A unified model for diagnosing energy usage abnormalities in regional integrated energy service systems

An integrated energy service company in an industrial park or commercial building is responsible for managing all energy sources in their local region, including electricity, water, gas, heating, and cooling. To reduce energy wastage and increase energy utilization, it is necessary to perform efficiency analyses and diagnoses on integrated energy systems(IESs). However, the integrated energy data necessary for energy efficiency analyses and diagnoses come from a wide variety of instruments, each of which uses different transmission protocols and data formats. This makes it challenging to handle energy-flow data in a unified manner. Thus, we have constructed a unified model for diagnosing energy usage abnormalities in IESs. Using this model, the data are divided into working days and non-working days, and benchmark values are calculated after the data have been weighted to enable unified analysis of several types of energy data. The energy-flow data may then be observed, managed, and compared in all aspects to monitor sudden changes in energy usage and energy wastage. The abnormal data identified and selected by the unified model are then subjected to big-data analysis using technical management tools, enabling the detection of user problems such as abnormalities pertaining to acquisition device, metering, and energy usage. This model facilitates accurate metering of energy data and improves energy efficiency. The study has significant implications in terms of fulfilling the energy saving.

Spatiotemporal variations in ecosystem services and their trade-offs and synergies against the background of the gully control and land consolidation project on the Loess Plateau,China

Studying the spatiotemporal variations in ecosystem services and their interrelationships on the Loess Plateau against the background of the gully control and land consolidation(GCLC)project has significant implications for ecological protection and quality development of the Yellow River Basin.Therefore,in this study,we took Yan'an City,Shaanxi Province of China,as the study area,selected four typical ecosystem services,including soil conservation service,water yield service,carbon storage service,and habitat quality service,and quantitatively evaluated the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services from 2010 to 2018 using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.We also analysed the relationship between the GCLC project and regional ecosystem service changes in various regions(including 1 city,2 districts,and 10 counties)of Yan'an City and proposed a coordinated development strategy between the GCLC project and the ecological environment.The results showed that,from 2010 to 2018,soil conservation service decreased by 7.76%,while the other three ecosystem services changed relatively little,with water yield service increasing by 0.56% and carbon storage service and habitat quality service decreasing by 0.16% and 0.14%,respectively.The ecological environment of Yan'an City developed in a balanced way between 2010 and 2018,and the four ecosystem services showed synergistic relationships,among which the synergistic relationships between soil conservation service and water yield service and between carbon storage service and habitat quality service were significant.The GCLC project had a negative impact on the ecosystem services of Yan'an City,and the impact on carbon storage service was more significant.This study provides a theoretical basis for the scientific evaluation of the ecological benefits of the GCLC project and the realization of a win-win situation between food security and ecological security.

Application of Capability Maturity Model Integration to Innovation Management for Software and Service Companies

To look through innovation management in small project-based firms, such as software engineering companies, which are service firms that conduct projects for their clients, capability maturity model integration （CMMI） is introduced. It is a process improvement approach that provides organizations with the essential elements of effective processes. Taking ABC Software Company as an example, the performances before and after the introduction of CMMI in the firm were compared. The results indicated that after two years of application, the productivity increased 92%, and the ability of detecting errors improved 26.45% ; while the rate of faults and the cost of software development dropped 12.45% and 77.55%, respectively. To conclude, small project-based firms benefit a lot if they take CMMI into their process of innovation management, particularly for those R＆D firms, since the implementation of CMMI leads them to a promising future with higher efficiency and better effects.

DATA CONTEXT MODEL IN THE PRO-CESS INTEGRATION FRAMEWORK

Process integration is the important aspect of product development process. The recent researches focus on project management, workflow management and process modeling. Based on the analysis of the process, product development process is divided into three levels according to different grains from macroscopy to microcosm. Our research concentrate on the workflow and the free-grained design process. According to the need of representing the data and the relationships among them for process integration, context model is introduced, and its characters are analyzed. The tree-like structure of inheritance among context model＇s classes is illustrated; The relationships of reference among them are also explained. Then, extensible markup language （XML） file is used to depict these classes. A four-tier framework of process integration has been established, in which model-view-controller pattern is designed to realize the separation between context model and its various views. The integration of applications is applied by the encapsulation of enterprise＇s business logic as distributed services. The prototype system for the design of air filter is applied in an institute.

Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Future Scenario Simulation of the Trade-offs and Synergies of Mountain Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of the Dabie Mountains Area, China

Mountain ecosystems play an essential role in supporting regional sustainable development and improving local ecological environments. However, economic development in mountainous areas has long been lagging, and multiple conflicts related to resource assurance, ecological protection, and economic development have emerged. An accurate grasp of the current status and evolutionary trends of mountain ecosystems is essential to enhance the overall benefits of ecosystem services and maintain regional ecological security. Based on the In VEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs) model, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution patterns and the trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services(ES) in the Dabie Mountains Area(DMA) of eastern China. The Markov-PLUS(Patch-generating Land Use Simulation) model was used to conduct a multi-scenario simulation of the area's future development. Water yield(WY) and soil conservation(SC) had overall increasing trends during 2000-2020, carbon storage(CS)decreased overall but slowed with time, and habitat quality(HQ) increased and then decreased. The ecological protection scenario is the best scenario for improving ES in the DMA by 2030;compared to 2020, the total WY would decrease by 3.77 × 10^(8) m^(3), SC would increase by 0.65 × 10^(6) t, CS would increase by 1.33 × 10^(6) t, and HQ would increase by 0.06%. The comprehensive development scenario is the second-most effective scenario for ecological improvement, while the natural development scenario did not have a significant effect. However, as the comprehensive development scenario considers both environmental protection and economic development, which are both vital for the sustainable development of the mountainous areas, this scenario is considered the most suitable path for future development. There are trade-offs between WY, CS, and HQ, while there are synergies between SC, CS, and HQ. Spatially, the DMA's central core district is the main strong synergistic area, the marginal zone is the weak synergistic area, and trade-offs are mainly distributed in the transition zone.

Exploring the Spatiotemporal Changes and Driving Forces of Ecosystem Services of Zhejiang Coasts,China,Under Sustainable Development Goals

Ecosystem services(ESs)refer to the continuous provisioning of ecosystem goods and services that benefit human beings.Over recent decades,rapid urbanization has exerted significant pressure on coastal ecosystems,resulting in biodiversity and habitat loss,environmental pollution,and the depletion of natural resources.In response to these environmental challenges,the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)were proposed.Given the pressing need to address these issues,understanding the changes in ESs under the SDGs is crucial for formulating specific ecological strategies.In this study,we first analyzed land use and cover change in the Zhejiang coasts of China during 2000–2020.Then,we investigated the spatiotemporal configuration of ESs by integrating carbon storage(CS),soil retention(SR),habitat quality(HQ)and water yield(WY)using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model.The driving mechanisms of ESs,which varied by space and time,were also explored using the Geo-detector method.The results revealed that,over the past two decades:1)the Zhejiang coasts have experienced a significant increase of 2783.72 km^(2) in built-up land areas and a continuous decrease in farmland areas due to rapid urbanization;2)owing to higher precipitation,extensive vegetation cover,and reduced anthropogenic disturbances,forests emerge as a crucial land use type for maintaining ecosystem services such as HQ,CS,WY,and SR;3)ESs have generally declined across the entire Zhejiang coasts,with a significant decrease observed in the northern areas and an increase in the southern areas spatially;4)the expansion of built-up land areas emerged as the primary factor affecting ecosystem services,while the vegetation factor has been increasingly significant and is expected to become predominant in the near future.Our study provides insights of understanding of ecosystem service theory and emphasizing the importance of preserving biodiversity for long-term sustainable development,and valuable scientific references to support the ecological management decision-making for local governments.

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Typical Ecosystem Services and Their Spatial Responses to Driving Factors in Ecologically Fragile Areas in Upper Yellow River,China

The identification of dominant driving factors for different ecosystem services(ESs)is crucial for ecological conservation and sustainable development.However,the spatial heterogeneity of the dominant driving factors affecting various ESs has not been adequately elucidated,particularly in ecologically fragile regions.This study employed the integrated valuation of ESs and trade-offs(InVEST)model to evaluate four ESs,namely,water yield(WY),soil conservation(SC),habitat quality(HQ),and carbon storage(CS),and then to identify the dominant driving factors of spatiotemporal differentiation of ES and further to characterize the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of the dominant driving factors in the eco-fragile areas of the upper Yellow River,China from 2000 to 2020.The results demonstrated that WY exhibited northeast-high and northwest-low patterns in the upper Yellow River region,while high values of SC and CS were distributed in central forested areas and a high value of HQ was distributed in vast grassland areas.The CS,WY,and SC exhibited decreasing trends over time.The most critical factors affecting WY,SC,HQ,and CS were the actual evapotranspiration,precipitation,slope,and normalized difference vegetation index,respectively.In addition,the effects of different factors on various ESs exhibited spatial heterogeneity.These results could provide spatial decision support for eco-protection and rehabilitation in ecologically fragile areas.

Spatio-temporal Changes in Water Conservation Ecosystem Service During 1990–2019 in the Tumen River Basin, Northeast China

The water conservation(WC) function of ecosystems is related to regional ecological security and the sustainable development of water resources, and the assessment of WC and its influencing factors is crucial for ecological and water resource management.The Tumen River Basin(TRB) is located in the core of the Northeast Asian ecological network and has been experiencing severe ecological crises and water shortages in recent years due to climate change and human activities. However, these crises have not been fully revealed to the extent that corresponding scientific measures are lacking. This study analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and drivers of WC in the TRB from 1990 to 2019 based on the water yield module of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST) model. The results showed that: 1) under the combined effect of nature and socioeconomics, the WC depth of the TRB has slowly increased at a rate of 0.11 mm/yr in the past 30 years, with an average WC depth of 36.14 mm. 2) The main driving factor of the spatial variation in WC is precipitation, there is a significant interaction between precipitation and velocity, the interaction between each factor is higher than the contribution of a single factor, and the interactions between factors all have nonlinear enhancement and two-factor enhancement. 3) Among the seven counties and municipalities in the study area, the southern part of Helong City and the southeastern part of Longjing City are extremely important areas for WC(> 75 mm), and they should be regarded as regional water resources and ecological priority protection areas. It is foreseen that under extreme climate conditions in the future, the WC of the watershed is under great potential threat, and protection measures such as afforestation and forestation should begin immediately. Furthermore, the great interannual fluctuations in WC depth may place more stringent requirements on the choice of time scales in the ecosystem service assessment process.

Spatiotemporal variations of ecosystem services and driving factors in the Tianchi Bogda Peak Natural Reserve of Xinjiang,China

Nature reserves play a significant role in providing ecosystem services and are key sites for biodiversity conservation.The Tianchi Bogda Peak Natural Reserve(TBPNR),located in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,is an important ecological barrier area in the temperate arid zone.The evaluation of its important ecosystem services is of great significance to improve the management level and ecological protection efficiency of the reserve.In the present study,we assessed the spatiotemporal variations of four ecosystem services(including net primary productivity(NPP),water yield,soil conservation,and habitat quality)in the TBPNR from 2000 to 2020 based on the environmental and social data using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.In addition,the coldspot and hotspot areas of ecosystem services were identified by hotspot analysis,and the trade-off and synergistic relationships between ecosystem services were analyzed using factor analysis in a geographic detector.During the study period,NPP and soil conservation values in the reserve increased by 48.20%and 25.56%,respectively;conversely,water yield decreased by 16.56%,and there was no significant change in habitat quality.Spatially,both NPP and habitat quality values were higher in the northern part and lower in the southern part,whereas water yield showed an opposite trend.Correlation analysis revealed that NPP showed a synergistic relationship with habitat quality and soil conservation,and exhibited a trade-off relationship with water yield.Water yield and habitat quality also had a trade-off relationship.NPP and habitat quality were affected by annual average temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),respectively,while water yield and soil conservation were more affected by digital elevation model(DEM).Therefore,attention should be paid to the spatial distribution and dynamics of trade-off and synergistic relationships between ecosystem services in future ecological management.The findings of the present study provide a reference that could facilitate the sustainable utilization of ecosystem services in the typical fragile areas of Northwest China.

基于Web Services的GIS与应用模型集成研究

分析GIS与应用模型集成的研究现状及存在的问题。针对存在的问题,提出基于Web Services的GIS与应用模型集成方法。具体定义应用模型服务体系及其与空间信息服务体系的关系,讨论基于服务链的GIS-ervices与应用模型服务集成服务链样式、集成实现过程、集成开发流程,给出基于服务集成实现小流域地貌演化问题计算的服务集成分析设计与实验结果。实验结果证明本文提出的基于Web Services的GIS与应用模型集成方法正确可行。

基于Web Services的模型复用研究

从建模方法与建模语言、模型转换、模型描述信息定义与组织管理、模型软件复用四个方面分析模型复用的研究现状,指出目前模型复用研究的不足;结合Web Services技术,分析了基于Web Services的模型服务生成、模型服务表示、模型服务集成应用等问题;最后结合实例给出了基于Web Services的模型服务开发与集成应用过程。通过实例研究,初步验证基于Web Services技术将可以构建模型服务、并通过服务集成实现模型应用,这进一步提高了模型复用与集成能力。

基于Web Service的企业信息集成平台设计

对分布、异构、自治和数据变化的管理信息系统进行集成是当务之急,提出基于Web Service的企业信息集成平台解决方案。阐述了信息集成平台的系统架构,通过信息集成平台实现了异构系统间的信息传递和共享。最后结合实际案例,对以上技术的可行性进行了验证。

支持动态应用集成的Web Service语义描述模型

随着B2B应用和电子商务的发展,应用系统要求在因特网环境下能够依据新的需求,快速、灵活地集成各种已有的和新添置的业务应用系统。文章通过扩展现有的WebService描述规范提出了一种支持WebService语义描述的服务资源模型,并在其基础上,通过和基于工作流的服务组合模型的结合,实现了在因特网环境下运行时的动态查找、绑定和调整的服务中介机制。

Web Service技术在开发多层分布式数据库系统中的应用研究

分析了利用WebService技术构建多层分布式数据库应用系统的体系结构以及应解决的关键问题 ,提出这种体系结构真正实现了应用系统逻辑上的多层和物理上的分布 ,实现了跨语言、跨平台、跨硬件的代码重用 ,在应用系统开发、部署和运行模式上与传统B/S模式相比有了根本性的改进。最后给出实例 ,介绍了如何利用WebService技术实现资源整合和软硬件系统集成的方法 。

基于web service的NDVI计算模型服务的实现与应用

研究和总结了基于web service的空间信息集成技术,提出了基于web service的NDVI计算模型服务架构,该方法可以实现空间计算模型的跨平台性和互操作性,大大提高空间计算模型的共享。利用该方法对NDVI进行web service的封装和网络发布,很好地解决了传统植被指数计算模型的共享和互操作问题,也为其他空间计算模型的web service集成与应用提供了参考。

基于Web Services的药品招标采购应用集成系统

研究并实现了药品流通领域中基于Web Services技术的应用集成系统,该系统将各种业务模块看成满足一定粒度要求的Web Services组件的集合,构建从药品招标到采购这一系列流通环节的新型供应链,从而跨越不同环境和系统的对象体系及运行平台。系统以服务的形式封装,供用户和其它企业调用,组成一个面向Internet的服务共享平台。

基于WebServices的建筑企业信息化集成模型研究

介绍了Web Services关键技术,结合建筑企业的特点,构造了一种基于Web Services的建筑企业信息化系统集成的应用模型。分析了此模型的原理和工作过程,给出了模型的功能设计和结构,论述了该模型实现的模式。为进一步建立Web Services架构的建筑企业信息化系统平台提供了一定的理论基础。

基于Web Service的地球系统碳循环建模框架研究

在分析了现有地球系统碳循环模型后,提出了基于Web Services的建模框架方案。定义了地球系统碳循环建模框架的体系结构,设计了地球系统碳循环模型服务的元数据。最后,构建了地球系统碳循环模型服务耦合与兼容性校验方式。实验表明,基于Web Services的地球系统碳循环建模框架可以实现网络环境下异构碳循环模型服务的集成建模。

基于Web Service的中小型企业信息平台设计

结合长三角区域中小企业信息化的实际,提出基于Web Service的适应分布、自治和数据变化的企业信息平台解决方案,达到企业信息系统的动态集成共享目标,阐述了该平台的系统架构和实现机制。该框架以企业信息系统及相关数据库为底层支撑,采用Web Service将信息系统交换数据接口和方法封装为标准服务,通过服务的发布与发现机制,实现企业信息资源的发现、传递和共享。最后结合企业实际,给出了以统一门户形式面向企业管理者以及面向客户、供应商实现登录的应用示例,验证了相关技术,可为企业信息化的实施提供借鉴。

基于Web Services技术的中小企业虚拟运营模式构建

针对我国中小企业生产规模小、核心竞争能力弱、资源整合手段缺乏等问题,利用Web Services技术完好的封装性、松散的耦合、使用协议的规范性、使用标准协议规范、高度可集成能力以及跨平台性和开放性等优点,提出了一种适合我国中小企业发展、以UDDI为设计核心的虚拟运营信息集成模型,并分析构建了包括捕捉市场机会、确定目标、成员伙伴选择、组织机构创建、运行维护和联盟解散等6个阶段的基于WebServices技术的虚拟运营企业模式。该虚拟运营模式消除了联盟企业因缺乏信任而导致的不稳定因素,克服了传统虚拟企业非优势能力闲置的问题,为中小企业实现资源整合提供了一种新的思路.