A Systematic Review of Computer Vision Techniques for Quality Control in End-of-Line Visual Inspection of Antenna Parts

The rapid evolution of wireless communication technologies has underscored the critical role of antennas in ensuring seamless connectivity.Antenna defects,ranging from manufacturing imperfections to environmental wear,pose significant challenges to the reliability and performance of communication systems.This review paper navigates the landscape of antenna defect detection,emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of various defect types and the associated challenges in visual detection.This review paper serves as a valuable resource for researchers,engineers,and practitioners engaged in the design and maintenance of communication systems.The insights presented here pave the way for enhanced reliability in antenna systems through targeted defect detection measures.In this study,a comprehensive literature analysis on computer vision algorithms that are employed in end-of-line visual inspection of antenna parts is presented.The PRISMA principles will be followed throughout the review,and its goals are to provide a summary of recent research,identify relevant computer vision techniques,and evaluate how effective these techniques are in discovering defects during inspections.It contains articles from scholarly journals as well as papers presented at conferences up until June 2023.This research utilized search phrases that were relevant,and papers were chosen based on whether or not they met certain inclusion and exclusion criteria.In this study,several different computer vision approaches,such as feature extraction and defect classification,are broken down and analyzed.Additionally,their applicability and performance are discussed.The review highlights the significance of utilizing a wide variety of datasets and measurement criteria.The findings of this study add to the existing body of knowledge and point researchers in the direction of promising new areas of investigation,such as real-time inspection systems and multispectral imaging.This review,on its whole,offers a complete study of computer vision approaches for quality control in antenna parts.It does so by providing helpful insights and drawing attention to areas that require additional exploration.

DEVELOPMENT AND PRELIMINARY APPLICATION OF OBJECTIFYING SYSTEM FOR TCM COLOR INSPECTION

An objectifying system for color inspections of traditional Chinese medicine （CITCM） is developed. The entire system includes two parts ： The hardware and the software. The hardware is an image acquiring device under a standard lighting condition, and it mainly includes a xenon lamp with color temperature of 5 500 K as light source, an integrating sphere used for diffusing light and a high resolution CCD camera. The software is used for digital image processing, and the procedure is divided into three steps. Firstly the skin/non-skin classifi- cation is performed by utilizing the threshold in chrominance channels of the RGB color space. Secondly, the fa- cial features are localized by using the image segmentation and coordinates sorting. Finally, the facial special re- gion（SR） corresponding to five internal organs is achieved by utilizing masks designed to take advantage of mor- phology. Subsequently, the chromaticity is calculated. The system is tested by taking 83 samples of 30 young and 53 elderly people. The experiment shows that there is significant difference of all SRs between the young and the elderly, and the system has better performance for objectifying research of CITCM.

OBJECT-ORIENTED IMPLEMENTATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR ENGINE LUBRICATING OIL INSPECTION

The inspection of engine lubricating oil can give an indication of the internal condition of an engine. By means of the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), an expert system is developed in this paper to computerize the inspection. The traditional components of an expert system, such us knowledge base, inference engine and user interface are reconstructed and integrated, based on the Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC) library. To testify the expert system, an inspection example is given at the end of this paper.

Optimal Maintenance Policy for a Storage System with Finite Number of Inspections

The expected cost per unit of time for a sequential inspection policy is derived. It still has some difficulties to compute an optimal sequential policy numerically, which minimizes the expected cost of a system with finite number of inspections. This paper gives the algorithm for an optimal inspection schedule and specifies the computing procedure for a Weibull distribution. Using this algorithm, optimal inspection times are computed as a numerical result. Compared with the periodic point inspection, the policies in this paper reduce the cost successfully.

Online application of automatic surface quality inspection system to finishing line of cold rolled strips

An automatic surface quality inspection system installed on a finishing lineof cold rolled strips is introduced. The system is able to detect surface defects on cold rolledstrips, such as scratches, coil breaks, rusts, roll imprints, and so on. Multiple CCD area scancameras were equipped to capture images of strip surface simultaneously. Defects were detectedthrough 'Dark-field illumination' which is generated by LED illuminators. Parallel computationtechnique and fast processing algorithms were developed for real-time data processing. Theapplication to the production line shows that the system is able to detect defects effectively.

The Design of VLC-PLC System for Substation Inspection

A kind of integrated network architecture visible light communication (VLC) and power line communication (PLC) is put forward. This architecture is low cost and easy to implement which overcomes the shortcoming of the traditional network architecture. Furthermore, the VLC-PLC integration technology is applied to typical power grid business scene, which is substation intelligent inspection. The business process of master station platform is analyzed. During the intelligent inspection, the VLC-PLC system provides voice communication for on-site inspection personnel and management personnel, and position service. The system can ensure the safety and security of power production.

An Active Endoscopy Robotic System for Direct Tracheal Inspection

The development of active endoscopy techniques is one important area of medical robot.This paper designed a new flexible and active endoscopy robotic system for direct tracheal inspection.The mobile mechanism of the robot is based on the inchworm movement actuated by pneumatic rubber actuator.There are five air chambers controlled independently,by adjusting pressures in air chambers,the robot can move in a straight mode or in a bending mode.The inspection sensors and some therapy surgery tools can be equipped in the front of the robot.The prototype was made and its mechanical characteristics were analyzed.The robot could move smoothly in a small plastic tube,and the robot is respectable to be used for inspection in human trachea directly.

Localization of a Robotic Capsule for GI Motility Inspection with a Portable Ultrasonic System

The micro-systems used for in vivo physical inspection have many advantages over traditional methods. In order to aid diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders, a capsule is developed for GI pressure and pH inspection. Localization of the capsule in GI tract with time is a necessary condition for subsequent data analysis and medical diagnosis. It is also a common problem facing all in vivo mobile micro-systems. An approach of segment localization by utilizing some key points along GI tract is proposed. A portable ultrasonic detecting device was designed for this purpose. Experiments under conditions similar to GI tract were carried out and the results proved the effectiveness and reliability of this method and the device.

Surface Inspection System for Cold Rolled Strips Based on Image ProcessingTechnique

A new surface inspection system for cold rolled strips based on image processing is introduced. The system is equipped withtwo different illumination structures and CCD matrix cameras. The structure and image processing of the inspection system are described. Some efficient algorithms for image processing and classification are presented. The system is tested with strip samples fromcold rolling plants. The results show that the system can detect and recognize six common defects of cold rolled strips successfully.

Application of the Agent in Agricultural Expert System Inspection Software

In reference to the status quo of research and the application of the agricultural expert system, this paper analyzes problems existing in the current development, and puts forward the idea of research and development for agriculturespecific software. The agent application is discussed, and an agent-based Agricultural Expert System Inspection Tool is constructed. In addition, this paper addresses the outlook in application, potential problems and the development trend of multi-agent-based inspection software for the agricultural expert system.

Automated deep learning system for power line inspection image analysis and processing: architecture and design issues

The continuous growth in the scale of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications in transmission line inspection has resulted in a corresponding increase in the demand for UAV inspection image processing. Owing to its excellent performance in computer vision, deep learning has been applied to UAV inspection image processing tasks such as power line identification and insulator defect detection. Despite their excellent performance, electric power UAV inspection image processing models based on deep learning face several problems such as a small application scope, the need for constant retraining and optimization, and high R&D monetary and time costs due to the black-box and scene data-driven characteristics of deep learning. In this study, an automated deep learning system for electric power UAV inspection image analysis and processing is proposed as a solution to the aforementioned problems. This system design is based on the three critical design principles of generalizability, extensibility, and automation. Pre-trained models, fine-tuning (downstream task adaptation), and automated machine learning, which are closely related to these design principles, are reviewed. In addition, an automated deep learning system architecture for electric power UAV inspection image analysis and processing is presented. A prototype system was constructed and experiments were conducted on the two electric power UAV inspection image analysis and processing tasks of insulator self-detonation and bird nest recognition. The models constructed using the prototype system achieved 91.36% and 86.13% mAP for insulator self-detonation and bird nest recognition, respectively. This demonstrates that the system design concept is reasonable and the system architecture feasible .

Real-time Monitoring of Subsea Gas Pipelines,Offshore Platforms,and Ship Inspection Scores Using an Automatic Identification System

The aim of this research is to develop an algorithm and application that can perform real-time monitoring of the safety operation of offshore platforms and subsea gas pipelines as well as determine the need for ship inspection using data obtained from automatic identification system(AIS).The research also focuses on the integration of shipping database,AIS data,and others to develop a prototype for designing a real-time monitoring system of offshore platforms and pipelines.A simple concept is used in the development of this prototype,which is achieved by using an overlaying map that outlines the coordinates of the offshore platform and subsea gas pipeline with the ship’s coordinates(longitude/latitude)as detected by AIS.Using such information,we can then build an early warning system(EWS)relayed through short message service(SMS),email,or other means when the ship enters the restricted and exclusion zone of platforms and pipelines.The ship inspection system is developed by combining several attributes.Then,decision analysis software is employed to prioritize the vessel’s four attributes,including ship age,ship type,classification,and flag state.Results show that the EWS can increase the safety level of offshore platforms and pipelines,as well as the efficient use of patrol boats in monitoring the safety of the facilities.Meanwhile,ship inspection enables the port to prioritize the ship to be inspected in accordance with the priority ranking inspection score.

Application of automatic surface inspection system in cold-rolled strip production

The detection and classification of real-time surface defects play an important role in automotive sheet inspection and production. In this paper, an automatic surface inspection system （ASIS） based on signal processing in Baosteel NO. 4 cold-rolled plant is briefly presented. We demonstrate that the strip surface defect properties such as image, type, pitch, and position can be accurately calculated and classified by the automatic surface inspection system. In the manufacturing of the high-quality cold-rolled strips, it is necessary that the real-time surface defects can be detected and transferred by the automatic surface inspection system combined with annealing lines and recoiling lines.

Automated Visual Inspection System for Specifying Brick Quality

Automated visual inspection system has been developed to specify brick quality and the accepting of the bricks in a production line. This system is based on CMOS web-camera placed in manufacture line. Depending on diameters, area, perimeter and cracks of a brick, a strong algorithm has been developed, and this algorithm is created to befit the required for measuring bricks quality. The quality is measured by fuzzy system which can give percent accepting to a brick under the test. Fuzzy reasoning gives the system more reliability than other inspection system.

Numerical Analysis of Quality Inspection of Anchorage System

Sonoprobe method has been applied in non-destructive inspection of anchorage project. The fundament is that dynamic transient excitation causes the elastic vibration of an anchor bar, and flaws can be estimated or deduced by determining transient response of the anchor bar. FEA numeric solution of hyperbolic equation indicates that deductions must comply with acoustic parameters such as velocity of sound, vibration range, wave shape etc when inspecting interior flaws in the grout of an anchor bar. Based on wavelet packet analysis, the energy eigenvector is a flaw vector, which could be regarded as the basis in the nondestructive inspection of anchors. As a non-linear dynamical system, artifical neural networks dealing with quality inspection of gray system have been proved efficient.

Development of an automatic post-weld inspection system based on laser vision

In order to overcome the limitations of manual post-weld visual inspection approach, an automated inspection system is developed which uses three-dimensioual laser vision system based on the principle of optical triangulation. The system hardware consists of a modular development kit （MDK）, a computer, an actuating mechanism and so on. In image processing algorithms, extraction accuracy of centric line of laser stripe is the critical factor that determines the system performance. So according to the features of laser stripe image, a novel algorithm is developed to detect the central line of laser stripe fast and accurately. Experiments have demonstrated that this system can be used in various weld features inspection of both butt and fillet types of weld. Compared with traditional manual inspection method, this method has obvious dominance. The three-dimensional reconstruction result shows that this system has high accuracy and reliability.

Research on automatic inspection system for defects on precise optical surface based on machine vision

In manufacture of precise optical products, it is important to inspect and classify the potential defects existing on the products’ surfaces after precise machining in order to obtain high quality in both functionality and aesthetics. The existing methods for detecting and classifying defects all are low accuracy or efficiency or high cost in inspection process. In this paper, a new inspection system based on machine vision has been introduced, which uses automatic focusing and image mosaic technologies to rapidly acquire distinct surface image, and employs Case-Based Reasoning(CBR)method in defects classification. A modificatory fuzzy similarity algorithm in CBR has been adopted for more quick and robust need of pattern recognition in practice inspection. Experiments show that the system can inspect surface diameter of 500mm in half an hour with resolving power of 0.8μm diameter according to digs or 0.5μm transverse width according to scratches. The proposed inspection principles and methods not only have meet manufacturing requirements of precise optical products, but also have great potential applications in other fields of precise surface inspection.

Pipe Inspection System by Guide Wave Using a Long Distance Waveguide

In the industrial fields, many high temperature structures that require a non-destructive inspection exist. However, there are currently few sensors that can carry out non-destructive testing in a high temperature environment. In particular, the ultrasonic sensor is normally not used at over 50 degrees Celsius. Also, a special sensor for high temperature is currently available, but there are various constraints;it has not yet reached a level that is useful in industry. Therefore, we have been developing a new sensor system using a long waveguide which can transmit an ultrasonic wave from a long distance. Especially, this study focuses on applying the developed technique to a pipe which is used in a nuclear power plant. Therefore, the best rectangular-shaped waveguide was studied and attempted to be wound around a pipe to be driven by an acoustic source of a guide wave. Finally, the L (0, 2) and T (0, 1)-mode guide waves were successfully detected by optimizing the shape of the opposite edge of the rectangular-shaped waveguide that could detect the reflected signal from an artificial defect machined into a test pipe.

The Study of BIM-Based MRT Structural Inspection System

The Taipei MRT （Metropolitan Rapid Transit） system has been operated since 1996. Facing the challenge of safety and sustainability of MRT, it is urgent to develop a structural inspection strategy and maintenance system based on the concept of life cycle management. In the mean while, BIM （Building Information Modeling） has become an emerging technology in the architecture and construction industries. BIM utilizes the 3D （3 Dimensions） CAD objects to simulate the real word building elements and with the ability to maintain life cycle information for a building. BIM is an ideal tool and platform for developing an inspection and maintenance system. The goal of this research is to establish a MRT structural inspection system concept based on BIM and life cycle management. In this study, a BIM model of shield tunnel was established to demonstrate the integration of 3D CAD with inspection records. A MRT structural maintenance database, which includes structural deterioration types, inspection records, and repair methods, was designed to interact with the BIM. An inspection prototype system was designed and implemented to perform the MRT structural inspection. The proposed system was designed with mobile-side and server-side systems. The mobile-side system was designed to perform on mobile devices such as tablet computer or smart phones with the ability to mark defects on BIM, as well as to fill in inspection sheets and photos; the server-side system can assign inspection tasks, maintains all inspection records, automatically output inspection reports, and analyze the database to prioritize all maintenance tasks.

A smart assistance system for cable assembly by combining wearable augmented reality with portable visual inspection

Background Assembly guided by paper documents is the most widespread type used in the process of aircraft cable assembly.This process is very complicated and requires assembly workers with high-level skills.The technologies of wearable Augmented Reality(AR)and portable visual inspection can be exploited to improve the efficiency and the quality of cable assembly.Methods In this study,we propose a smart assistance system for cable assembly that combines wearable AR with portable visual inspection.Specifically,a portable visual device based on binocular vision and deep learning is developed to realize fast detection and recognition of cable brackets that are installed on aircraft airframes.A Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)is then developed to read the texts on cables after images are acquired from the camera of the wearable AR device.An authoring tool that was developed to create and manage the assembly process is proposed to realize visual guidance of the cable assembly process based on a wearable AR device.The system is applied to cable assembly on an aircraft bulkhead prototype.Results The results show that this system can recognize the number,types,and locations of brackets,and can correctly read the text of aircraft cables.The authoring tool can assist users who lack professional programming experience in establishing a process plan,i.e.,assembly outline based on AR for cable assembly.Conclusions The system can provide quick assembly guidance for aircraft cable with texts,images,and a 3 D model.It is beneficial for reducing the dependency on paper documents,labor intensity,and the error rate.