高土石坝变形监测研究进展

土石坝变形协调控制对保证其全生命期安全至关重要,准确可靠的变形监测是评估大坝变形性态、进行变形控制的基础。我国土石坝设计水平与建造技术已达到世界领先水平,其建设高度已迈入300 m级,安全监测技术也得到显著提升。本文总结了土石坝变形监测技术的发展与实践,介绍了分布式光纤传感、管道监测系统、GNSS/北斗、InSAR等新型内外观变形监测技术的工作原理、应用情况、技术优势和局限性,并简述了监测资料整编工作的相关进展。最近建成和在建的几座高土石坝已初步呈现了多技术协同、测点密集化等新态势,可全方位感知土石坝变形,为大坝安全评估提供了良好的数据基础。未来需进一步提升监测仪器可靠性与寿命,研发适用于超深厚覆盖层巨型土石坝的监测技术和仪器,研究海量多源异构监测数据治理理论与方法,全面提升复杂条件下的土石坝安全监测能力和数据治理水平。

Useful Life of Astrophysical Scientific Facilities

Large-scale astrophysical facilities have become increasingly relevant in certain key areas of scientific research but typically require strong financial investments. It is, therefore, crucial to gain a deep understanding of what could be a foreseeable lifespan of a given instrument before providing the required fund to build it. In this paper, we intend to contribute to this understanding with a study of the lifespan of past, current and future observatories and telescopes. The methodology has been based on the compilation of relevant data from twenty telescopes, three of them mounted on space satellites and the other seventeen distributed worldwide. An analysis of the main limiting factors that affect the lifetime of an astrophysical facility is also presented.