Effects of Phosphorus Application in Different Soil Layers on Root Growth, Yield, and Water-Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat Grown Under Semi-Arid Conditions

Deep phosphorus application can be a usefull measure to improve crops＇ performance in semi-arid regions, but more knowledge of both its general effects and effects on specific crops is required to optimize treatments. Thus, the aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of phosphorus（P） application at different soil layers on root growth, grain yield, and water-use efficiency（WUE） of winter wheat grown on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China and to explore the relationship between root distribution and grain yield. The experiment consisted of four P treatments in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and two cultivars： one drought-sensitive（Xiaoyan 22, XY22） and one drought-tolerant（Changhan 58, CH58）. The four P treatments were no P（control, CK）, surface P（SP）, deep P（DP）, and deep-band P application（DBP）. CH58 produced larger and deeper root systems, and had higher grain yields and WUE, under the deep P treatments（DP and DBP） than under SP, clearly showing that deep P placement had beneficial effects on the drought-tolerant cultivar. In contrast, the grain yield and root growth of XY22 did not differ between DP or DBP and SP treatments. Further, root dry weight（RW） and root length（RL） in deep soil layer（30-100 cm） were closely positively correlated with grain yield and WUE of CH58（but not XY22）, highlighting the connections between a well-developed subsoil root system and both high grain yield and WUE for the drought-tolerant cultivar. WUE correlated strongly with grain yield for both cultivars（r=0.94, P〈0.001）. In conclusion, deep application of P fertilizer is a practical and feasible means of increasing grain yield and WUE of rainfed winter wheat in semi-arid regions, by promoting deep root development of drought-tolerant cultivars.

Modeling grassland net primary productivity and water-use efficiency along an elevational gradient of the Northern Tianshan Mountains

Mountainous ecosystems are considered highly sensitive and vulnerable to natural disasters and cli- rnatic changes. Therefore, quantifying the effects of elevation on grassland productivity to understand ecosys- tem-climate interactions is vital for mountainous ecosystems. Water-use efficiency （WUE） provides a useful index for understanding the metabolism of terrestrial ecosystems as well as for evaluating the degradation of grasslands. This paper explored net primary productivity （NPP） and WUE in grasslands along an elevational gradient ranging from 400 to 3,400 m asl in the northern Tianshan Mountains-southern Junggar Basin （TMJB）, Xinjiang of China, using the Biome-BGC model. The results showed that： 1 ） the NPP increased by 0.05 g C/（m2-a） with every increase of 1-m elevation, reached the maximum at the mid-high elevation （1,600 m asl）, and then decreased by 0.06 g C/（m2.a） per 1-m increase in elevation; 2） the grassland NPP was positively correlated with temperature in alpine meadow （AM, 2,700-3,500 m asl）, mid-mountain forest meadow （MMFM, 1,650-2,700 m asl） and low-mountain dry grassland （LMDG, 650-1,650 m asl）, while positive correlations were found between NPP and annual precipitation in plain desert grassland （PDG, lower than 650 m asl）; 3） an increase （from 0.08 to 1.09 g C/（m2.a）） in mean NPP for the grassland in TMJB under a real climate change scenario was observed from 1959 to 2009; and 4） remarkable differences in WUE were found among different elevations, in general, WUE increased with decreasing elevation, because water availability is lower at lower elevations; however, at elevations lower than 540 m asl, we did observe a decreasing trend of WUE with decreasing elevation, which may be due to the sharp changes in canopy cover over this gradient. Our research suggests that the NPP simulated by Biome-BGC is consistent with field data, and the modeling provides an opportunity to further evaluate interactions between environmental factors and ecosystem productivity.

Water-use efficiency in response to simulated increasing precipitation in a temperate desert ecosystem of Xinjiang, China

Water-use efficiency（WUE） is a key plant functional trait that plays a central role in the global cycles of water and carbon. Although increasing precipitation may cause vegetation changes, few studies have explored the linkage between alteration in vegetation and WUE. Here, we analyzed the responses of leaf WUE, ecosystem carbon and water exchanges, ecosystem WUE, and plant community composition changes under normal conditions and also under extra 15% or 30% increases in annual precipitation in a temperate desert ecosystem of Xinjiang, China. We found that leaf WUE and ecosystem WUE showed inconsistent responses to increasing precipitation. Leaf WUE consistently decreased as precipitation increased. By contrast, the responses of the ecosystem WUE to increasing precipitation are different in different precipitation regimes： increasing by 33.9% in the wet year（i.e., the normal precipitation years）and decreasing by 4.1% in the dry year when the precipitation was about 30% less than that in the wet year.We systematically assessed the herbaceous community dynamics, community composition, and vegetation coverage to explain the responses of ecosystem WUE, and found that the between-year discrepancy in ecosystem WUE was consistent with the extent to which plant biomass was stimulated by the increase in precipitation. Although there was no change in the relative significance of ephemerals in the plant community, its greater overall plant biomass drove an increased ecosystem WUE under the conditions of increasing precipitation in 2011. However, the slight increase in plant biomass exerted no significant effect on ecosystem WUE in 2012. Our findings suggest that an alteration in the dominant species in this plant community can induce a shift in the carbon-and water-based economics of desert ecosystems.

Overexpression of MdMIPS1 enhances drought tolerance and water-use efficiency in apple

Myo-inositol and its derivatives play important roles in the tolerance of higher plants to abiotic stresses, and myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase(MIPS) is the rate-limiting enzyme in myo-inositol biosynthesis. In this study, we found that increased myo-inositol biosynthesis enhanced drought tolerance in MdMIPS1-overexpressing apple lines under shortterm progressive drought stress. The effect of myo-inositol appeared to be mediated by the increased accumulation of osmoprotectants such as glucose, sucrose, and proline, and by the increased activities of antioxidant enzymes that eliminate reactive oxygen species. Moreover, enhanced water-use efficiency(WUE) was observed in MdMIPS1-overexpressing apple lines under long-term moderate water deficit conditions that mimicked the water availability in the soil of the Loess Plateau. Enhanced WUE may have been associated with the synergistic regulation of osmotic balance and stomatal aperture mediated by increased myo-inositol biosynthesis. Taken together, our findings shed light on the positive effects of MdMIPS1-mediated myo-inositol biosynthesis on drought tolerance and WUE in apple.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Green Total-factor Water-use Efficiency and Its Influencing Factors in China

In this study,we developed an evaluation index system for green total-factor water-use efficiency(GTFWUE)which reflected both economic and green efficiencies of water resource utilization.Then we measured the GTFWUE of 30 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions(hereafter provinces)in China(not including Tibet,Hong Kong,Macao,Taiwan as no data)from 2000 to 2018 using a minimum distance to the strong frontier model that contained an undesirable output.We further analyzed the regional differences and spatial correlations of GTFWUE using these values based on Global and Local Moran’s I statistics,and empirically determined the factors affecting GTFWUE using a spatial econometric model.The evaluation results revealed that the GTFWUE differed substantially between the regions.The provinces with high and low GTFWUE values were located in the coastal and inland areas of China,respectively.The eastern region had a significantly higher GTFWUE than the central and western regions.The GTFWUEs for all three regions(eastern,central,and western regions)decreased slowly from 2000 to 2011(except 2005),remained stable from 2012 to 2016,and rapidly increased in 2017 before decreasing again in 2018.We found significant spatial correlations between the provincial GTFWUEs.The GTFWUE for most provinces belonged to the high-high or low-low cluster region,revealing a significant spatial clustering effect of provincial GTFWUEs.We also found that China’s GTFWUE was highly promoted by economic growth,population size,opening-up level,and urbanization level,and was evidently hindered by water endowment,technological progress,and government influence.However,the water-use structure had little impact on GTFWUE.This study fully demonstrated that the water use mode would be improved,and water resources needed to be used more efficiently and green in China.Moreover,based on the findings of this study,several policy recommendations were proposed from the aspects of cross-regional cooperation,economy,society,and institution.

From leaf to whole-plant water use efficiency(WUE)in complex canopies:Limitations of leaf WUE as a selection target

Plant water use efficiency(WUE) is becoming a key issue in semiarid areas, where crop production relies on the use of large volumes of water. Improving WUE is necessary for securing environmental sustainability of food production in these areas. Given that climate change predictions include increases in temperature and drought in semiarid regions,improving crop WUE is mandatory for global food production. WUE is commonly measured at the leaf level, because portable equipment for measuring leaf gas exchange rates facilitates the simultaneous measurement of photosynthesis and transpiration. However,when those measurements are compared with daily integrals or whole-plant estimates of WUE, the two sometimes do not agree. Scaling up from single-leaf to whole-plant WUE was tested in grapevines in different experiments by comparison of daily integrals of instantaneous water use efficiency [ratio between CO2assimilation(AN) and transpiration(E); AN/E] with midday AN/E measurements, showing a low correlation, being worse with increasing water stress. We sought to evaluate the importance of spatial and temporal variation in carbon and water balances at the leaf and plant levels. The leaf position(governing average light interception) in the canopy showed a marked effect on instantaneous and daily integrals of leaf WUE. Night transpiration and respiration rates were also evaluated, as well as respiration contributions to total carbon balance. Two main components were identified as filling the gap between leaf and whole plant WUE: the large effect of leaf position on daily carbon gain and water loss and the large flux of carbon losses by dark respiration. These results show that WUE evaluation among genotypes or treatments needs to be revised.

Quantitative Variation in Water-Use Efficiency across Water Regimes and Its Relationship with Circadian, Vegetative, Reproductive, and Leaf Gas-Exchange Traits

Drought limits light harvesting, resulting in lower plant growth and reproduction. One trait important for plant drought response is water-use efficiency （WUE）. We investigated （1） how the joint genetic architecture of WUE, reproductive characters, and vegetative traits changed across drought and well-watered conditions, （2） whether traits with distinct developmental bases （e.g. leaf gas exchange versus reproduction） differed in the environmental sensitivity of their genetic architecture, and （3） whether quantitative variation in circadian period was related to drought response in Brassica rapa. Overall, WUE increased in drought, primarily because stomatal conductance, and thus water loss, declined more than carbon fixation. Genotypes with the highest WUE in drought expressed the lowest WUE in well-watered conditions, and had the largest vegetative and floral organs in both treatments. Thus, large changes in WUE enabled some genotypes to approach vegetative and reproductive trait optima across environments. The genetic architecture differed for gas-exchange and vegetative traits across drought and well-watered conditions, but not for floral traits. Correlations between circadian and leaf gas-exchange traits were significant but did not vary across treatments, indicating that circadian period affects physiological function regardless of water availability. These results suggest that WUE is important for drought tolerance in Brassica rapa and that artificial selection for increased WUE in drought will not result in maladaptive expression of other traits that are correlated with WUE.

Water-use efficiency of four native trees under CO_(2) enrichment and N addition in subtropical model forest ecosystems

Aims We aimed to evaluate the changes in water-use efficiency(WuE)in native tree species in forests of subtropical China,and determine how coexisting species would be responding to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2))concentrations and nitrogen(N)deposition.Methods We used model forest ecosystems in open-top chambers to study the effects of elevated CO_(2)(ca.700μmol mol−1)alone and together with N addition(NH4No3 applied at 100 kg N ha−1year−1)on WuE of four native tree species(Schima superba,Ormosia pin-nata,Castanopsis hystrix and Acmena acuminatissima)from 2006 to 2010.Important findingsour result indicated that all species increased their WuE when they were exposed to elevated CO_(2).although higher WuE was shown in faster-growing species(S.superba and O.pinnata)than that of slower-growing species(C.hystrix and Acmena acuminatissima),the increased extent of WuE induced by elevated CO_(2) was higher in the slower-growing species than that of the faster-growing species(P<0.01).the N treatment decreased WuE of S.superba,while the effects on other species were not significant.the interactions between elevated CO_(2) and N addition increased intrinsic WuE of S.superba significantly(P<0.001),however,it did not affect WuE of the other tree species significantly.We conclude that the responses of native tree species to elevated CO_(2) and N addition are different in subtropical China.the species-specific effects of elevated CO_(2) and N addition on WuE would have important implications on species composition in China’s subtropics in response to global change.

Symbiotic performance,shoot biomass and water-use efficiency of three groundnut(Arachis hypogaea L.)genotypes in response to phosphorus supply under field conditions in Ethiopia

Phosphorus is a key nutrient element involved in energy transfer for cellular metabolism,respiration and photosynthesis and its supply at low levels can affect legume nodulation,N2 fixation,and C assimilation.A twoyear field study was conducted in Ethiopia in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate the effects of P supply on growth,symbiotic N2 nutrition,grain yield and water-use efficiency of three groundnut genotypes.Supplying P to the genotypes significantly increased their shoot biomass,symbiotic performance,grain yield,and C accumulation.There was,however,no effect on shootδ13C values in either year.Compared to the zero-P control,supplying 40 kg$ha–1 P markedly increased shoot biomass by 77%and 66%in 2012 and 2013,respectively.In both years,groundnut grain yields were much higher at 20 and 30 kg$ha–1 P.Phosphorus supply markedly reduced shootδ15N values and increased the%Ndfa and amount of Nfixed,indicating the direct involvement of P in promoting N2 fixation in nodulated groundnut.The three genotypes differed significantly inδ15N,%Ndfa,N-fixed,grain yield,C concentration,andδ13C.The phosphorusgenotype interaction was also significant for shoot DM,N content,N-fixed and soil N uptake.

冬季大龙山林下植物叶片性状与光合特征间的关系

林下植物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,了解其冬季的叶片性状和光合特征间的关系可为研究林下植物的生理生态功能提供重要理论依据。利用LI-6800型光合荧光测量系统测定了安徽省大龙山国家森林公园内6种优势林下植物(木樨Os⁃manthus fragrans、木莓Rubus swinhoei、野蔷薇Rosa multiflora、樟Cinnamomum camphora、忍冬Lonicera japonica和南天竹Nandina domestica)冬季叶片的最大净光合速率(P_(max))、暗呼吸速率(R_(d))、瞬时碳利用效率(ICUE)、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、气孔导度(G_(s))、胞间CO_(2)浓度(C_(i))、水分利用效率(WUE),气孔限制值(L_(s))及比叶面积(SLA)特征。结果表明:6种林下植物的P_(max)为0.82~7.10μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1),R_(d)为0.40~0.65μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1),物种间存在显著差异;木莓叶片的ICUE最高为0.94;其次忍冬为0.90;野蔷薇和南天竹分别为0.88和0.84;木樨和樟树幼苗则较低,分别为0.71和0.67;6种林下植物的SLA变化范围为79.56~196.20 cm^(2)·g^(-1),且SLA与P_(max)、ICUE、Tr、Gs间均呈显著的正相关关系,与WUE呈显著负相关关系,但与R_(d)间的相关关系并不显著。总之,木莓和忍冬的ICUE较高,表明其在冬季具有较高的碳利用效率,对本地区环境的适应力较强,而木樨和樟树幼苗ICUE较低,表明其适应能力较差。另外,SLA与林下植物P_(max)及ICUE间存在极显著的正相关关系,这为预测冬季林下植物光合特征的变化提供重要途径。

轴向柱塞泵机械效率可靠性及灵敏度研究

为了提高轴向柱塞泵的运行效率和工作可靠性,提出轴向柱塞泵机械效率的可靠性设计方法。通过分析单个柱塞副瞬时理论转矩和瞬时摩擦转矩损失,建立整个轴向柱塞泵瞬时机械效率模型;结合四阶矩技术,提出柱塞泵机械效率可靠性分析方法,并采用Monte Carlo法验证了所提方法的准确性和时效性;运用可靠性灵敏度分析方法分析了各设计变量变化对轴向柱塞泵可靠性的影响。研究结果表明,轴向柱塞泵机械效率可靠度随缸体转角周期性变化,柱塞数为9时缸体转角为20°的可靠度最低,柱塞数为8时缸体转角为0°和45°的机械效率可靠度最低,各随机变量在任一瞬时对可靠性的影响趋势各不相同,对敏感参数适当进行控制可以提高柱塞泵机械效率的可靠度。

铜-水基纳米流体环路热管太阳能热水系统的实验研究

采用“二步法”制备了铜水基纳米流体,并对纳米流体进行了透射电镜分析。对不同质量浓度下(0.1%、0.15%、0.2%)铜水基纳米流体的环路热管太阳能热水系统进行了实验研究,分析了环路热管太阳能热水系统中的水箱水温变化、瞬时光热效率,并与去离子水系统进行了对比分析。实验结果表明,纳米铜颗粒的加入增加了液体的导热系数,铜水基纳米流体更适合作为太阳能重力环路热管热水系统的相变传热工质,且存在一个最佳的纳米流体工质质量浓度(最佳质量浓度为0.15%),可使得环路热管热水系统的传热性能最佳。

安徽大龙山国家森林公园冬季针叶树种光合特征

探究植物冬季光合特征是了解其维持生存的最低碳需求的重要途径。通过使用Li-6800型光合荧光测量系统测定安徽省大龙山国家森林公园内马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)2种针叶树种冬季的光响应特征、光合速率和暗呼吸速率,分析2种树的比叶面积与光合、呼吸速率及瞬时碳利用效率间的关系。结果表明:(1)马尾松的光饱和点和补偿点分别为1581和24.64μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1),显著高于杉木;(2)马尾松的净光合速率、暗呼吸速率均显著高于杉木,但二者的瞬时碳利用效率之间却无显著差异;(3)杉木的比叶面积为64.94 cm^(2)·g^(-1),显著高于马尾松,光合速率及暗呼吸速率与比叶面积间均呈显著的负相关关系,但与瞬时碳利用效率间的相关关系并不显著。综上,尽管马尾松和杉木叶片之间的光合特征及比叶面积存在显著差异,但瞬时碳利用效率在两者之间却差异不显著。另外,比叶面积调控瞬时碳利用效率在未来可能需要更多的数据进行验证。

渐开线圆柱直齿轮结构参数对啮合效率的影响分析

以渐开线圆柱齿轮机构啮合效率为研究对象,基于齿轮副间接触反力的概念,分析了接触齿面间摩擦因数的影响因素,借鉴已有摩擦因数研究模型,分析了直齿和斜齿传动的啮合特点,推导出直齿齿轮传动的瞬时啮合效率和平均啮合效率的数学求解式;以直齿齿轮传动为例,在不同传动比、摩擦因数、压力角情况下分析了齿轮机构的啮合效率。结果表明,摩擦因数与齿轮啮合效率成反比,较大的压力角和传动比能提高齿轮的啮合效率,增速齿轮传动比减速齿轮传动的啮合效率高。

微热管阵列光伏光热组件瞬时效率实验研究

将新型平板热管——微热管阵列应用于太阳电池的散热，制成光伏光热一体化组件，在降低电池温度提高发电效率的同时对余热进行收集利用，达到热电联供的目的。为了测试微热管阵列光伏光热组件的性能，对该组件进行瞬时效率实验，测得瞬时热效率曲线的截距η。可达到41．4％，斜率FRUL为3．95，20℃入口温度时的太阳能利用总效率可达到50％以上，综合性能效率达70％以上；瞬时热效率随室外环境温度的升高而增加，随冷却介质人口温度的增加而减小，环境温度为6℃和19℃时的瞬时热效率相差10％以上，人口温度是20℃的瞬时热效率比40℃时高8．5％。背板温度是影响电效率的关键因素，在测试期间，光伏光热组件电效率保持在10．5％～12-3％之间。

油水界面张力对三元复合驱驱油效果影响的实验研究

用组分、结构相近的同系列表面活性剂配制三元复合体系,进行不同平衡界面张力和瞬间界面张力条件下的岩心驱油实验和微观驱油实验,通过岩心驱油实验结果分析油水间平衡、瞬间界面张力对驱油效果的影响规律;通过微观驱油实验结果分析低界面张力体系能够提高驱油效率的机理。结果表明,较低的平衡和瞬间界面张力有利于三元复合体系提高采收率。其机理是:三元复合体系的低界面张力有利于水驱后剩余油的启动和运移。

平板式太阳能空气集热器流道改进的试验研究和数值模拟

对传统平板式太阳能空气集热器的流道进行了改进,把对角型进出口流道改为多进出口式流道。对改进的集热器的性能进行了试验测试。新的进出口流道消除了吸热板和空气换热不均的现象,出口温度提升明显。在相同条件下,集热器的瞬时效率增加约20%。用CFD方法对集热器内部的流场结构和传热进行的数值模拟对比表明,传统集热器内部存在流动死区,中心截面温度分布不均匀,吸热板上有局部的高温区域,改进后的集热器流场和温度场分布得较均匀。

苹果叶片瞬时水分利用效率动态模拟

通过构建叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率耦合模型可模拟出不同小气候条件和叶片水势下苹果叶片瞬时水分利用效率(WUEI)动态变化。该模型利用C3植物叶片光合生化模型和Penman-Monteith公式计算叶片净光合和蒸腾速率,而WUEI是根据净光合速率和蒸腾速率比值求出。利用在富士苹果园观测数据拟合了相关模型参数。模拟结果表明WUEI随CO2浓度和湿度的增加而迅速增加,随温度和叶片水势的增大而减少;当有效光合辐射(PAR)低于光饱和点时WUEI随PAR的增加而增加,超过光饱和点后,随PAR的增加而略有减少。数值模拟还表明各种小气候因子对WUEI的影响不同,并且各因子之间还存在强烈的交互作用。在晴天WUEI在太阳升起不久就达到了最大值,然后迅速下降到一个比较稳定的水平,并几乎全天都保持此水平,直到太阳落山时降到0。

平板型太阳集热器表面积尘对其热性能影响的分析

以两组分别处于模拟积尘与清洁状况下的平板型太阳集热器为研究对象,在相同环境条件下,通过对比其瞬时效率及效率曲线研究不同积尘量对其热性能的影响。研究结果表明:积尘不仅会降低集热器的瞬时效率,同时也会降低其所能达到的最高效率和最高温度;效率下降值与积尘量之间成正比Δηd=0.089lnm-0.118;在干旱少雨的地区或季节应注意保持集热器表面的清洁,特别是在积尘初期;要使集热器在实际运行过程中获得较高的热性能,不仅要从本质上提高其自身的性能,其运行维护同样需要引起重视。

基于啮合效率下齿轮基本参数的选择

齿轮基本参数的选择是齿轮设计中的一项非常重要的内容。传统的齿轮设计方法忽视了所选择的基本参数对啮合效率的影响,从而造成了能源浪费和经济损失。本文从啮合效率的计算入手,推导出基本参数与啮合效率的关系,为基本参数的选择提供了理论依据。