 11.9% were seriously damage, 6.85% were medium damage, and 5.36% were light damage. On the other hand, teak spacing did not cause serious damage on cocoa trees. Biomass of harvested Paraserianthes and teak supplied back to soil 543 g and 250 g per tree respectively for equalities to total urea, SP 36, KC1, Kieserite and Dolomite. Paraserianthes harvest and teak thinning out made microclimate to be warmer, humidity to be lower, so pod rot incidence become lower and pod yield was improved, namely 71% and 27.25% for Paraserianthes plot and teak plot, respectively. Harvesting of Paraserianthes produced benefit/cost plot of 43.63, and teak thinning out of 3.60. The revenue obtained from timber sales easily offset the costs of damage of the cocoa crop. It is concluded that by using accurate planting pattern, cocoa area could produce industrial timber without sacrifying cocoa production and exactly improve land productivity.展开更多
【目的】农户经营是我国农业的主体,肥料资源的不合理应用是限制作物生产的重要因子。本研究旨在评估主产区农户粮食生产的减肥潜力及经济环境效益。【方法】2018年对陕西省各县(市、区)的主要农作物生产情况进行问卷调查,以三大粮食作...【目的】农户经营是我国农业的主体,肥料资源的不合理应用是限制作物生产的重要因子。本研究旨在评估主产区农户粮食生产的减肥潜力及经济环境效益。【方法】2018年对陕西省各县(市、区)的主要农作物生产情况进行问卷调查,以三大粮食作物为研究对象,基于产量水平评价农户的施肥现状、减肥潜力、环境代价和经济效益。【结果】农户作物产量存在显著差异,小麦平均产量为4 573 kg·hm^-2,高低产量相差2 619 kg·hm^-2;玉米平均产量为7 319 kg·hm^-2,高低产量相差5 388 kg·hm^-2;水稻平均产量为8 340 kg·hm^-2,高低产量相差2 893kg·hm^-2。小麦的氮磷钾肥用量分别为177 kg N·hm^-2、102 kg P2O5·hm^-2和37 kg K2O·hm^-2;玉米分别为247 kg N·hm^-2、103 kg P2O5·hm^-2和47 kg K2O·hm^-2;水稻分别为186 kg N·hm^-2、88 kg P2O5·hm^-2和64 kg K2O·hm^-2。3种作物产量与施肥量无显著相关。氮磷肥普遍过量施用、钾肥过量与不足并存,低产农户过量施肥问题严重。对于氮磷钾肥的减施潜力,小麦分别为41%、59%和59%;玉米分别为55%、73%和66%;水稻分别为38%、64%和58%。施用的肥料形态均表现氮以单质肥为主、复合肥为辅;磷钾以复合肥为主;有机肥养分供应量很低。肥料结构均表现为重基施轻追施,氮以基施为主、追施为辅;磷钾肥鲜有追施。生产1.0 t小麦、玉米和水稻的活性氮损失量分别为6.9、3.8和3.3 kg,低产组的活性氮损失强度比高产组分别高52%、85%和74%,降低损失的潜力分别介于16%-33%、31%-50%和4%-38%。小麦、玉米和水稻生产的经济效益分别为4 468、9 091和20 020元/hm2,高产组比低产组分别高459%、128%和52%;减肥增效后总效益分别为4 919、9 905和20 543元/hm2,高产组比低产组分别高290%、106%和48%。【结论】基于产量水平深入剖析了陕西省农户的生产行为,低中产组为化肥减量和收益提升的重点。农户氮磷钾肥减施潜力分别为45%、65%和61%;小麦、玉米和水稻因化肥减施而降低活性氮损失的潜力分别为26%、45%和18%;提高环境经济效益的潜力分别为10%、9%和3%。展开更多
文摘In 2009, Indonesia was included in a group of the ten biggest countries emitting greenhouse gases, and forest sector contributes 85%. This forest exploitation should be stopped, and by this research the industrial wood species with special planting pattern was used as cocoa shade trees. The experiment was conducted in East Java, Indonesia, altitude 45 m above sea level using four planting patterns, i.e. （A） cocoa-Tectona grandis Linn. 3 m x 6 m, （B） cocoa-T, grandis 6 m x 4.2 m ~ 4.2 m （triangle）, （C） cocoa-Paraserianthesfalcataria L. （I. Nielsen） 3 m ~ 6 m, and （D） cocoa-Leucaena sp. 3 m ~ 6 m （control）. Cocoa was planted in 3 m ~ 3 m distance; between rows of teak and Paraserianthes was planted. Cassia surithensis of 3 m distance in the row, as reserve shade trees. At 6 year old, Paraserianthes was harvested, and at 7 year old, teak trees were thinned out 50% population for A and 66.7% for B treatments. The result showed that cocoa agroforestry by using timber trees in regular planting pattern and accurate spacing did not decrease cocoa yield but improved land productivity. Paraserianthes harvesting produced 0.71 m3 timber and the price was US$38.0-US $40.0 per tree, while teak thinning out produced 0.07 m3 wood per tree and it cost was US$5 per tree. From 108 Paraserianthes trees harvested, 81 cocoa trees were affected, 11.9% were seriously damage, 6.85% were medium damage, and 5.36% were light damage. On the other hand, teak spacing did not cause serious damage on cocoa trees. Biomass of harvested Paraserianthes and teak supplied back to soil 543 g and 250 g per tree respectively for equalities to total urea, SP 36, KC1, Kieserite and Dolomite. Paraserianthes harvest and teak thinning out made microclimate to be warmer, humidity to be lower, so pod rot incidence become lower and pod yield was improved, namely 71% and 27.25% for Paraserianthes plot and teak plot, respectively. Harvesting of Paraserianthes produced benefit/cost plot of 43.63, and teak thinning out of 3.60. The revenue obtained from timber sales easily offset the costs of damage of the cocoa crop. It is concluded that by using accurate planting pattern, cocoa area could produce industrial timber without sacrifying cocoa production and exactly improve land productivity.
文摘【目的】农户经营是我国农业的主体,肥料资源的不合理应用是限制作物生产的重要因子。本研究旨在评估主产区农户粮食生产的减肥潜力及经济环境效益。【方法】2018年对陕西省各县(市、区)的主要农作物生产情况进行问卷调查,以三大粮食作物为研究对象,基于产量水平评价农户的施肥现状、减肥潜力、环境代价和经济效益。【结果】农户作物产量存在显著差异,小麦平均产量为4 573 kg·hm^-2,高低产量相差2 619 kg·hm^-2;玉米平均产量为7 319 kg·hm^-2,高低产量相差5 388 kg·hm^-2;水稻平均产量为8 340 kg·hm^-2,高低产量相差2 893kg·hm^-2。小麦的氮磷钾肥用量分别为177 kg N·hm^-2、102 kg P2O5·hm^-2和37 kg K2O·hm^-2;玉米分别为247 kg N·hm^-2、103 kg P2O5·hm^-2和47 kg K2O·hm^-2;水稻分别为186 kg N·hm^-2、88 kg P2O5·hm^-2和64 kg K2O·hm^-2。3种作物产量与施肥量无显著相关。氮磷肥普遍过量施用、钾肥过量与不足并存,低产农户过量施肥问题严重。对于氮磷钾肥的减施潜力,小麦分别为41%、59%和59%;玉米分别为55%、73%和66%;水稻分别为38%、64%和58%。施用的肥料形态均表现氮以单质肥为主、复合肥为辅;磷钾以复合肥为主;有机肥养分供应量很低。肥料结构均表现为重基施轻追施,氮以基施为主、追施为辅;磷钾肥鲜有追施。生产1.0 t小麦、玉米和水稻的活性氮损失量分别为6.9、3.8和3.3 kg,低产组的活性氮损失强度比高产组分别高52%、85%和74%,降低损失的潜力分别介于16%-33%、31%-50%和4%-38%。小麦、玉米和水稻生产的经济效益分别为4 468、9 091和20 020元/hm2,高产组比低产组分别高459%、128%和52%;减肥增效后总效益分别为4 919、9 905和20 543元/hm2,高产组比低产组分别高290%、106%和48%。【结论】基于产量水平深入剖析了陕西省农户的生产行为,低中产组为化肥减量和收益提升的重点。农户氮磷钾肥减施潜力分别为45%、65%和61%;小麦、玉米和水稻因化肥减施而降低活性氮损失的潜力分别为26%、45%和18%;提高环境经济效益的潜力分别为10%、9%和3%。
