A Novel Integrated Stability Control Based on Differential Braking and Active Steering for Four-axle Trucks

Di erential braking and active steering have already been integrated to overcome their shortcomings. However, existing research mainly focuses on two-axle vehicles and controllers are mostly designed to use one control method to improve the other. Moreover, many experiments are needed to improve the robustness; therefore, these control methods are underutilized. This paper proposes an integrated control system specially designed for multi-axle vehicles, in which the desired lateral force and yaw moment of vehicles are determined by the sliding mode control algorithm. The output of the sliding mode control is distributed to the suitable wheels based on the abilities and potentials of the two control methods. Moreover, in this method, fewer experiments are needed, and the robustness and simultaneity are both guaranteed. To simplify the optimization system and to improve the computation speed, seven simple optimization subsystems are designed for the determination of control outputs on each wheel. The simulation results show that the proposed controller obviously enhances the stability of multi-axle trucks. The system improves 68% of the safe velocity, and its performance is much better than both di erential braking and active steering. This research proposes an integrated control system that can simultaneously invoke di erential braking and active steering of multi-axle vehicles to fully utilize the abilities and potentials of the two control methods.

Pressure-tracking control of a novel electro-hydraulic braking system considering friction compensation

This work presents an integrated pressure-tracking controller for a novel electro-hydraulic brake(EHB) system considering friction and hydraulic disturbances. To this end, a mathematical model of an EHB system, consisting of actuator and hydraulic sub-systems, is derived for describing the fundamental dynamics of the system and designing the controller. Due to sensor inaccuracy and measurement noise, a Kalman filter is constructed to estimate push rod stroke for generating desired master cylinder pressure. To improve pressure-tracking accuracy, a linear friction model is generated by linearizing the nonlinear Tustin friction model, and the unmodeled friction disturbances are assumed unknown but bounded. A sliding mode controller is designed for compensating friction disturbances, and the stability of the controller is investigated using the Lyapunov method. The performance of the proposed integrated controller is evaluated with a hardware-in-the-loop(HIL) test platform equipped with the EHB prototype. The test results demonstrate that the EHB system with the proposed integrated controller not only achieves good pressure-tracking performance, but also maintains robustness to friction disturbances.

Integrated yaw and rollover control based on differential braking for off-road vehicles with mechanical elastic wheel

Aiming at the issue of yaw and rollover stability control for off-road vehicles with non-pneumatic mechanical elastic wheel(MEW),an integrated control system based on fuzzy differential braking is developed.By simplifying the structure of the MEW,a corresponding fitting brush tire model is constructed and its longitudinal and lateral tire force expressions are set up,respectively.Then,a nonlinear vehicle simulation model with MEW is established to validate the proposed control scheme based on Carsim.The designed yaw and rollover control system is a two-level structure with the upper additional moment controller,which utilizes a predictive load transfer ratio(PLTR)as the rollover index.In order to design the upper integrated control algorithm,fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative(PID)is adopted to coordinate the yaw and rollover control,simultaneously.And the lower control allocator realizes the additional moment to the vehicle by differential braking.Finally,a Carsim-simulink co-simulation model is constructed,and simulation results show that the integrated control system could improve the vehicle yaw and roll stability,and prevent rollover happening.

A New Type of Automotive Braking Actuator for Decentralized Electro-hydraulic Braking System

This paper presents a new type of automotive braking actuator for a kind of brake-by-wire system called decentralized electro-hydraulic braking system( DEHB) to replace the traditional automobile braking system. The actuator of this system is driven by an electrical motor instead of the conventional vacuum booster to make the brake pressure be linearity controlled quickly. Therefore,the system has the advantages of quick response speed,good control performance and simple structure. Firstly,an overview of the actuator and the whole DEHB system is shown. Secondly,the possibility of this new kind of actuator working for the system is ensured based on some braking theories. Thirdly,the appropriate dynamic simulations are done to get some results to show the relations of different parameters and the effect of braking. Eventually,the proper parameters are determined to build a test bench which shows that DEHB system can achieve the maximum pressure of 13 MPa within 100 ms after parametric optimization,and meanwhile,the actuator is able to reduce pressure quickly after maintaining high pressure. All of the bench test results can meet with the design requirements and real demand of vehicle and this actuator may improve vehicle braking effect in the future. Besides,this actuator can be widely applied to the regenerative braking system because of its linear braking performance.

基于积分滑模的电子机械制动系统ABS控制

为解决传统制动系统逻辑门限控制存在逻辑复杂且难以充分利用路面附着的问题,以及ABS存在的非线性、不确定性问题,提出了一种基于路面识别的ABS控制策略应用在电子机械制动系统。首先,通过Simulink建立1/4车辆制动模型;其次,分析附着系数在不同路面存在的差异性以及附着系数和车轮角减速度的变化规律,设计了一种高效且准确的路面识别算法来估算当前路面的最佳滑移率;最后,设计了基于积分滑模控制的ABS控制策略跟踪最佳滑移率。仿真结果表明:路面识别算法识别响应快、识别准确度高;所设计的ABS控制策略能够稳定跟踪最佳滑移率,对不同路面工况具有较强的适应性。与基于逻辑门限控制的传统制动系统相比,在单路面条件下制动时间减少了11.89%,制动距离缩短了12.7%;在变路面条件下制动时间减少了17.8%,制动距离缩短了19.9%。

集成式电液制动系统自适应压力控制

针对集成式电液制动系统(integrated electro-hydraulic brake system,IEHB)存在的复杂液压非线性特性和时变摩擦干扰,提出一种自适应压力控制策略。外环压力控制器引入液压特性的动态线性化模型并基于滑模观测器对模型参数实时辨识实现对非线性液压特性的自适应。内环伺服控制器采用基于压力的连续摩擦补偿和反步动态面控制应对传动机构摩擦阻碍。硬件在环实验结果表明,与现有的先进级联压力控制相比,设计的压力控制策略在多种工况下均表现出更高的控制精度和鲁棒性,并显著提升了IEHB在不同液压回路结构下的压力控制效果。

集成式电子液压线控制动系统建模与仿真

为了解决线控制动系统模型复杂、仿真困难等问题,文章针对一款常见的集成式电子液压线控制动(integrated electronic hydraulic brake,I-EHB)系统,推导其数学模型并进行仿真分析;在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建线控制动系统的仿真模型,设计比例积分微分(proportion integration differentiation,PID)制动控制器,实现对集成式电子液压线控制动系统的压力控制。仿真结果表明:该线控制动系统在PID控制器作用下实际输出压力值能够较好地跟随理想压力值,可以提供较好的制动效果。该文的研究对于线控底盘的开发具有积极推动作用。

整体式EHB系统建模及安全机制研究

针对整体式线控液压制动(EHB)系统中电子电气系统的随机失效问题,提出基于故障诊断与容错策略的安全机制。在AMEsim中搭建包含电子控制单元ECU、踏板感觉模拟器单元、建压单元和液压控制单元的制动系统模型,仿真分析结果表明,该模型响应快、精度高,满足制动系统的要求并可以提供良好的踏板感觉曲线。针对踏板位移传感器失效,设计整体式EHB系统安全机制。基于模型得到踏板位移传感器的冗余仿真信号,设计踏板位移传感器失效的故障诊断与容错策略,在典型工况下进行踏板位移传感器失效仿真测试,结果表明,提出的故障诊断与容错策略可以对踏板位移传感器实现故障诊断,并通过容错输出正确踏板位移信号,且诊断时间快,有效地提高了整体式EHB系统的功能安全性。

基于规则的多轴特种车辆稳定性集成控制

为提升多轴特种车辆的主动安全性与操纵稳定性,以某重型5轴特种车辆为研究对象,基于自适应协调控制策略,设计了集成主动后轮转向(ARS)与差动制动力矩分配(DBTD)的分层稳定性集成控制策略。决策层基于规则决策出ARS与DBTD子控制系统的协调控制指令;分配层基于前馈+反馈控制策略实现主动转向轮转向角的分配;基于滑膜控制与既定规则实现车轮差动制动力矩的分配。通过Trucksim与Simulink联合仿真对所提控制策略的控制效果进行验证,对比分析了高速高附转向与低速低附转向2种极限工况下稳定性控制车辆与无控制车辆的运动状态。结果表明:在集成控制系统控制下的车辆,对于高速高附工况,车辆的横摆角速度与质心侧偏角的幅值相比于无控制车辆分别降低了46%与63%,对于低速低附工况,车辆的横摆角速度与质心侧偏角的幅值相比于无控制车辆分别降低了47%与58%,集成控制系统能有效提升车辆高速高附转向时的行驶稳定性与低速低附转向时的转向灵敏度和路径跟随性能。

集成式电液制动耐久测试系统中模拟卡钳负载的设计与仿真

在集成式电液制动系统耐久测试中,对于不同排液量的产品需更换不同的卡钳负载。针对这一问题,设计了缸体容积可调以适应不同需液量的模拟卡钳负载。基于仿真软件AMESim搭建了仿真模型,对其需液量-液压特性进行分析。基于CAN通讯研发了一套集成式电液制动系统耐久测试系统,对被测产品进行常规制动功和ABS等功能的耐久测试,负载机构通过球阀可以选择模拟卡钳装置或者实车卡钳。实验结果表明模拟卡钳负载可以满足被测产品进行耐久测试,且与卡钳负载对比后相差很小,符合厂商的测试需求。

基于硬件在环的双挂汽车列车高速横向稳定性控制研究

针对双挂汽车列车在高速超车工况的横向失稳、挂车折叠和甩尾等危险情况,提出了一种基于模糊比例、积分、微分(Proportion、Integral、Differential,PID)控制的直接横摆力矩差动制动控制策略,分别以双挂汽车列车TruckSim非线性模型与四自由度线性模型的质心侧偏角、横摆角速度的偏差及其偏差变化率为目标,设计了2种差动制动的横向稳定性控制策略,分别为仅牵引车控制的单控模式和牵引车加挂车都控制的多控模式,通过MATLAB/Simulink软件和TruckSim软件联合仿真以及硬件在环(Hardware-in-the-Loop,HIL)平台对控制策略的有效性进行仿真验证。结果表明:在高速超车工况下,相较于无控制车辆和单控模式车辆,多控模式车辆的横向稳定性控制系统更能降低车辆的质心侧偏角、横摆角速度、铰接角和车辆后部放大(Rearward Amplification,RWA)系数,在改善双挂汽车列车横向稳定性方面优势明显。

基于滚柱丝杠执行装置的汽车电子制动器设计

文章提出和建立了一套以行星滚柱丝杠作为执行机构的汽车电子制动的方法体系。该方法的核心是通过减小行星滚柱丝杠的实际导程,从而实现较大承载能力和等效减速比,进而取消减速机构,达到简化结构、缩小体积、减轻重量的目的。阐述了电机转子直接驱动行星滚柱丝杠的螺母从而实现一体化执行器的方法,分析了保证制动顺畅的运动和动力计算的基本关系。某型号汽车电子制动器设计实例表明,汽车电子制动器与现有液压制动器比较,电子制动钳径向尺寸略小,导程小于0.54,可实现的减速比大于5,可替代现有的液压制动器。

一种自动化用调速电磁制动电机的创新设计

本文介绍了电机制动器和电机调速的作用,同时介绍并对比了不同厂家的电机制动器和电机调速构造及运行原理。提出了一种调速电磁制动电机的创新设计,有效改善电机的散热,降低电机的温升,并同时可以缩短电机的长度,更好的满足客户的安装使用。

线控制动系统主缸液压力滑模控制鲁棒性分析

针对一种全解耦式线控液压制动系统制动主缸液压力控制过程中,易受系统参数不确定性和外界摄动量等因素的干扰,从而造成制动主缸液压力控制过程中出现振荡、爬行等问题,提出了一种综合考虑系统不利因素影响的主缸液压力全局快速滑模鲁棒控制算法。通过对制动主缸动力学模型的简化,建立了含有干扰项的主缸液压力控制参考模型,并在此基础上设计了鲁棒控制律和主缸液压力滑模控制器;此外,定义了Lyapunov函数对制动压力控制系统滑模到达时间、稳定性和收敛性进行分析。通过MATLAB/Simulink、AMESim联合仿真,对该线控制动主缸液压力控制策略进行验证和评价,结果表明所提出的液压力控制策略具有很好的鲁棒性和稳定性,并能精确跟踪期望压力,且响应迅速。

低地板现代有轨电车制动系统功能完整性分析

低地板现代有轨电车作为环保、舒适、便捷的交通运输方式,越来越多地应用到城市轨道交通系统。低地板现代有轨电车可能运行在商业区、非独立路权,其运行区间与行人和车辆有交叉,发生紧急情况时优先考虑将车辆停下来以避免行人受到伤害。制动系统作为保证车辆安全的重要组成部分,其功能设置及其完整性是作为车辆指标评价的重要指标。针对低地板现代有轨电车的制动系统功能完整性设计,目前国内没有系统性的标准进行约束和规定,因此探讨定义制动系统功能及其完整性具有一定的迫切性。

动车组轮装制动盘整形修复技术研究

为节约动车组运营维护成本,实现制动盘的重复利用,开展某型动车组轮装制动盘修复技术研究。结合国内外动车组制动盘整形修复技术,同时开展了冷整形、热整形和冷热结合整形工艺验证,研究得出冷整形能显著降低制动盘的翘曲变形,但无法消除波浪变形;热整形能有效控制制动盘的波浪变形,但不能完全消除制动盘的翘曲变形;冷热结合整形工艺可有效控制制动盘的翘曲变形和波浪变形,整形后的制动盘变形量均能达到规定要求。通过多次验证最后开发出制动盘冷热结合的整形修复技术及修复工艺参数,试验结果显示,冷热结合整形修复工艺不影响制动盘的各项性能指标,修复后的制动盘满足修复技术条件的要求。

铁路再生制动能量利用控制策略研究

随着电气化铁路的不断发展,节能降耗关乎铁路运营效益。本文以铁路机车再生制动能量为研究对象,通过对大秦铁路再生能量现状及变电所负荷特性进行分析,研究由能量融通装置和混合储能装置组成的再生制动能量利用系统方案;对系统结构、工作原理、分部控制策略以及对既有供电设备的保护方案进行阐述,并提出基于SOC反馈的模糊控制策略,对储能系统功率进行二次修正,使其充分利用混合储能系统的物理特性。通过结合实测数据的仿真,验证所提策略的有效性和可行性。

Design of the pressure regulation algorithm for active braking in vehicle ACC system

To develop the pressure control algorithm for active braking of adaptive cruise control（ACC） system,a test bench with real parts of the tested vehicle is built.With the dynamic analysis of the active braking actuators,it is demonstrated that different duty of pulse-width modulation（PWM） signals could control the pressure changing rate of the wheel cylinder.To obtain that signal,a modified proportional-integral-differential（PID） control algorithm is developed using the variable parameter method,the control value reset method,the dead zone method and the integral saturation method.Experimental results show that the delay and overshoot of the pressure response could be reduced considerably using the modified PID algorithm compared with the conventional one.The proposed pressure control algorithm could be used for the further development of the ACC＇s controller.

Adaptive fuzzy integral sliding mode pressure control for cutter feeding system of trench cutter

A nonlinear pressure controller was presented to track desired feeding pressure for the cutter feeding system(CFS) of trench cutter(TC) in the presence of unknown external disturbances.The feeding pressure control of CFS is subjected to unknown load characteristics of rock or soil; in addition,the geological condition is time-varying.Due to the complex load characteristics of rock or soil,the feeding velocity of TC is related to geological conditions.What is worse,its dynamic model is subjected to uncertainties and its function is unknown.To deal with the particular characteristics of CFS,a novel adaptive fuzzy integral sliding mode control(AFISMC) was designed for feeding pressure control of CFS,which combines the robust characteristics of an integral sliding mode controller and the adaptive adjusting characteristics of an adaptive fuzzy controller.The AFISMC feeding pressure controller is synthesized using the backstepping technique.The stability of the overall closed-loop system consisting of the adaptive fuzzy inference system,integral sliding mode controller and the cutter feeding system is proved using Lyapunov theory.Experiments are conducted on a TC test bench with the AFISMC under different operating conditions.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed AFISMC feeding pressure controller for CFS gives a superior and robust pressure tracking performance with maximum pressure tracking error within ?0.3 MPa.

面向智能车辆的EMB系统功能安全分析及应用设计

为提高电子机械制动(EMB)系统的可靠性,基于ISO26262标准,开展EMB系统功能安全分析及设计。面向智能驾驶车辆,进行相关项定义;应用危害分析和风险评估(HARA)方法论,得到汽车安全完整性等级(ASIL)和系统安全目标,并建立系统安全机制,通过故障树(FTA)模型进行安全验证,实现安全目标的逐层分解;基于EMB系统安全机制搭建失效控制模块,设计制动力重构算法并利用联合仿真模型进行系统验证。结果表明:该系统设计方案同时满足应用于智能车辆的EMB系统的功能需求和安全需求。