Instability mechanism and control technology of soft rock roadway affected by mining and high confined water

Based on deformation and failure characteristics of the second belt conveyor roadway at level II of Zhuxianzhuang coal mine, laboratory experiments, numerical calculation and field test were adopted to analyze the composition and microstructure of mudstone, the law of mudstone hydration and its strength weakening induced by water, the characteristics of surrounding rock deformation and failure under the action of confined water. Results showed that montmorillonite clay minerals accounted for as much as 76% of mudstone, with a large number of pores existing in the microstructure. Besides, as the molecular structure of montmorillonite changed, mudstone microstructure damage occurred with the macroscopic manifestation of its theological instability. Weakening degree of confined water on residual strength of mudstone was almost 50%. The instability mechanism of soft rock roadway caused by high confined water is that surrounding rock circulates the process of ＂fracture-seepage-mud ding-closed＂ twice, which weakens its strength and leads to roadway instability. A combined support technology, namely the, ＂high-toughness sealing layer ＋ hollow grouting cables ＋ full-length anchoring bolts with deep borehole＂ was proposed. Based on field observation, the soft rock roadway was controlled effectively, which also verified the effectiveness of new control technology for surrounding rock.

Instability Mechanisms of Supported Liquid Membrane for Phenol Transport

The instability mechanisms of the supported liquid membrane using Celgard 2500 membranes as support and tributyl phosphate dissolved in kerosene as carrier for phenol transport was studied by ele.etroehemical impedance spectroscopy. Emulsion formation is demonstrated to be one of the main causes for the instability of supported liquid membrane in the present system. The emulsion-facilitated conditions, such as higher membrane liquid concentration, faster stirring speed, lower salt concentration and higher HLB value, would accelerate the degradation of supported liquid membrane. Other mechanisms including solubility and osmotic pressure work together to increase the membrane liauid loss.

Instability Mechanism of a Rotating Disc Subjected to Various Transverse Interactive Forces

In the past three decades, numerous papers have bee n publishedon the dynamics of rotating discs. most of them have focused on the ma thematical modeling and solution for a specific interactive force, such as a n elastic force produced by a stationary spring or a damping force from a statio nary viscous damper. Few of them have looked into the instability mechanisms. This study has established a generalized approach to investigate the instability mechanisms that are involved in the interaction between a rotating and an arbit rary interactive force. An energy flux equation has been developed, which leads to the following conclusions: (1) The possibility of the occurrence of instability due to any interactive forc es may be identified based on the energy flux analysis, even without solving equ ations. (2) Instabilities will occur if the interactive forces are in phase with the vel ocity measured at the interactive point from the coordinates rotating with the d isc. (3) Instability cannot occur when a rotating disc is subjected to a stationary c onstant lateral force, but a stationary harmonic lateral force, a moving constan t lateral force or a moving harmonic lateral force may cause instability. (4) Conservative forces may only cause coupling instability associated with two modes, and non-conservative forces usually cause terminal instability where onl y one mode is involved.

Study on the disaster caused by the linkage failure of the residual coal pillar and rock stratum during multiple coal seam mining:mechanism of progressive and dynamic failure

Multi-seam mining often leads to the retention of a significant number of coal pillars for purposes such as protection,safety,or water isolation.However,stress concentration beneath these residual coal pillars can significantly impact their strength and stability when mining below them,potentially leading to hydraulic support failure,surface subsidence,and rock bursting.To address this issue,the linkage between the failure and instability of residual coal pillars and rock strata during multi-seam mining is examined in this study.Key controls include residual pillar spalling,safety factor(f.),local mine stiffness(LMS),and the post-peak stiffness(k)of the residual coal pillar.Limits separating the two forms of failure,progressive versus dynamic,are defined.Progressive failure results at lower stresses when the coal pillar transitions from indefinitely stable(f,>1.5)to failing(f,<1.5)when the coal pillar can no longer remain stable for an extended duration,whereas sud-den(unstable)failure results when the strength of the pillar is further degraded and fails.The transition in mode of failure is defined by the LMS/k ratio.Failure transitions from quiescent to dynamic as LMS/k.<1,which can cause chain pillar instability propagating throughout the mine.This study provides theoretical guidance to define this limit to instability of residual coal pillars for multi-seam mining in similar mines.

Instability energy mechanism of super-large section crossing chambers in deep coal mines

The stress concentration and failure at chamber intersections in coal mine are intense,especially in deepburied,super-large section conditions.In this paper,the plastic radius of super-large section chamber under unequal pressure was corrected on the basis of the size effect.Then,stress and failure evolution of intersections under different crossing angles and equivalent angular bisectors were revealed.Furthermore,2 trajectory curves of failure and stress were analytically expressed,which divided the intersection into 5 influencing zones in the light of stress superposition degree.After determining instability trigger point and instability path,instability energy criterion of intersection can be obtained as K>1,which means that the external energy is greater than the sum of energy consumed by surrounding rock instability and supporting structure failure.Taking coal-gangue separation system of Longgu Coal Mine as example,it was found that there was instability risk under original parameters.For long-term stability,an optimization design method was proposed by considering safety factor,and optimal support scheme was obtained.Field monitoring showed intersections deformations were relatively small with the maximum of 125 mm,which verified the rationality of theoretical analysis.This study provides guidance for the stability control of the intersections under the same or similar conditions.

Applications of Non-Classical Equations and Their Approaches to the Solution of Some of Classes Equations Arise in the Kelvin-Helmholtz Mechanism and Instability

In the presented work, we consider applications of non-classical equations and their approaches to the solution of some classes of equations that arise in the Kelvin-Helmholtz Mechanism (KHM) and instability. In all areas where the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) problem is investigated with the corresponding data unchanged, the solution can be taken directly in a specific form (for example, to determine the horizontal structure of a perturbation in a barotropic rotational flow, which is a boundary condition taken, as well as other types of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability problems). In another example, the shear flow along the magnetic field in the Z direction, which is the width of the contact layer between fast and slow flows, has a velocity gradient along the X axis with wind shear. The most difficult problems arise when the above unmentioned equation has singularities simultaneously at points and in this case, our results also remain valid. In the case of linear wave analysis of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) at a tangential discontinuity (TD) of ideal magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD) plasma, it can be attributed to the presented class, and in this case, as far as we know, solutions for eigen modes of instability KH in MHD plasma that satisfy suitable homogeneous boundary conditions. Based on the above mentioned area of application for degenerating ordinary differential equations in this work, the method of functional analysis in order to prove the generalized solution is used. The investigated equation covers a class of a number of difficult-to-solve problems, namely, generalized solutions are found for classes of problems that have analytical and mathematical descriptions. With the aid of lemmas and theorems, the existence and uniqueness of generalized solutions in the weight space are proved, and then general and particular exact solutions are found for the considered problems that are expressed analytically explicitly. Obtained our results may be used for all the difficult-to-solve processes of KHM and instabilities and instabilities, which cover widely studied areas like galaxies, Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in the atmospheres of planets, oceans, clouds and moons, for example, during the formation of the Earth or the Red Spot on Jupiter, as well as in the atmospheres of the Sun and other stars. In this paper, also, a fairly common class of equations and examples are indicated that can be used directly to enter data for the use of the studied suitable tasks.

Failure process and monitoring data of an extra-large landslide at the Nanfen Open-pit Iron Mine

An extra-large landslide occurred on June 19,2021,on the footwall slope of the Nanfen Open-pit Iron Mine in Liaoning Province,China,with a volume of approximately 1.2×107 m3.To elucidate the causative factors,development process,and destructive mechanisms of this catastrophic landslide,comprehensive field tests,investigations,and laboratory experiments were conducted.Initially,the heavily weathered rock mass of the slope was intersected by faults and joint fissures,facilitating rainwater infiltration.Moreover,the landslide contained a substantial clay mineral with highly developed micro-cracks and micro-pores,exhibiting strong water-absorption properties.As moisture content increased,the rock mass underwent softening,resulting in reduced strength.Ultimately,continuous heavy rainfall infiltration amplified the slope's weight,diminishing the weak structural plane's strength,leading to fracture propagation,slip plane penetration,and extensive tensile-shear and uplift failure of the slope.The study highlights poor geological conditions as the decisive factor for this landslide,with continuous heavy rainfall as the triggering factor.Presently,adverse environmental factors persistently affect the landslide,and deformation and failure continue to escalate.Hence,it is imperative to urgently implement integrated measures encompassing slope reinforcement,monitoring,and early-warning to real-time monitor the landslide's deformation and deep mechanical evolution trends.

Drum instability of thinning spinning ultra thin-walled tubes with large diameter-to-thickness ratio

In order to explore drum instability problems of thinning spinning ultra thin-walled tubes with large diameter-to-hickness ratio, experiments of thinning spinning ultra thin-walled tubes with different clearances between the mandrel and the tube were carried out. The phenomena of drum instability were analyzed. Drum instability mechanism was studied. The important influence of the mandrel-locked ring on stable thinning spinning was found. Besides, two important parameters, namely drum ratio and drum stiffness, were proposed to characterize the drum instability of spinning ultra thin-walled tubes with large diameter-to-thickness ratio. What's more, numerical simulations were applied to explore the influences of different clearance ratios and diameter-to-thickness ratios on the drum instability. As a result, it is found that the mandrel-locked ring is the key to the stability and precision of spinning; drum ratio can reflect the degree of the deformation of the tubes; drum stiffness is a comprehensive index to measure the influences of the tube's own parameters on the spinning instability; both the clearance ratio and diameter-thickness ratio have significant influences on the drum ratio and drum stiffness.

Convective Instability and Appearance of Structured Flows for Diffusion in Multicomponent Gas Mixtures

The main objective of this article is to investigate the behavior of gaseous systems with two and more independent gradients or thermodynamic forces exhibiting complicated behavior,when the convective flows occur.The existence of structural formations in these systems is shown by the schlieren method and the fast-response transducers.The linear analysis of stability can explain reasons of the appearance of convective instability in multicomponent gas mixtures.

Mechanical instability of veins under internal pressure

Introduction Tortuous veins are often seen in the retina,cerebrum,and human legs. Venous tortuosity may affect blood flow and the wall remodeling process,both of which are associated with venous diseases. It has been shown that tortuous or vari-

Mechanical Behaviour and Structure Instability of Al_3Ti Alloy

Trialuminide alloys of elements such as Ti. Nb or Zr are of particular interest as materials for high temperature usage because their density is very low and specific strength and elastic rnoduli are then very high. This report concentrates on recent work on Al3Ti alloys which have been alloyed with ternary elements such that the higher symmetry ordered cubic structure is obtained, leading to somewhat easier operation of deformation mechan isms and hence improved ductility and toughness.Fine details of the crystal structure of cubic trialuminides are considered here and it is shown that the materials generally possess some remnant tetragonal chemical ordering which can affect their me chanical behaviour. In addition the compositional range over which a stable single phase is retained is shown to be extremely small, such that in most cases the materials examined show some form of microstructural instability. These instabilities affect the mechanical behaviour of the materials, for exarnple producing general strengthening. leading to precipitation hardening du ring hig h temperature testing, and causing age hardening instabilities during high temperature static or dynamic testing.Such structural instabifity feads to significant modifications at superdislocations, affecting both the dislocation cores and their associated APB's. Failure for these cubic materials still occurs at very small plastic strains and seems to be determined by difficulties of superdislocation creation near a propagating crack rather than by problems of suitable dislocation configuration and mobility. Possible ways to enhance ductility and toughness by alloying and microstructural modification will be discussed.

Large-area Analysis of Soil Erosion and Landslides Induced by Rainfall: A Case of Unsaturated Shallow Deposits

Unsaturated shallow soil deposits may be affected by either superficial soil erosion or shallow landslides in adjacent or overlapping source areas and in different seasons when a different soil suction exists.The triggering analysis of both these processes is a relevant issue for the hazard analysis while the literature mostly provides specific approaches for erosion or for landslides.The paper proposes a largearea analysis for a case study of Southern Italy,consisting of unsaturated shallow deposits of loose pyroclastic(air-fall) volcanic soils that have been repeatedly affected by erosion and landslides in special seasons.For a past catastrophic event, the simulated source areas of shallow landslides are smaller than those observed in the field while the simulated eroded areas with thickness greater than 5cm are comparable with the in-situ evidences, if the analysis takes into account high rainfall intensity and a spatially variable soil cover use.More in general, the results of the paper are consistent with the previous literature and also provide a methodological contribution about the application of distinct tools over large area.The added value is that the paper shows how the combination of distinct large-area analyses may help with understanding the dominant slope instability mechanisms.Only once this goal is fully achieved, can specific physically-based analyses be confidently performed at detailed scales and for smaller specific areas.

Advanced System-Level Model Reduction Method for Multi-Converter DC Power Systems

For dynamic stability analysis and instability mechanism understanding of multi-converter medium voltage DC power systems with droop-based double-loop control,an advanced system-level model reduction method is proposed.With this method,mathematical relationships of control parameters(e.g.,current and voltage control parameters)between the system and its equivalent reduced-order model are established.First,open-loop and closed-loop equivalent reduced-order models of current control loop considering dynamic interaction among converters are established.An instability mechanism(e.g.,unreasonable current control parameters)of the system can be revealed intuitively.Theoretical guidance for adjustment of current control parameters can also be given.Then,considering dynamic interaction of current control among converters,open-loop and closed-loop equivalent reduced-order models of voltage control loop are established.Oscillation frequency and damping factor of DC bus voltage in a wide oscillation frequency range(e.g.,10–50 Hz)can be evaluated accurately.More importantly,accuracy of advanced system-level model reduction method is not compromised,even for MVDC power systems with inconsistent control parameters and different number of converters.Finally,experiments in RT-BOX hardware-in-the-loop experimental platform are conducted to validate the advanced system-level model reduction method.

Analysis of the Sending-Side System Instability Caused by Multiple HVDC Commutation Failure

As high-voltage direct current(HVDC)lines with large capacity are being commissioned with higher frequency,the characteristics of“strong”DC and“weak”AC transmission in the power grid are topics of interest.In particular,the coupling and interaction between the sending-side and receivingside AC systems interconnected by large-scale DC links is gaining importance.In this paper,the impact of the multiple HVDC commutation failure on the stability of the sending system under different power flow directions is analyzed based on the threearea AC/DC equivalent model.The main influencing factors and the counter-measures are discussed,and the single HVDC line blocking is taken as a comparison.Finally,the results are verified using the North China-Central China-East China power grid case system.The study provides a basis and reference to ensure security and stability of the ultra-high-voltage(UHV)AC/DC hybrid power grid.

A review of the shale wellbore stability mechanism based on mechanicalechemical coupling theories

Wellbore instability in hard brittle shale is a critical topic related to the effective exploitation of shale gas resources.This review first introduces the physicalechemical coupling theories applied in shale wellbore stability research,including total water absorption method,equivalent pore pressure method,elasticity incremental method of total water potential and non-equilibrium thermodynamic method.Second,the influences of water activity,membrane efficiency,clay content and drilling fluid on shale wellbore instability are summarized.Results demonstrate that shale and drilling fluid interactions can be the critical factors affecting shale wellbore stability.The effects of thermodynamics and electrochemistry may also be considered in the future,especially the microscopic reaction of shale and drilling fluid interactions.An example of this reaction is the chemical reaction between shale components and drilling fluid.

Study on the dynamic behavior of herringbone gear structure of marine propulsion system powered by double-cylinder turbines

Propulsion systems powered by double-cylinder turbines(DCT)are widely used in large-scale ships.However,the nonlinear instability leads to hidden dangers associated with the safe operation,and there is a lack of theoretical and systematic research on this problem.Based on the gear transmission principle and non-Newtonian thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL)theory,a torsional model of a two-stage herringbone system forced by unsymmetrical load is established.The nonlinear and time-varying factors of meshing friction,meshing stiffness,and gear pair backlash are included in the model,and multiple meshing states,including single-and double-sided impact are studied.New nonlinear phenomena of the dynamic system are explored and the effects of the unsymmetrical load on the system stability are quantified.The results indicate that the stability of the gear system is improved,and that the back-sided impact gradually disappears with the increases of load ratio between the two inputs and the input load value.Furthermore,it is found that the gear pairs on the low-load side experience more severe vibration than those on the high-load side.Finally,the stability of the gear pairs decreases along the power transmission path of the multistage gear system.The results of this research will be useful when making predictions of the stability of such systems and in the optimization of the load parameters.

Coupling Characteristics of DFIG-based WT Considering Reactive Power Control and Its Impact on Phase/Amplitude Transient Stability in a Rotor Speed Control Timescale

The transient stability issues caused by doubly fed induction generator(DFIG)-based wind turbines(WTs)are receiving increasing attention.The q-axis reactive power control(QCtrl),as an essential part of DFIG-based WTs,has a significant impact on its transient response.In this paper,the impact of QCtrl on the phase/amplitude transient stability of a DFIGbased WT-dominated system is analyzed from the perspective of internal voltage amplitude-phase coupling characteristics.First,an amplitude/phase dynamic model of a DFIG-based WT in rotor speed control timescale(in seconds,corresponding to traditional electromechanical timescale)is developed.Then,in comparison with familiar synchronous generators(SGs),an inherently amplitude-phase characteristic of internal voltage for a DFIG-based WT is identified.Next,taking the DFIG-based WTdominated system as an example,the impact of QCtrl on system transient stability via the internal coupling paths is analyzed.A novel phase-amplitude coupling instability mechanism is found,which is different from that in a traditional SG-dominated system.Finally,the effects of different QCtrl strategies on transient stability are discussed.

Qualitative analysis for a Wolbachia infection model with diffusion

We consider a reaction-diffusion model which describes the spatial Wolbachia spread dynamics for a mixed population of infected and uninfected mosquitoes. By using linearization method, comparison principle and Leray-Schauder degree theory, we investigate the influence of diffusion on the Wolbachia infection dynamics.After identifying the system parameter regions in which diffusion alters the local stability of constant steadystates, we find sufficient conditions under which the system possesses inhomogeneous steady-states. Surprisingly,our mathematical analysis, with the help of numerical simulations, indicates that diffusion is able to lower the threshold value of the infection frequency over which Wolbachia can invade the whole population.