New insight into the origin and evolution of the flora and fauna of Hainan Island,China

The origin of the biota of Hainan Island,China,remains a fundamental scientific problem.Comparative studies on the biota,geological tectonics,and paleomagnetism proposed that during the Eocene,Hainan Island connected Vietnam and Guangxi,and then moved to the southeast to reach its present location.This review mainly discusses its biota origin from molecular phylogeny and palaeobotanical research.The formation and evolution of the biological groups of Hainan Island were identified via research on their genomes,phylogeny,and molecular biogeography.This research showed that the genera and species that appeared and diverged early in their evolution(i.e.,before the Miocene)can be explained by the land connection between Hainan Island,Vietnam,and Guangxi during the Eocene-Oligocene.According to Southeast Asian tectonic theory,in the Middle Miocene(at about 15 million years ago),Hainan Island had moved to its present position.The population and genetic divergence of species with late divergence times(after 15 Ma)can be reasonably explained by the close proximity(or land connection)between Hainan Island and the Leizhou Peninsula,enabling genetic communication between Hainan Island and the Chinese mainland,but have exceptional cases.Conclusions have been obtained through palaeobotanical studies,showing that in the Eocene-Oligocene period,southwest China and Hainan Island had subtropical vegetation and flora.However,the fossil group in southeast China(in Maoming,near present-day Hainan Island)in the Late Eocene indicated a tropical rainforest vegetation and flora.This suggests that in the Paleogene,Hainan Island may have been located near or on the southwest border of Guangxi and northern Vietnam,rather than in its present location.The floristic division of the flora of Hainan Island basically presents a northeast-southwest inclined distribution pattern.This pattern can be explained by the counterclockwise rotation of Hainan Island during its movement to the southeast as proposed by paleomagnetism research.The origin of Hainan Island as proposed by its geological tectonics and comparative research on its biota is further supported by evidence from molecular phylogeny,paleobotanical studies,and the distribution pattern of plant diversity in Hainan.In this paper,the time node(in the Miocene)of the evolution of its biota is also proposed,thereby providing a basis for the in-depth exploration of the origin and evolution of the biota of Hainan Island.

毛竹林扩张后土壤动物群落及与土壤细菌多样性的关系

为探究毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)扩张过程中,土壤动物群落结构的变化特征,以凤阳山地区毛竹向杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林扩张不同阶段的林分为研究对象,采用Tullgern干漏斗法对土壤动物进行分离,并调查其功能种团和分布密度,分析土壤动物与土壤理化性状、土壤细菌多样性之间的关系。结果表明:长期扩张演替形成的毛竹林中,腐食性土壤动物和植食性土壤动物的分布密度显著高于未受侵入的杉木林。土壤有机碳质量分数在林地扩张形成混交林后显著提高,但林地演替为毛竹纯林后,又会显著降低,而毛竹林地中土壤pH显著高于杉木林和混交林。林地中土壤pH及有效磷质量分数等指标与蜱螨目(Acarina)中气门亚目(Mesostigmata)、前气门亚目(Prostigmata)呈正相关关系,土壤有机碳质量分数与蜱螨目甲螨亚目(Oribatida)、鞘翅目(Coleoptera)等土壤动物均呈显著负相关,但与弹尾目(Collembola)等节跳科(Isotomidae)呈显著正相关。土壤动物优势类群甲螨亚目、中气门亚目在毛竹林分布较多,且与土壤细菌多样性指数呈显著正相关,而等节跳科在竹-杉混交林分布较多。甲螨亚目与norank_f__norank_o__Rokubacteriales属、norank_f__norank_o__norank_c__TK10属、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、norank_f__Gemmatimonadaceae属均呈显著正相关,而等节跳科与norank_f__norank_o__Elsterales属等土壤肥力相关的细菌呈显著正相关。土壤动物分布密度与其生境条件密切相关,毛竹向杉木林的长期扩张有利于林地中土壤动物的生存和活动。

重庆市缙云山萤火虫多样性及栖息地调查

萤火虫是指萤科Lampyridae和雌光萤科Rhagophthalmidae的统称,是重要的资源昆虫,也是重要的环境指示昆虫,有重要的经济价值和科研价值。为明确重庆市缙云山国家级自然保护区萤科Lampyridae和雌光萤科Rhagophthalmidae昆虫的种类、分布及栖息地特性,于2020年5月至2024年4月期间,分别在缙云山国家级自然保护区的核心区和延展区内展开了系统调查。此次调查覆盖了从高海拔至低海拔的不同区域,采用目视观察和扫网采集相结合的方法,成功采集并制作标本,随后对其开展形态分类鉴定、种群密度测定和地理区系分析。研究结果表明:重庆市缙云山国家级自然保护区共有萤科2亚科7属12种,其中萤亚科有2属5种,包含扁萤属一未知种;熠萤亚科有5属7种;种群密度分析显示重庆市大学城高速公路旁与大学城杨家沟水库种群密度变化显著;由中国动物地理区系分析可知,该保护区萤火虫有5种分布型,以西南—华南—华中分布型为主,占54.5%;由世界动物地理区系分析可知,该保护区以东洋界为主,占63.64%。该研究揭示了重庆市缙云山国家级自然保护区萤科和雌光萤科昆虫的种类和分布情况,为该区域萤火虫保护和利用提供了科学依据,也为探明我国萤火虫区系积累了资料。

四川申果庄自然保护区两栖动物调查

四川越西县申果庄自然保护区生物多样性高,但缺乏对两栖动物的多样性调查。基于2016—2023年两栖动物多样性调查和2016—2018年固定样线监测,对保护区内两栖动物的物种组成、区系特征、种群现状、分布状况、特有型等进行分析,调查共记录到两栖动物12种1327只,隶属于2目6科10属,其中普雄原鲵Pseudohynobius puxiongensis和凉北齿蟾Oreolalax liangbeiensis被世界自然保护联盟评为极危(CR)等级。该地的两栖动物区系组成以东洋界为主(11种);分布型以喜马拉雅-横断山区型为主(11种)。监测发现的物种数在不同年份和月份有少量变化,这与物种的繁殖周期和生活史及雨季影响相关。与周围的保护区相比,保护区内的两栖动物特殊,有2种两栖动物仅在该地有分布。通过分子鉴定方法,发现了凉北齿蟾新的分布点,并构建了其系统发育树,明确了凉北齿蟾与其他齿蟾的关系。调查结果对区内两栖动物资源和分布有了全面了解,结合实际情况对该地的两栖动物保护提出恢复生境、减少放牧、建立规范的两栖动物保护措施、增强调查和宣传力度等建议。

大熊猫国家公园绵阳安州片区两栖动物多样性调查及区系分析

为掌握大熊猫国家公园绵阳安州片区内两栖动物资源现状,促进区域内两栖动物的保护和监管,于2022年9月、 2023年4月和7月利用样线法对大熊猫国家公园安州片区内两栖动物进行实地调查,并通过访问调查和文献资料方法对实地调查结果进行补充.结果表明,大熊猫国家公园绵阳安州片区现有两栖动物15种,隶属2目6科12属;物种组成以东洋界西南区物种为主,占物种总数的53.33%;国家二级重点保护野生动物仅有山溪鲵(Batrachuperus pinchonii)1种,被《中国脊椎动物红色名录》列为受威胁物种2种;中国特有种9种.针对大熊猫国家公园绵阳安州片区两栖动物的资源和管理现状提出了相应的保护和管理建议.

长江干流黄冈段鸟类资源调查与多样性分析

为研究长江干流黄冈段的鸟类资源和多样性,本文于2021−2022年对黄冈市沿江的6个县(市、区)进行鸟类监测和多样性分析。结果表明:①长江干流黄冈段共记录到15目47科131种鸟类,其中,雀形目最多,共有79种;国家重点保护鸟类17种;世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)评定为易危(VU)等级的物种4种。按居留类型分类,留鸟最多,共有55种;按地理分布划分,古北种52种、东洋种58种、广布种21种。②从生境斑块类型来看,鸟类物种丰富度表现为农田>林地>建筑用地>山涧溪流>湖泊河流。③从多样性指数来看,ACE指数显示,鸟类物种丰富度表现为蕲春县>武穴市>浠水县>黄梅县>团风县>黄州区;Shannon-Wiener指数显示,鸟类物种丰富度表现为团风县>浠水县>蕲春县>武穴市>黄梅县>黄州区,偶见鸟类对Alpha多样性有显著影响。④采用Bray-Curtis转换后的主坐标分析显示,前两个主成分共同解释了65.2%的方差,表明鸟类分布具有地域特性。⑤基于Bray-Curtis距离的聚类分析显示,浠水县、蕲春县和武穴市的物种分布相似度较高,团风县与浠水县相似度也较高,而黄梅县和黄州区与其他4个县市的物种分布相似性较低。研究显示,长江干流黄冈段的鸟类资源相对丰富,不同县(市、区)间的鸟类组成存在空间差异,这反映了鸟类多样性的空间独立性特征,本研究对于该地区的鸟类资源评估和保护具有重要意义。

关帝山杨桦混交林土壤动物功能群海拔梯度分布格局及其环境驱动因素

为探究关帝山不同海拔梯度下杨桦混交林土壤动物功能群的分布格局及环境驱动因素,以山西省关帝山林区典型森林生态系统“山杨-桦树”混交林为调查对象,设置4个海拔梯度(1600 m、1800 m、2000 m、2200 m),于2022—2023年的5月、7月、10月对杨桦林中土壤动物进行采样调查,采用多因素方差分析对不同海拔、月份、土层及其交互作用进行检验,采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)和最小差异显著法(LSD)分析不同海拔、采样季节、土壤各土层间的土壤动物功能群的动态响应;运用Mantel检验、冗余分析以明确环境因素对土壤动物功能群时空分布格局的影响。研究结果表明:关帝山不同海拔共获得土壤动物24434只,隶属于3门11纲34目(亚目)127个类群,其中菌食性3类、杂食性13类、植食性23类、捕食性30类、腐食性54类,数量占比分别为19.66%、4.33%、8.95%、10.08%、56.98%;随海拔上升,土壤动物功能群类群和个体数下降,菌食性类群数最少,腐食性类群数和数量最多,在时间动态上,土壤动物功能群总类群数随月份变化先上升后下降,变化趋势为7月>5月>10月,总个体数随时间逐渐下降,变化趋势为5月>7月>10月;在垂直分布上,总类群数和个体数随土层加深逐渐变少,变化趋势为同一海拔凋落物层>0—10 cm层>10—20 cm层>20—30 cm层。此外,腐食性土壤动物类群数、个体数均高于其它功能群。土壤温度、湿度、土壤酸碱度、电导率、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾是决定关帝山土壤动物功能群群落时空分布格局的主要环境因子。研究结果可为关帝山林区土壤动物的多样性监测与保护提供科学参考。

基于文献计量分析的土壤动物研究现状和发展趋势

文章基于Web of Science(WoS)核心数据库中2709篇和中国知网(CNKI)数据库中2012篇土壤动物领域文献,统计2003—2023年该领域发文数量、发文国家合作情况、研究机构、高频关键词等,分析对比土壤动物领域国内外研究现状。运用VOSviewer和CiteSpace两种可视化软件,旨在探讨该领域的研究重点和发展趋势。结果显示,我国在土壤动物领域的研究能力不断提高;国际合作研究在该领域存在不平衡的特点,中国研究机构与德、美等国的合作较为密切;国内外相关研究机构主要集中在高校,中国的研究机构在发表论文方面处于国际领先地位,但文献质量有待提升;国内文献多从生物多样性、群落结构功能与土壤理化性质之间的关系等方面展开,在凋落物降解、碳循环等方面的研究较少。二十多年来,土壤动物方面的研究逐渐受到重视和广泛关注,对该领域生态学问题的研究也逐步受到重视。

A review on the eco-geography of soil fauna in China

This review summarizes main research findings in soil fauna eco-geography in China in the past 30 years. The subject areas and main results were overviewed including biodiversity and eco-geological distribution of soil fauna communities. Studies of ecological distributions of soil fauna and dynamic ranges in space from tropical, subtropical to temperate regions, and in categories from forest, grassland, desert, wetland, farmland to urban ecosystems, the responses and indications of soil fauna to soil environments. Effects of intensive disturbance such as fire, grazing, farming, fertilization on soil fauna include sensitive （e.g. nematode） and rare groups and community indexes. The functions of soil fauna were discussed including environmental construction, environmental purification, litter decomposition and elements cycling. Interactions between soil fauna and other biota in soil ecosystems and linking between aboveground and belowground diversity and the effects of global change on soil fauna community in China were also included. Finally, the authors pointed out common interests in soil fauna eco-geographical studies, which include application of molecule biology into soil fauna taxa; function and mechanism of soil fauna community diversity; interaction between aboveground and belowground ecosystems; effects of disturbance, pollution, biological invasion, and global change on soil fauna community and function. The review is to provide a scientific basis for promoting soil fauna eco-geographical studies in China.

Conodont Evidence for the Age of the Panxian Fauna,Guizhou,China

Detailed conodont analysis on the Yangjuan-Chupiwa section, Xinmin, Panxian County, Guizhou Province, revealed a conodont sequence including four Anisian conodont zones, viz. Nicoraella germanica Zone, Nc. kockeli Zone, Paragondolella bifurcata Zone and Neogondolella constricta Zone. These zones indicate that the upper Guanling Formation consists of strata from the Bithynian to the lllyrian of the Anisian. Appearance of Neogondolella constricta suggests that the Anisian/Ladinian boundary might be in the overlying Yangliujing Formation. The Panxian Fauna with well-preserved marine reptile and fish fossils is proved to belong to the lower part of the conodont Nc. kockeli Zone in the studied area. Thus, the age of the Panxian Fauna could be the early Pelsonian of the Anisian.

Biodiversity and Sequence of the Middle Triassic Panxian Marine Reptile Fauna,Guizhou Province,China

The Middle Triassic Panxian fauna is a physical marker and representative record of the rapid recovery of the Triassic marine ecosystem following the Early Triassic stagnant stage after the end-Permian mass extinction. Ten marine reptile taxa have been found from the 1.82-2.10 m-thick fossiliferous level in the Upper Member of the Guanling Formation, which can be subdivided into three marine reptile beds through the analysis on the stratigraphic distributions of fossil reptiles. The Lower Reptile Bed yields the sauropterygians Placodus inexpectatus Jiang et al., 2008 and Lariosaurus hongguoensis Jiang et al., 2006, the ichthyopterygians Xinminosaurus catactes Jiang et al., 2008 and Phalarodon cf. Phalarodon fraasi Merriam, 1910, associated with Mixosaurus panxianensis Jiang et al., 2006, representing a stage of predominance of durophagous taxa. In this bed, the large complete skeletons may reach up to 2.3 m in length, and lithofacies and chemostratigraphic analyses indicate a relatively deep carbonate platform with an oxic water environment near the bottom, as well as a rising sea level The Middle Reptile Bed yields the sauropterygian Nothosaurus yangjuanensis Jiang et al., 2006 and the archosaur Qianosuchus mixtus Li et al., 2006, associated with Mixosaurus panxianensis Jiang et al., 2006. The fossils in this bed are characterized by its pincering dentition and large overall body size, with the largest possibly exceeding 3 m in length. This bed might represent a time of deepest basin with relatively anoxic condition near the bottom. The Upper Reptile Bed yields the sauropterygians Wumengosaurus delicatomandibularis Jiang et al., 2008, Keichousaurus sp., the protorosaur Dinocephalosaurus orientalis Li, 2003, and the ichthyopterygian Mixosaurus panxianensis Jiang et al., 2006. In this bed, reptilian taxa characterized by suction feeding appeared, and most are less than 1 m long. This bed corresponds to a period of decreasing water depth.

New Vetulicoliids from the Lower Cambrian Guanshan Fauna, Kunming

The Guanshan Fauna, a soft-bodied fauna intermediate between the Chengjiang Fauna and the Kaili Fauna and also the Burgess Shale Fauna stratigraphically, consists of trilobites, trilobitoides, Tuzoia, Vetulicola, Paleoscolex, brachiopods and sponges. The discovery and research of this fauna is of great significance in understading the 'Cambrian Explosion' and the evolution of early life. The occurrence of vetulicoliids from the Guanshan Fauna not only adds new members to the taxonomic list, but also provides new information to the evolution of this animal group. This paper describe Vetulicola gantoucunensis Luo, Fu et Hu sp. nov. from the Lower Cambrian Wulongqing Formation in the Kunming area. Also presented are the amended description of Vetulicola and the comparisons with related genera within Vetulicoliids. The affinity, distribution, as well as evolution of vetulicoliids are discussed.

A New Vetulicolian from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Fauna in Yunnan of China

The genus and species Yuyuanozoon magnificissimi gen. et sp. nov., a new fossil vetulicolian, is reported from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Fauna in Yunnan of China. It has a bipartite body plan and five pairs of chain-formed gill sacs, showing the general characteristics of Ventulicolia. However, the exclusive 'atrial cavity' and external gill observed indicate that the new form is different from those previously described as vetulicolians, probably representing a lineage developed within deuterostomes and more primitive than urochordates.

Response of soil fauna to simulated nitrogen deposition: A nursery experiment in subtropical China

We studied the responses of soil fauna to a simulated nitrogen deposition in nursery experimental plots in Subtropical China. Dissolved NH4NO3 was applied to the soil by spraying twice per month for 16 months, starting January 2003 with treatments of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 gN/（m^2·a）. Soil fauna was sampled after 6, 9, 13 and 16 months of treatment in three soil depths （0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm）. Soil available N increased in correspondence with the increasing N treatment, whereas soil pH decreased. Bacterial and fungal densities were elevated by the N treatment. Soil fauna increased in the lower nitrogen treatments but decreased in the higher N treatments, which might indicate that there was a threshold around 10 gN/（m^2·a） for the stimulating effects of N addition. The N effects were dependent on the soil depth and sampling time. The data also suggested that the effects of the different N treatments were related to the level of N saturation, especially the concentration of NO3^- in the soil.

广西马平灰岩腕足动物群的时代问题——兼评“Fauna of the Maping Limestone of Kwangsi and Kweichow”

ｒａｂａｕ（１９３６）记述的马平动物群中所有的腕足类化石标本并不是产于真正的马平（灰岩）组，而是产自有关地区下石炭统最上部的罗城组和上石炭统下部的黄龙组下部，时代为Ｓｅｒｐｏｕｋｈｏｖｉａｎ－Ｂａｓｈｋｉｌｉａｎ期。

A New Arthropod,Guangweicaris Luo,Fu et Hu gen. nov. from the Early Cambrian Guanshan Fauna,Kunming,China

The Guanshan Fauna is a soft-bodied fauna dominated by arthropods （including trilobites, trilobitoides, Tuzoia, Isoxys, and bradorids） in association with priapulids, brachiopods, anomalocaridids, vetulicoliids, sponges, chancellorids, and echinoderms. This paper reports and describes a new arthropod from the yellowish green mudstone at the lower part of the Wulongqing Formation, Canglangpuan Stage, Lower Cambrian in Kunming, Yunnan, China. The stratigraphic and geographic distribution, classification, fossil preservation, life style of this new arthropod and comparisons with other fossil arthropods are also discussed in details. The discovery and research of the non-mineralized arthropod, Guangweicaris Luo, Fu et Hu gen. nov. from the Guanshan Fauna adds new members to the taxonomic list and provides new information to the evolution of early arthropods. Furthermore, this study would shed new light into the ＂Cambrian Explosion＂ and the evolution of early life.

New Quaternary Mammalian Faunas and Cave Deposits in the Zhoukoudian Area,Beijing

From 1985 to 1987, four new localities with abundant fossil mammals were dis-covered by Cao, Tian and others in the Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien) area, Beijing. They are theEast, West, Shangdian and Donglingzi caves. The East Cave fauna consists of 28 speices ofmammals and its age is middle Early Pleistocene. The East Cave assemblage shows that a tem-perature-falling event took place at around 1.20 Ma B.P. at Zhoukoudian. Sixteen species ofmammals were collected from the West Cave, which are mainly forms of late Early Pleistoceneage. The West Cave fauna represents a transitional fauna from the East Cave fauna (dry-cold)to the fauna (warm) at locality 9. The Shangdian Cave fauna is composed of four forms, beingMiddle Pleistocene in age. The Donglingzi Cave fauna contains 21 Late Pleistocene forms. Inthe cave two fossil horizons may be distinguished. The age of the lower horizon is early LatePleistocene, which is equivalent to that of the New Cave fauna; while the fauna of the upper ho-rizon may be correlated with the Upper Cave fauna.

LATE EOCENE MAMMALIAN FAUNA OF HUANGZHUANG,QUFU,SHANDONG

This paper describes Mammalian fossils of 18 species discovered at Donghuangzhuang,about 15 km from NE of Qufu county,Shandong Province.The materials were collected bya farmer in 1984 and were sent to The Shandong Provincial Museum for studing.A short fieldinvestigation was made by Wang Jinwen,Sha Yesue(BGMRSD),Han Qingwen(SDM)andthe present author in same year.The age of the fauna is tentatively considered as the late Late Eocene,probably correlatedas the Heti Fauna(Yuanqu Basin).It represents the first occurrence of Late Eocene fossils inthis province.

Preliminary Response of Soil Fauna to Simulated N Deposition in Three Typical Subtropical Forests

A field-scale experiment arranged in a complete randomized block design with three N addition treatments including a control (no addition of N), a low N (5 g m-2 year-1), and a medium N (10 g m-2 year-1) was performed in each of the three typical forests, a pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) forest (PF), a pine-broadleaf mixed forest (MF) and a mature monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest (MEBF), of the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in subtropical China to study the response of soil fauna community to additions of N. Higher NH4+ and NO3- concentrations and a lower soil pH occurred in the medium N treatment of MEBF, whereas the NO3- concentration was the lowest in PF after the additions of N. The response of the density, group abundance and diversity index of soil fauna to addition of N varied with the forest type, and all these variables decreased with increasing N under MEBF but the trend was opposite under PF. The N treatments had no significant effects on these variables under MF. Compared with the control plots, the medium N treatment had significant negative effect on soil fauna under MEBF. The group abundance of soil fauna increased significantly with additions of higher N rates under PF. These results suggested that the response of soil fauna to N deposition varied with the forest type and N deposition rate, and soil N status is one of the important factors affecting the response of soil fauna to N deposition.

Dynamics and Relationships of Ca,Mg,Fe in Litter,Soil Fauna and Soil in Pinus koraiensis-Broadleaf Mixed Forest

The Liangshui Natural Reserve in Heilongjiang Province of China was selected as the study area. The authors collected the samples of forest litter （Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, Acer mono, Betula costata, and mixed litter）, soil in humus horizon （0--5cm） and soil horizon （5-20cm）, and soil macrofauna （Oligochaeta, Geophiloporpha and Juliformia） from 2001 to 2002. The role of soil macrofauna in the material cycle was analyzed through comparing the macro-element contents among various parts of the subsystems and using enrichment index （El）. The results indicate that dynamic changes of various litters are very complicated. The contents of Fe in each kind of litter increase firstly, and then decrease in the study period. The changes of macro-element contents are greater in the broad-leaf litter than in the coniferous litter, and the mixed litter is in the middle level, but the differences among them are not significant. The contents of Mg and Fe in humus are higher than those in soil, but the contents of Ca in soil are higher than that in humus. The dynamic changes of macro-element contents in soil and soil fauna are not consistent with those in litter. The diplopod presented obvious enrichment of Ca and Mg （E1〉1）, but it does not significantly enrich Fe. Earthworm has a stronger enrichment ability of Fe than diplopod and scolopendra, but E1〈1. Soil fauna can make great influences on the material cycle of the subsystems.