A New Strategy of Insect Pest Control:Down-regulating Cotton Bollworm Gene Expression by Engineering Plant Double Stranded RNA

Cotton bollworm(Helicoverpa armigera) is an important agricultural pest that causes severe yield loss to crops,particularly to cotton.Transgenic Bt crops have been successful in

Feasibility, limitation and possible solutions of RNAi-based technology for insect pest control

Numerous studies indicate that target gene silencing by RNA interference （RNAi） could lead to insect death. This phenomenon has been considered as a potential strategy for insect pest control, and it is termed RNAi-mediated crop protection. However, there are many limitations using RNAi-based technology for pest control, with the effectiveness target gene selection and reliable double-strand RNA （dsRNA） delivery being two of the major challenges. With respect to target gene selection, at present, the use of homologous genes and genome-scale high-throughput screening are the main strategies adopted by researchers. Once the target gene is identified, dsRNA can be delivered by micro-injection or by feeding as a dietary component. However, micro-injection, which is the most common method, can only be used in laboratory experiments. Expression of dsRNAs directed against insect genes in transgenic plants and spraying dsRNA reagents have been shown to induce RNAi effects on target insects. Hence, RNAi-mediated crop protection has been considered as a potential new-generation technology for pest control, or as a complementary method of existing pest control strategies; however, further devel- opment to improve the efficacy of protection and range of species affected is necessary. In this review, we have summarized current research on RNAi-based technology for pest insect management. Current progress has proven that RNAi technology has the potential to be a tool for designing a new generation of insect control measures. To accelerate its practical application in crop protection, further study on dsRNA uptake mechanisms based on the knowledge of insect physiology and biochemistry is needed.

Regional selection of insecticides and fungal biopesticides to control aphids and thrips and improve the forage quality of alfalfa crops

The efficacies of biological and conventional chemical insecticides against two major insect pests of alfalfa(aphids and thrips)were compared in three sites across China’s alfalfa belt.In addition,the persistence of the residues of chemical insecticides in alfalfa and their influence on the quality of alfalfa hay were examined.Efficacy varied among the different biological and chemical insecticides.The chemical insecticides were significantly more effective than biopesticides in a short time-frame.The efficacy period of biopesticides was significantly longer than that of chemical insecticides,and the corrected mortality rate of aphids in all regions was above 50%at 14 days after application.The analysis of pesticide residues showed that the residual doses of all the pesticides were within the allowed ranges after the safe period.The acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents in alfalfa hay were higher and the protein content was lower in chemical insecticide treatments than in biopesticide treatments in Hebei.The relative feeding value of alfalfa hay treated with Metarhizium anisopliae IPP330189 was the highest among the treatments.Compared with chemical insecticides,the yield of alfalfa hay was higher in the biopesticides treatments.Biopesticides show a stronger control effect on insect populations and also a better improvement in the quality of alfalfa hay than chemical insecticides.This study provides a basis for exploring and developing a comprehensive control regime for alfalfa insect pests in the different alfalfa-growing regions in China,and for reducing chemical insecticide usage and improving forage quality.

Biological Control of Insect Pests of Agricultural Crops through Habitat Management Was Discussed

Biological control through habitat management leads to sustainable insect pest control. Different types of land composition such as multiple landscapes, patchiness of landscapes enhance the natural enemies which ultimately lead to control of insect pest. Plant characteristics such as flower shape, flower color and blooming period ensures excess food for natural enemies like nectar and pollen. Moreover, some agricultural practices such as tillage, crop rotation, and intercropping influence the natural enemies especially parasitoid and preda-tors. Consequently, they increase longevity and fecundity of parasitoid and predator that help to control insect pest. One of the most important recently used methods is push-pull which consists of semiochemicals called Herbi-vore-Induced Plant Volatiles (HIPVs). This compound has been used to pre-vent pest and attract natural enemies.

Occurrence and Control of Main Soybean Diseases and Insect Pests in Greater Mekong Sub-region

Soybean rust,soybean downy mildew,and soybean thrips,soybean pod borers,and soybean nocturnal moths are the world wide diseases and insect pests in soybean production,which pose a potential threat to soybean production in Great Mekong Sub-region（ GMS）,comprising Cambodia,Lao People＇s Democratic Republic,Myanmar,Thailand,Vietnam,and Yunnan province,the People＇s Republic of China. This paper summarized the host range,epidemiology,damage and control methods of these diseases and insect pests in GMS,with the aim to provide information basis for understanding and effective control of soybean diseases and insect pests in GMS.

Control Effects of 12 Kinds of Insecticides on Sugarcane Pests at Different Periods

[ Objective] The paper was to study control effects of 12 kinds of insecticides on sugarcane pests at different periods. [ Method] By field experiment, the control effects of different insecticides against sugarcane pests at planting stage, seedling stage and tillering stage of sugarcane were studied. [ Result] After seedcane was treated by Chlorantraniliprole, Durivo and Seed soaking, the dead heart seedlings were significantly reduced in fields, and the control effects were 87.13% ± 12.87%, 85.22% ± 14.78%, 82.71% ± 17.29%, respectively ; Durivo （ seedling emergence rate is 63.00% ± 10.30% ） and Seed soaking （ seedling emergence rate is 57.75 % ± 4.50% ） could also significantly enhance seedling emergence rate. After ＂removal-irrigation＂ treatment during seedling stage, the con- tml effects of Flubendiamide （76.26% ±4.31% ） and Chlorantraniliprele （61.66% ±6.65% ） against sugarcane stem borer were significantly higher than Virtako （60.17% ±7.06%）, Deltamethrin（38.75% ±9.88%）, lambda-cyhalothrin （54.06% ±6.83%）, 18% Dimehypo AS （37.98% ±10.31%） and Dipterex （38.64% ±9.34% ）. During tillering stage, with the increased application of 3.6% Dimehypo GR in cultivation and earthing up, the control effect on stem borer was significantly increased, and the control effect reached （72.03%± 17.06% ） as the dosage was 120 kg/hm2 ; when the dosage of phoxim exceeded 30 kg/hm2, the control effect on underground pests reached 44.00% ± 14.80%, and the control effect did not have significant difference as the dosage was ranged from 30 kg/hm2 to 60 kg/hm2. [ Conclusion] The paper provided scientific basis for selection of different control methods, different chemicals and dosages against pests during different periods.

A Brief Introduction of Main Diseases and Insect Pests in Soybean Production in the Global Top Five Soybean Producing Countries

The United States, Brazil, Argentina, India and China are the major soybean producing countries in the world. Nearly 90% of the world^s soybean production comes from these countries. The occurrence of diseases and insect pests often lead to the reduction of soybean yield, and brings varying degree losses to these countries. This article provides an overview of the impact and measures on soybean main diseases and insect pests in the top five major soybean producing countries over the world. It is concluded that the diseases affecting the soybean yield seriously include Phakopsorapachyrhizi, Heterodera glycines, Septoria glycines, Colletotrichum spp. and Macrophominaphaseolina; and the main insect pests include Anticarsia gemmatalis, Spodoptera litura, Nezara viridula and Frankliniella occidentalis, which will provide information for key prevention and control of soybean main diseases and insect pests in these countries.

Control effect of boring pests on fruit trees by high-pressure injection of pesticides

This research is to control the pests inside fruits and buds by injecting pesticides into the tree with the high-pressure injector. The soluable pesticides injected into the trunk can transported insides to every part of the tree to kill pests. The change of pesticides inside the tree was observed. The result showed that injecting pesticides once a year could kill above 80% of the pests which happened once annually. The effect of injection lasts longer than that of applying the pesticide outside. The pesticides injected into the tree are not affected by environment and do not kill natural enemies directly,and the residual amount of pesticides is below the international standard level.

Potential Insecticidal Effect of a Wasp (Polistes dominulus) and a Bee (Apis mellifera) Venoms in Controlling Spodoptera littoralis

Cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis, is considered one of the most common arthropod pests that contribute to crop devastation of cotton. Previously, agricultural pests were controlled through the application of chemical insecticides. However, insecticide-resistant insect populations emergence, as well as increasing concerns about the environmental and human health risks. Venomous animals introduce valuable sources of bioactive compounds which are employed for defence. Some of these toxins have high phyletic specificity, making them appropriate for use in IPM programs. This study aims to test the insecticidal effects of Polistes dominulus and Apis mellifera venoms. Crude venoms were examined for their insecticidal effect against cotton leaf worms by four different application methods including: leaf dipping, integument dropping, spraying, and injection. The data demonstrated a strong response to purified (Polistes dominulus) venom at an initial time than that of honey bee (Apis mellifera) which increases response with increasing the dose and the time interval. A dosage of 0.015 - 0.16 ml of both venoms had notably varied in LD50 values on Spodoptera littoralis that showed higher wasp venom toxicity. Cotton leaf worms showed more susceptibility and mortality to the Polistes sp. venom than that of honey bees.

Cultivation Experiment of Cowpea Covered with Insect-proof Net

The most serious potential hazard of cowpea product is the pesticide residue for controlling such pests as thrips and cowpea pod borer. To explore a safe and efficient mode of cowpea production that is fit for climatic characteristics of Hainan, ensure the safety of cowpea supply, minimize the use of pesticides, and control pests in physical means, insect-proof nets are applied in cowpea cultivation. We set 5-mm, 2.5-mm and 1.67-ram insect-proof nets as three treatments and open filed cultivation as CK to explore efficiency of insect-preof net in cowpoa production in terms of insect-proof efficiency, biological characters and commodity properties and yield of cowpea. The results showed that insect-proof cultivation was efficient in controlling pests, especially the 2.5-mm net showed the optimal effect for cowpea production.

昆虫对低氧环境的适应性机制研究进展

昆虫需要利用氧气进行有氧呼吸,产生能量,维持正常的生命活动。在储藏环境中,可以利用气调技术控制环境中氧气的占比,以达到防治害虫的目的。然而害虫低氧适应性的发展为这项技术的推广和应用带来挑战。文章围绕低氧对昆虫生长发育、生命活动、生理功能的影响,以及昆虫适应低氧环境的补偿性策略,包括内在调控机制,生物学特性调节,代谢网络重构,基因调控等方面进行了综述。以期为害虫低氧适应性的产生机制提供新的研究线索,为绿色储粮技术的研究及发展提供参考。

我国设施园艺病虫害发生特点与绿色防控策略

我国设施园艺发展迅速,对促进农业现代化、乡村振兴和都市农业发展具有重要作用。本文结合我国设施园艺产业的发展现状,总结设施环境下病虫害发生特点,并从农业防治、物理防治、生物防治、生态调控、生物技术和科学用药等方面概述了病虫害防治技术,最后对设施园艺病虫害防治提出建议,以期为我国设施园艺的健康可持续发展提供参考。

新疆棉花病虫害防治药剂剂型研发策略

棉花是我国重要的经济作物,也是受病虫害危害最严重的农作物之一。目前化学防治仍是棉田病虫害防治的重要技术。新疆棉区是我国最大的棉花主产区,气候类型属于典型的温带大陆性气候,具有光照充足、夏季高温干旱、多风、昼夜温差大等特殊气候特点,农药药液喷施过程中容易发生蒸发、飘移、降解等损失,严重影响药剂的防治效果。本文综述了温湿度、风、光照等环境因子对药剂防治效果的影响,以及国内外对提升药剂防治效果采取的调控措施,并结合新疆棉田的特殊气候条件提出了剂型研发的新策略。在提升产品理化稳定性的前提下,还需综合考虑有效成分的理化性质、棉花叶片的结构及润湿特性、施药器械等多种因素。结合农药学、植物保护学、界面化学、有机化学等多学科交叉理论知识指导,利用先进的技术和载体材料研发环境响应型、靶向高效的农药剂型,结合配套使用技术及措施,探索农药高效利用及减量调控途径,为实现农药减量增效、引领棉花产业绿色发展提供科技支撑。

昆虫内生细菌对蚜虫及寄生蜂功能的影响研究进展

内生细菌与其寄主昆虫在长期的进化过程中,形成了互利共生关系。内生细菌可为寄主昆虫提供生长发育所需的营养、合成生物活性物质、提高寄主昆虫的免疫力等。利用内生细菌改变昆虫生态适应性与抗逆性已经成为一个热门研究方向,并展现了良好的应用前景。本文综述了昆虫内生细菌对蚜虫及寄生蜂功能影响的研究进展,以期为昆虫内生细菌对蚜虫及寄生蜂的功能研究提供参考。

结合信息物质的昆虫病原微生物自传播技术研究进展

昆虫病原微生物是害虫综合治理的重要措施,但其防治效果不稳定、速效性差、自然流行慢,因此探索增强昆虫病原生物流行技术是提升其防治效果的重要手段。自传播技术利用昆虫自身传播病原微生物以控制害虫种群数量,该技术提高了昆虫病原微生物在田间的传播效率和精准防控效果,是目前害虫防治具有开发潜力的技术之一。本文阐述了国内外关于结合信息物质的昆虫病原微生物自传播技术研究进展,系统介绍了自传播技术的原理、昆虫病原微生物类群、防治对象和装置等,并对该技术未来发展趋势进行了展望,以期为提高昆虫病原微生物防控害虫效果提供新思路。

2022-2023年度湖南省油菜病虫害防控植保贡献率评价

为科学评估病虫害对油菜生产的影响程度和植保措施减损增产的重要作用,湖南省植保植检站在祁东、鼎城、桃江、永兴组织开展2022—2023年度油菜病虫害防控植保贡献率评价工作。通过设置严格防控、统防统治、农户自防和完全不防治病虫(对照)处理,采用大区试验,评估不同试验县(区)不同油菜病虫害防控处理的植保贡献率。结果表明:各试点处理的实际损失率为0.17%~67.56%,病虫害防控处理的植保贡献率为4.10%~67.56%。调查统计结果显示,参试县(区)油菜病虫害防控(不含杂草)植保贡献率分别为祁东25.73%、鼎城35.49%、桃江23.50%、永兴33.36%;湖南省油菜病虫防控植保贡献率为28.51%,据此测算,2022—2023年度全省通过病虫害防控约挽回菜籽损失7.38亿kg。

美国白蛾天敌昆虫应用研究进展

美国白蛾是一种国际检疫性害虫,原产于北美。由于美国白蛾强大的扩散能力、较长的为害期以及快速繁殖等特性,目前已有35个国家报道了其入侵记录。自1979年美国白蛾在辽宁丹东发现以来,不断地向我国南方地区扩散。因此,根除全部种群已不可能,采取持续有效的生物防控策略是可行的途径。本文总结了国内外美国白蛾的捕食性和寄生性天敌种类,比较了不同地区和不同发生期美国白蛾天敌的多样性,并对利用本地天敌和引进原产地天敌防治美国白蛾的应用技术进行了归纳分析。原产地天敌对美国白蛾具有更强的适应性和攻击性,通过引进原产地天敌可望实现更加持续有效的控制作用。最后展望了天敌昆虫控制美国白蛾的应用前景。

2013—2022年我国水稻病虫害发生特点与绿色防控技术集成

水稻是我国第一大粮食作物,水稻病虫害防治直接关系着粮食稳产增产。本文在对2013年至2022年全国植保专业统计资料的分析基础上,总结回顾了水稻病虫害发生种类和特点、发生面积和为害损失等情况,分类梳理了水稻病虫害防治面积、挽回损失以及主要措施应用等防控概况,尤其是针对近年来生态调控、天敌保护和利用等绿色防控技术应用面积和发展趋势进行了研判总结,同时分别从技术覆盖、内容集成等角度分析探讨了水稻病虫害绿色防控技术发展成效,并对下一步绿色防控工作提出了思考和建议,旨在为我国未来水稻安全生产提供相应参考。

我国防虫网应用存在的突出问题及破解对策

防虫网阻隔是一项常见的农业害虫物理防控措施,对虫传病害的阻断、预防也有直接作用,因而在农作物病虫害绿色防控技术体系中占有特殊重要地位。推广应用防虫网是支撑化学农药减量和农业绿色高质量发展的重要措施。当前,我国在防虫网的相关理论研究、生产一线实际应用、技术培训和科普宣传等方面还存在较多问题。本文概述了防虫网应用中以“目”为依据的不科学性和应用基础研究欠缺等突出问题,并从开发新型防虫网、加强应用研究、注重技术集成、制修相关标准、加大科普宣传、扶持重点应用等方面提出建议,以期为防虫网的科学应用和推广提供参考。

广东火龙果产期调节和增产综合调控技术

火龙果产业已经成为广东乡村振兴的一大支柱产业,但是价格持续走低和投入增大势必会影响火龙果行业的高质量发展。据此,主要从LED补光调控产期、宜机化高起垄种植防病、秸秆粉碎还田和堆肥覆盖养地培肥、绿色生草控草多菌多虫态协同防控、套种与雾化护果、空天地一体化智慧农机管理技术等方面系统介绍火龙果产期调节和增产综合调控技术等,形成新质生产力,以提高产量、提升品质和增加收益等,助力火龙果产业高质量发展。