BACKGROUND Studies have shown that insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1(IGF2BP1)plays critical roles in the genesis and development of human cancers.AIM To investigate the clinical significance and role...BACKGROUND Studies have shown that insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1(IGF2BP1)plays critical roles in the genesis and development of human cancers.AIM To investigate the clinical significance and role of IGF2BP1 in pancreatic cancer.METHODS Expression levels of IGF2BP1 and microRNA-494(miR-494)were mined based on Gene Expression Omnibus datasets and validated in both clinical samples and cell lines by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot.The relationship between IGF2BP1 expression and clinicopathological factors of pancreatic cancer patients was analyzed.The effect and mechanism of IGF2BP1 on pancreatic cancer cell proliferation were investigated in vitro and in vivo.Analyses were performed to explore underlying mechanisms of IGF2BP1 upregulation in pancreatic cancer and assays were carried out to verify the posttranscriptional regulation of IGF2BP1 by miR-494.RESULTS We found that IGF2BP1 was upregulated and associated with a poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients.We showed that downregulation of IGF2BP1 inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo via the AKT signaling pathway.Mechanistically,we showed that the frequent upregulation of IGF2BP1 was attributed to the downregulation of miR-494 expression in pancreatic cancer.Furthermore,we discovered that reexpression of miR-494 could partially abrogate the oncogenic role of IGF2BP1.CONCLUSION Our results revealed that upregulated IGF2BP1 promotes the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells via the AKT signaling pathway and confirmed that the activation of IGF2BP1 is partly due to the silencing of miR-494.展开更多
Background: Previous research suggested that insulin-like growth factor binding protein related protein 1(IGFBPrP1), as a novel mediator, contributes to hepatic fibrogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinases(MMP) and tissue ...Background: Previous research suggested that insulin-like growth factor binding protein related protein 1(IGFBPrP1), as a novel mediator, contributes to hepatic fibrogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinases(MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases(TIMP) play an essential role in hepatic fibrogenesis by regulating homeostasis and remodeling of the extracellular matrix(ECM). However, the interaction between IGFBPrP1 and MMP/TIMP is not clear. The present study was to knockdown IGFBPrP1 to investigate the correlation between IGFBPrP1 and MMP/TIMP in hepatic fibrosis. Methods: Hepatic fibrosis was induced by thioacetamide(TAA) in mice. Knockdown of IGFBPrP1 expression by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction-mediated CMB-shRNA-IGFBPrP1 delivery, or inhibition of the Hedgehog(Hh) pathway by cyclopamine treatment, was performed in TAA-induced liver fibrosis mice. Hepatic fibrosis was determined by hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red staining. Hepatic expression of IGFBPrP1, α-smooth muscle actin( α-SMA), transforming growth factor β 1(TGF β1), collagen I, MMPs/TIMPs, Sonic Hedgehog(Shh), and glioblastoma family transcription factors(Gli1) were investigated by immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting analysis. Results: We found that hepatic expression of IGFBPrP1, TGF β1, α-SMA, and collagen I were increased longitudinally in mice with TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis, concomitant with MMP2/TIMP2 and MMP9/TIMP1 imbalance and Hh pathway activation. Knockdown of IGFBPrP1 expression, or inhibition of the Hh pathway, reduced the hepatic expression of IGFBPrP1, TGF β1, α-SMA, and collagen I and re-established MMP2/TIMP2 and MMP9/TIMP1 balance. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that IGFBPrP1 knockdown attenuates liver fibrosis by re-establishing MMP2/TIMP2 and MMP9/TIMP1 balance, concomitant with the inhibition of hepatic stellate cell activation, down-regulation of TGF β1 expression, and degradation of the ECM. Furthermore, the Hh pathway mediates IGFBPrP1 knockdown-induced attenuation of hepatic fibrosis through the regulation of MMPs/TIMPs balance.展开更多
BACKGROUND:We previously showed that insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 1(IGFBPrP1) is a novel mediator in liver fibrosis.Transforming growth factor beta 1(TGFβ1) is known as the strongest eff...BACKGROUND:We previously showed that insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 1(IGFBPrP1) is a novel mediator in liver fibrosis.Transforming growth factor beta 1(TGFβ1) is known as the strongest effector of liver fibrosis.Therefore,we aimed to investigate the detailed interaction between IGFBPrP1 and TGFβ1 in primary hepatic stellate cells(HSCs).METHODS:We overexpressed TGFβ1 or IGFBPrP1 and inhibited TGFβ1 expression in primary HSCs for 6,12,24,48,72,and 96 hours to investigate their interaction and observe the accompanying expressions of α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),collagen I,fibronectin,and phosphorylated-mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2/3(p-Smad2/3).RESULTS:We found that the adenovirus vector encoding the TGFβ1 gene(Ad TGFβ1) induced IGFBPrP1 expression while that of α-SMA,collagen I,fibronectin,and TGFβ1 increased gradually.Concomitantly,Ad IGFBPrP1 upregulated TGFβ1,α-SMA,collagen I,fibronectin,and p-Smad2/3 in a time-dependent manner while IGFBPrP1 expression was decreased at 96 hours.Inhibition of TGFβ1 expression reduced the IGFBPrP1-stimulated expression of α-SMA,collagen I,fibronectin,and p-Smad2/3.CONCLUSIONS:These findings for the first time suggest the existence of a possible mutually regulation between IGFBPrP1 and TGFβ1,which likely accelerates liver fibrosis progression.Furthermore,IGFBPrP1 likely participates in liver fibrosis in a TGFβ1-depedent manner,and may act as an upstream regulatory factor of TGFβ1 in the Smad pathway.展开更多
Objective: To detect the relations of c-erbB-2 onco-gene protein, epidermal growth factor receptor (EG-FR) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)to the progression or metastasis of pancreatic carci-noma.Methods:...Objective: To detect the relations of c-erbB-2 onco-gene protein, epidermal growth factor receptor (EG-FR) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)to the progression or metastasis of pancreatic carci-noma.Methods: Using streptavidinbiotin complex (SABC)method, c-erbB-2 oncongene protein, we examinedimmunohistochemically EGFR and TGF-β1 expres-sions in wax-tissue sections from 10 individuals withnormal pancreas (NP), 13 patients with chronic pan-creatitis (CP) and 36 patients with pancreatic ductaladenocarcinoma (PC).Results: The positive expression rates of c-cerbB-2oncogene protein, EGFR and TGF-β1 in the NP, CPand PC groups were 0, 0, 10%; 7.7%, 7.7%,7.7%; and 41.7%, 50.0%, 44.4%, respectively.The positive expression rates of the three specific pro-teins increased more significantly in the PC groupthan in the NP and CP groups (P【0.05). The indi-vidual expression of c-erbB-2, EGFR and TGF-β1was not related to the age and sex of the patients aswell as the site, size and histopathological grade oftumors (P】0.05), but to the clinical stage of tumors(P【0.01). The coexpression rate of the three pro-teins was 27.8 % (10/36). This coexpression in thePC group was correlated with the histopathologicalgrades and clinical stages of tumors (P【0.01).Conclusion: Detection of c-erbB-2 oncogene protein,EGFR, and TGF-β1 expressions in pancreatic tissueis helpful to judge the malignancy, progression, andmetastasis of PC.展开更多
目的观察IGF-1、IGFBP-3、TNF-α在绝经后2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes,T2DM)骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)患者中的表达特点,以及经抗骨质疏松治疗前后骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)、骨代谢的变化,探讨IGF-1、IGFBP-3、TNF-α作为OP...目的观察IGF-1、IGFBP-3、TNF-α在绝经后2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes,T2DM)骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)患者中的表达特点,以及经抗骨质疏松治疗前后骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)、骨代谢的变化,探讨IGF-1、IGFBP-3、TNF-α作为OP疗效评判指标的可行性。方法选取2018年5月至2020年6月在上海市中医药大学附属普陀区中心医院就诊的T2DM合并绝经后骨质疏松症(postmenopausal osteoporosis,PMOP)患者共95例,失访7例,最终纳入88例,化验治疗前及治疗1年后的IGF-1、IGFBP-3、TNF-α,并测量BMD。结果(1)IGF-1、IGFBP-3在抗骨质疏松药物治疗后水平均较前升高;而TNF-α则表达减少(P<0.05);(2)治疗后全髋、股骨颈及腰1~4的BMD以及IGF-1、IGFBP-3较治疗前有上升,TNF-α下降,Ward’s三角、大粗隆、股骨干的BMD变化不大;(3)治疗后β-CTX降低(P<0.05),TP1NP、25(OH)D升高(P<0.05),PTH和OC无明显变化;(4)治疗后,将各部位BMD与IGF-1、IGFBP-3、TNF-α等化验数据作相关性分析,提示股骨颈BMD与IGF-1、IGFBP-3存在正相关,腰1~4的BMD与TNF-α存在负相关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);(5)25(OH)D及TP1NP均与IGF-1、IGFBP-3存在正相关,与TNF-α负相关;β-CTX与TNF-α存在正相关,与IGFBP-3负相关,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论IGF-1、IGFBP-3、TNF-α与BMD、骨代谢的变化有一定关系,骨质疏松治疗后患者的骨形成指标TP1NP增加、25(OH)D增加,骨吸收指标β-CTX减少,同步发生变化的还有骨密度的有效提高,以及IGF-1、IGFBP-3的增加和TNF-α的降低。通过对IGF-1、IGFBP-3、TNF-α检测联合骨代谢指标的改善可以有效评估骨质疏松的治疗效果。展开更多
目的观察血清C1q肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白1(CTRP1)、成纤维细胞生长因子21(FGF21)和人血管生成素样蛋白3(ANGPTL3)水平在2型糖尿病大血管病变中的诊断价值。方法选取2020年1月至2022年6月在该院诊治的165例2型糖尿病患者作为2型糖尿病组,...目的观察血清C1q肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白1(CTRP1)、成纤维细胞生长因子21(FGF21)和人血管生成素样蛋白3(ANGPTL3)水平在2型糖尿病大血管病变中的诊断价值。方法选取2020年1月至2022年6月在该院诊治的165例2型糖尿病患者作为2型糖尿病组,根据患者是否合并大血管病变分为大血管病变组(57例)和单纯糖尿病组(108例),另选取同期该院75例健康体检者作为健康对照组。采用单因素和多因素分析2型糖尿病发生大血管病变的影响因素,以及血清CTRP1、FGF21和ANGPTL3水平在2型糖尿病发生大血管病变中的诊断价值。结果2型糖尿病组血清CTRP1、FGF21和ANGPTL3水平均明显高于健康对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),并且随着糖尿病控制程度升高而降低。大血管病变组餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)、CTRP1、FGF21和ANGPTL3水平均明显高于单纯糖尿病组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,2 h PG、TG、颈动脉IMT、CTRP1、FGF21和ANGPTL3水平升高是发生大血管病变的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。血清CTRP1、FGF21和ANGPTL3水平在2型糖尿病发生大血管病变中具有较高的诊断效能,3项指标联合检测的灵敏度为68.4%,特异度为97.2%,受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.897,明显高于CTRP1(Z=3.152,P=0.002)、FGF21(Z=3.755,P<0.001)和ANGPTL3(Z=4.410,P<0.001)单项检测。结论血清CTRP1、FGF21和ANGPTL3是2型糖尿病的重要监测指标,其水平升高是发生大血管病变的独立危险因素,3项指标联合检测有助于提高对2型糖尿病大血管病变的诊断效能。展开更多
New Zealand (NZ) young rabbits with the administration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) with and without mandibular anterior repositioning appliances are explored for th...New Zealand (NZ) young rabbits with the administration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) with and without mandibular anterior repositioning appliances are explored for the growth of the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC). 32 growing NZ and rabbits were divided into 4 groups: the group with saline injection in TMJ, the group which received growth factor injection in TMJ, the group which received anterior positioning appliance and the group which received growth factors injection as well as mandibular repositioning appliance. Gene expression was studied by real-time RT-PCR and cartilage growth by histomorphometry. Administration of growth factors along with mandibular repositioning appliances has induced 1) 1.70-fold expression of Col-2Agene (p value < 0.0005) and 2) 1.47-fold expression of Col-10Agene (p value < 0.0005). In contrast, administration of only mandibular repositioning appliances induced 1) 1.28-fold expression of Col-2Agene (p value < 0.0005) and 2) merely 0.62-fold expression of Col-10Agene (p value < 0.0005), while administration of growth factors only induced 1) mere 0.56-fold expression of Col-2Agene (p value 10A gene (p value growth factors along with mandibular repositioning appliances causes an increase in genetic expressions which have been corroborated by histomorphometry and validated by statistical analysis, during an accelerated growth of mandibular condylar cartilage. Administration of growth factors in the TMJ could provide a synergistic role along with mandibular repositioning appliances for treatment of mandibular retrognathism as well as disorders on the MCC.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.61802350
文摘BACKGROUND Studies have shown that insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1(IGF2BP1)plays critical roles in the genesis and development of human cancers.AIM To investigate the clinical significance and role of IGF2BP1 in pancreatic cancer.METHODS Expression levels of IGF2BP1 and microRNA-494(miR-494)were mined based on Gene Expression Omnibus datasets and validated in both clinical samples and cell lines by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot.The relationship between IGF2BP1 expression and clinicopathological factors of pancreatic cancer patients was analyzed.The effect and mechanism of IGF2BP1 on pancreatic cancer cell proliferation were investigated in vitro and in vivo.Analyses were performed to explore underlying mechanisms of IGF2BP1 upregulation in pancreatic cancer and assays were carried out to verify the posttranscriptional regulation of IGF2BP1 by miR-494.RESULTS We found that IGF2BP1 was upregulated and associated with a poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients.We showed that downregulation of IGF2BP1 inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo via the AKT signaling pathway.Mechanistically,we showed that the frequent upregulation of IGF2BP1 was attributed to the downregulation of miR-494 expression in pancreatic cancer.Furthermore,we discovered that reexpression of miR-494 could partially abrogate the oncogenic role of IGF2BP1.CONCLUSION Our results revealed that upregulated IGF2BP1 promotes the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells via the AKT signaling pathway and confirmed that the activation of IGF2BP1 is partly due to the silencing of miR-494.
基金supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(81670559)Key Research and Development Project of Shanxi Province(201603D421023)+2 种基金Youth Fund of Shanxi Medical University(02201514)Graduate Student Education Innovation Project of Shanxi(2016BY077)Youth Fund of Ap-plied Basic Research Program of Shanxi(201701D221175)
文摘Background: Previous research suggested that insulin-like growth factor binding protein related protein 1(IGFBPrP1), as a novel mediator, contributes to hepatic fibrogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinases(MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases(TIMP) play an essential role in hepatic fibrogenesis by regulating homeostasis and remodeling of the extracellular matrix(ECM). However, the interaction between IGFBPrP1 and MMP/TIMP is not clear. The present study was to knockdown IGFBPrP1 to investigate the correlation between IGFBPrP1 and MMP/TIMP in hepatic fibrosis. Methods: Hepatic fibrosis was induced by thioacetamide(TAA) in mice. Knockdown of IGFBPrP1 expression by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction-mediated CMB-shRNA-IGFBPrP1 delivery, or inhibition of the Hedgehog(Hh) pathway by cyclopamine treatment, was performed in TAA-induced liver fibrosis mice. Hepatic fibrosis was determined by hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red staining. Hepatic expression of IGFBPrP1, α-smooth muscle actin( α-SMA), transforming growth factor β 1(TGF β1), collagen I, MMPs/TIMPs, Sonic Hedgehog(Shh), and glioblastoma family transcription factors(Gli1) were investigated by immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting analysis. Results: We found that hepatic expression of IGFBPrP1, TGF β1, α-SMA, and collagen I were increased longitudinally in mice with TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis, concomitant with MMP2/TIMP2 and MMP9/TIMP1 imbalance and Hh pathway activation. Knockdown of IGFBPrP1 expression, or inhibition of the Hh pathway, reduced the hepatic expression of IGFBPrP1, TGF β1, α-SMA, and collagen I and re-established MMP2/TIMP2 and MMP9/TIMP1 balance. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that IGFBPrP1 knockdown attenuates liver fibrosis by re-establishing MMP2/TIMP2 and MMP9/TIMP1 balance, concomitant with the inhibition of hepatic stellate cell activation, down-regulation of TGF β1 expression, and degradation of the ECM. Furthermore, the Hh pathway mediates IGFBPrP1 knockdown-induced attenuation of hepatic fibrosis through the regulation of MMPs/TIMPs balance.
基金supported by a grant from the Shanxi Province Foundation for Returness(2012-4)
文摘BACKGROUND:We previously showed that insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 1(IGFBPrP1) is a novel mediator in liver fibrosis.Transforming growth factor beta 1(TGFβ1) is known as the strongest effector of liver fibrosis.Therefore,we aimed to investigate the detailed interaction between IGFBPrP1 and TGFβ1 in primary hepatic stellate cells(HSCs).METHODS:We overexpressed TGFβ1 or IGFBPrP1 and inhibited TGFβ1 expression in primary HSCs for 6,12,24,48,72,and 96 hours to investigate their interaction and observe the accompanying expressions of α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),collagen I,fibronectin,and phosphorylated-mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2/3(p-Smad2/3).RESULTS:We found that the adenovirus vector encoding the TGFβ1 gene(Ad TGFβ1) induced IGFBPrP1 expression while that of α-SMA,collagen I,fibronectin,and TGFβ1 increased gradually.Concomitantly,Ad IGFBPrP1 upregulated TGFβ1,α-SMA,collagen I,fibronectin,and p-Smad2/3 in a time-dependent manner while IGFBPrP1 expression was decreased at 96 hours.Inhibition of TGFβ1 expression reduced the IGFBPrP1-stimulated expression of α-SMA,collagen I,fibronectin,and p-Smad2/3.CONCLUSIONS:These findings for the first time suggest the existence of a possible mutually regulation between IGFBPrP1 and TGFβ1,which likely accelerates liver fibrosis progression.Furthermore,IGFBPrP1 likely participates in liver fibrosis in a TGFβ1-depedent manner,and may act as an upstream regulatory factor of TGFβ1 in the Smad pathway.
文摘Objective: To detect the relations of c-erbB-2 onco-gene protein, epidermal growth factor receptor (EG-FR) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)to the progression or metastasis of pancreatic carci-noma.Methods: Using streptavidinbiotin complex (SABC)method, c-erbB-2 oncongene protein, we examinedimmunohistochemically EGFR and TGF-β1 expres-sions in wax-tissue sections from 10 individuals withnormal pancreas (NP), 13 patients with chronic pan-creatitis (CP) and 36 patients with pancreatic ductaladenocarcinoma (PC).Results: The positive expression rates of c-cerbB-2oncogene protein, EGFR and TGF-β1 in the NP, CPand PC groups were 0, 0, 10%; 7.7%, 7.7%,7.7%; and 41.7%, 50.0%, 44.4%, respectively.The positive expression rates of the three specific pro-teins increased more significantly in the PC groupthan in the NP and CP groups (P【0.05). The indi-vidual expression of c-erbB-2, EGFR and TGF-β1was not related to the age and sex of the patients aswell as the site, size and histopathological grade oftumors (P】0.05), but to the clinical stage of tumors(P【0.01). The coexpression rate of the three pro-teins was 27.8 % (10/36). This coexpression in thePC group was correlated with the histopathologicalgrades and clinical stages of tumors (P【0.01).Conclusion: Detection of c-erbB-2 oncogene protein,EGFR, and TGF-β1 expressions in pancreatic tissueis helpful to judge the malignancy, progression, andmetastasis of PC.
文摘目的观察血清C1q肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白1(CTRP1)、成纤维细胞生长因子21(FGF21)和人血管生成素样蛋白3(ANGPTL3)水平在2型糖尿病大血管病变中的诊断价值。方法选取2020年1月至2022年6月在该院诊治的165例2型糖尿病患者作为2型糖尿病组,根据患者是否合并大血管病变分为大血管病变组(57例)和单纯糖尿病组(108例),另选取同期该院75例健康体检者作为健康对照组。采用单因素和多因素分析2型糖尿病发生大血管病变的影响因素,以及血清CTRP1、FGF21和ANGPTL3水平在2型糖尿病发生大血管病变中的诊断价值。结果2型糖尿病组血清CTRP1、FGF21和ANGPTL3水平均明显高于健康对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),并且随着糖尿病控制程度升高而降低。大血管病变组餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)、CTRP1、FGF21和ANGPTL3水平均明显高于单纯糖尿病组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,2 h PG、TG、颈动脉IMT、CTRP1、FGF21和ANGPTL3水平升高是发生大血管病变的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。血清CTRP1、FGF21和ANGPTL3水平在2型糖尿病发生大血管病变中具有较高的诊断效能,3项指标联合检测的灵敏度为68.4%,特异度为97.2%,受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.897,明显高于CTRP1(Z=3.152,P=0.002)、FGF21(Z=3.755,P<0.001)和ANGPTL3(Z=4.410,P<0.001)单项检测。结论血清CTRP1、FGF21和ANGPTL3是2型糖尿病的重要监测指标,其水平升高是发生大血管病变的独立危险因素,3项指标联合检测有助于提高对2型糖尿病大血管病变的诊断效能。
文摘New Zealand (NZ) young rabbits with the administration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) with and without mandibular anterior repositioning appliances are explored for the growth of the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC). 32 growing NZ and rabbits were divided into 4 groups: the group with saline injection in TMJ, the group which received growth factor injection in TMJ, the group which received anterior positioning appliance and the group which received growth factors injection as well as mandibular repositioning appliance. Gene expression was studied by real-time RT-PCR and cartilage growth by histomorphometry. Administration of growth factors along with mandibular repositioning appliances has induced 1) 1.70-fold expression of Col-2Agene (p value < 0.0005) and 2) 1.47-fold expression of Col-10Agene (p value < 0.0005). In contrast, administration of only mandibular repositioning appliances induced 1) 1.28-fold expression of Col-2Agene (p value < 0.0005) and 2) merely 0.62-fold expression of Col-10Agene (p value < 0.0005), while administration of growth factors only induced 1) mere 0.56-fold expression of Col-2Agene (p value 10A gene (p value growth factors along with mandibular repositioning appliances causes an increase in genetic expressions which have been corroborated by histomorphometry and validated by statistical analysis, during an accelerated growth of mandibular condylar cartilage. Administration of growth factors in the TMJ could provide a synergistic role along with mandibular repositioning appliances for treatment of mandibular retrognathism as well as disorders on the MCC.
