Six degrees of freedom(6DoF)input interfaces are essential formanipulating virtual objects through translation or rotation in three-dimensional(3D)space.A traditional outside-in tracking controller requires the instal...Six degrees of freedom(6DoF)input interfaces are essential formanipulating virtual objects through translation or rotation in three-dimensional(3D)space.A traditional outside-in tracking controller requires the installation of expensive hardware in advance.While inside-out tracking controllers have been proposed,they often suffer from limitations such as interaction limited to the tracking range of the sensor(e.g.,a sensor on the head-mounted display(HMD))or the need for pose value modification to function as an input interface(e.g.,a sensor on the controller).This study investigates 6DoF pose estimation methods without restricting the tracking range,using a smartphone as a controller in augmented reality(AR)environments.Our approach involves proposing methods for estimating the initial pose of the controller and correcting the pose using an inside-out tracking approach.In addition,seven pose estimation algorithms were presented as candidates depending on the tracking range of the device sensor,the tracking method(e.g.,marker recognition,visual-inertial odometry(VIO)),and whether modification of the initial pose is necessary.Through two experiments(discrete and continuous data),the performance of the algorithms was evaluated.The results demonstrate enhanced final pose accuracy achieved by correcting the initial pose.Furthermore,the importance of selecting the tracking algorithm based on the tracking range of the devices and the actual input value of the 3D interaction was emphasized.展开更多
背景：许多离子通道研究需要单个分散的神经元。人工原代培养的神经细胞受环境的影响，自身特性改变较大，而急性分离的神经元却能相对保持完好的生理特性。目的：建立急性分离尾核神经元的方法，用膜片钳技术研究尾核神经元离子通道及...背景：许多离子通道研究需要单个分散的神经元。人工原代培养的神经细胞受环境的影响，自身特性改变较大，而急性分离的神经元却能相对保持完好的生理特性。目的：建立急性分离尾核神经元的方法，用膜片钳技术研究尾核神经元离子通道及其信号转到机制，利于深入了解尾核的功能。设计、时间及地点：以细胞为对象的观察实验，于2008-02/12在三峡大学医学院实验中心完成。材料：新生7~10 d Wistar乳鼠12只，雌雄不限。方法：取7~10 d的大鼠，采用酶和机械分离法制备分散的单个尾核神经元，利用全细胞膜片钳技术记录电压依赖性钙电流。主要观察指标：用全细胞膜片钳急性分离大鼠尾核神经元的形态学视察和电生理特性。结果：用链蛋白酶（Protease）消化及机械分离法，急性分离的新生大鼠尾核神经元，表面光洁,胞膜完整，有较长的突起，形态和生理特性良好。利用急性分离的新生大鼠尾核神经元观察L-钙离子通道电流，所记录的电学参数在正常生理范围内，较好地保存电压依赖性钙离子通道活性。结论：分离出的神经元形态正常，有较长的轴突；保存了主要的离子通道活性，成功建立了一种适用于膜片钳技术的大鼠尾核神经元急性分离方法。展开更多
文摘Six degrees of freedom(6DoF)input interfaces are essential formanipulating virtual objects through translation or rotation in three-dimensional(3D)space.A traditional outside-in tracking controller requires the installation of expensive hardware in advance.While inside-out tracking controllers have been proposed,they often suffer from limitations such as interaction limited to the tracking range of the sensor(e.g.,a sensor on the head-mounted display(HMD))or the need for pose value modification to function as an input interface(e.g.,a sensor on the controller).This study investigates 6DoF pose estimation methods without restricting the tracking range,using a smartphone as a controller in augmented reality(AR)environments.Our approach involves proposing methods for estimating the initial pose of the controller and correcting the pose using an inside-out tracking approach.In addition,seven pose estimation algorithms were presented as candidates depending on the tracking range of the device sensor,the tracking method(e.g.,marker recognition,visual-inertial odometry(VIO)),and whether modification of the initial pose is necessary.Through two experiments(discrete and continuous data),the performance of the algorithms was evaluated.The results demonstrate enhanced final pose accuracy achieved by correcting the initial pose.Furthermore,the importance of selecting the tracking algorithm based on the tracking range of the devices and the actual input value of the 3D interaction was emphasized.
基金This work is supposed by grants from Outstanding Young Scientists Program of NSFC(30125013)Outstanding Young Scientists Program of PLA(01J009)+2 种基金NSFC/RGC Joint Research Scheme(30218004)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (010639)Cheung
文摘背景：许多离子通道研究需要单个分散的神经元。人工原代培养的神经细胞受环境的影响，自身特性改变较大，而急性分离的神经元却能相对保持完好的生理特性。目的：建立急性分离尾核神经元的方法，用膜片钳技术研究尾核神经元离子通道及其信号转到机制，利于深入了解尾核的功能。设计、时间及地点：以细胞为对象的观察实验，于2008-02/12在三峡大学医学院实验中心完成。材料：新生7~10 d Wistar乳鼠12只，雌雄不限。方法：取7~10 d的大鼠，采用酶和机械分离法制备分散的单个尾核神经元，利用全细胞膜片钳技术记录电压依赖性钙电流。主要观察指标：用全细胞膜片钳急性分离大鼠尾核神经元的形态学视察和电生理特性。结果：用链蛋白酶（Protease）消化及机械分离法，急性分离的新生大鼠尾核神经元，表面光洁,胞膜完整，有较长的突起，形态和生理特性良好。利用急性分离的新生大鼠尾核神经元观察L-钙离子通道电流，所记录的电学参数在正常生理范围内，较好地保存电压依赖性钙离子通道活性。结论：分离出的神经元形态正常，有较长的轴突；保存了主要的离子通道活性，成功建立了一种适用于膜片钳技术的大鼠尾核神经元急性分离方法。
