Effects of Cd^(2+) and Pb^(2+) on the substrate biofilms in the integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland

The effects of single Cd^(2+)and Pb^(2+),and combined Cd^(2+)and Pb^(2+)on dehydrogenase activity and polysaccharide content of the substrate biofilms in the integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland(IVCW)were studied.Dehydrogenase activities decreased linearly with the increasing concentrations of Cd^(2+)and Pb^(2+)at different times(6,24,72,and 120 h).The activities at both 6 and 24 h were significantly higher than that at 72 and 120 h in the case of single and combined treatments.The single Cd^(2+)and...

Treatment Efficiency of Integrated Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetland for Saline Wastewater

The integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland（IVCW） was simulated with three suits of designed experiment columns planted with Kandelia candel.Units A,B and C were irrigated with sewage of different salinity（A：10‰ B：20‰,C：30‰）,respectively.The removal rates of dissolved organic carbon（DOC）,NH3-N and NO3--N dropped 90.4%-48.6%,80.2%-40.3% and 84.8%-60.9%,respectively,when salinity increases from 10‰ to 30‰.The removal rate of TP increased 14%-31.2%,oppositely.A 20-day inflow salinity drastic change shock affective trial was done on units D and E.Unit D was used as a control and irrigated with saline sewage（20‰）.Unit E was irrigated with sewage with low salinity（5‰） as a salinity drastic change shock on the third and fourth days.DOC,NH3-N and NO3--N removal efficiency of unit E showed a three-stage process of change,＂rapidly decrease,increase beyond the normal standard,and then back to the normal standard＂.TP removal value was negative during the 2-day shock period.

Enhancing treatment efficiency of swine wastewater by effluent recirculation in vertical-flow constructed wetland

Livestock wastewater has been a major contributor to Chinese cultural eutrophication of surface waters. Constructed wetlands are under study as a best management practice to treat wastewater from dairy and swine operations, but the removal efficiency of pollutants is relatively low. Enhancing the treatment efficiency of livestock wastewater by effluent recirculation was investigated in a pilot-scale vertical-flow constructed wetland. The wetland system was composed of downflow and upflow stages, on which narrow-leaf Phragmites communis and common reed Phragraites Typhia are planted, respectively; each stage has a dimension of 4 m^2 （2 m × 2 m）. Wastewater from facultative pond was fed into the system intermittently at a flow rate of 0.4 m^3/d. Recirculation rates of 0, 25%, 50%, 100% and 150% were adopted to evaluate the effect of the recirculation rate on pollutants removal. It shows that with effluent recirculation the average removal efficiencies of NH4-N, biological oxygen demand （BOD5） and suspended solids（SS） obviously increase to 61.7%, 81.3%, and 77.1%, respectively, in comparison with the values of 35.6%, 50.2%, and 49.3% without effluent recirculation. But the improvement of TP removal is slight, only from 42.3% to 48.9%. The variations of NH4-N, dissolved oxygen（DO） and oxidation-reduction potential（ORP） of inflow and outflow reveal that the adoption of effluent recirculation is benefi- cial to the formation of oxide environment in wetland. The exponential relationships with excellent correlation coefficients （R2 〉0.93） are found between the removal rates of NH4-N and BOD5 and the recirculation rates. With recirculation the pH value of the outflow decreases as the alkalinity is consumed by gradually enhanced nitrification process. When recirculation rate is kept constant 100%, the ambient temperature appears to affect NH4-N removal, but does not have significant influence on BOD5 removal.

Performance of hybrid constructed wetland systems for treating septic tank effluent

The integrated wetland systems were constructed by combining horizontal-flow and vertical-flow bed, and their purification efficiencies for septic tank effluent were detected when the hydraulic retention time （HRT） was 1 d, 3 d, 5 d under different seasons. The results showed that the removal efficiencies of the organics, phosphorus were steady in the hybrid systems, but the removal efficiency of total nitrogen was not steady due to high total nitrogen concentration in the septic tank effluent. The average removal rates of COD （chemical oxygen demand） were 89%, 87%, 83%, and 86% in summer, autumn, winter and spring, respectively, and it was up to 88%, 85%, 73%, and 74% for BOD5 （5 d biochemical oxygen demand） removal rate in four seasons. The average removal rates of TP （total phosphorous） could reach up to 97%, 98%, 95%, 98% in four seasons, but the removal rate of TN （total nitrogen） was very low. The results of this study also indicated that the capability of purification was the worst in winter. Cultivating with plants could improve the treated effluent quality fTom the hybrid systems. The results of the operation of the horizontal-flow and vertical-flow cells （hybrid systems） showed that the removal efficiencies of the organics, TP and TN in horizontal-flow and vertical-flow cells were improved significantly with the extension of HRT under the same season. The removal rate of 3 d HRT was obviously higher than that of 1 d HRT, and the removal rate of 5 d HRT was better than that of 3 d HRT, but the removal efficiency was not very obvious with the increment of HRT. Therefore, 3 d HRT might be recommended in the actual operation of the hybrid systems for economic and technical reasons.

Constructed Wetland Systems as a Methodology for the Treatment of Wastewater in Bucaramanga Industrial Park

Effluent discharges from municipal, industrial, and agricultural activities constitute major sources of pollution on land and water bodies. During the 1990s, large-scale application of Constructed Wetlands (CWs) as a remediation option drew much attention globally from the public and green groups alike. The most common application of CWs is for flow management in river system and little is documented on using CWs for treating polluted river water. This article goes beyond constructed wetlands as a stand-alone methodology to propose an integrated remediation system incorporating constructed wetlands in Bucaramanga Industrial Park S.A., Santander (Colombia), which will form part of an innovation park. In addition to pollution abatement, the project is projected to provide other environmental benefits to the entire Oro River Sub-basin. Other benefits of the project include mitigation of environmental impacts, improvement in water quality, landscape amenity, as well as tourism and recreational benefits.

Performance of different macrophytes in the decontamination of and electricity generation from swine wastewater via an integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell process

Plants constitute a major element of constructed wetlands(CWs).In this study,a coupled system comprising an integrated vertical flow CW(IVCW) and a microbial fuel cell(MFC) for swine wastewater tre atment was developed to research the effects of macrophytes commonly employed in CWs,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica,on decontamination and electricity production in the system.Because of the different root types and amounts of oxygen released by the roots,the rates of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonium nitrogen(NH4^+-N) removal from the swine wastewater differed as well.In the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,the COD removal rates were 80.20%,88.07%,84.70%,and 82.20%,respectively,and the NH4+-N removal rates were 49.96%,75.02%,70.25%,and 68.47%,respectively.The decontamination capability of the Canna indica system was better than those of the other systems.The average output voltages were 520±42,715±20,660±27,and 752±26 mV for the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,respectively,and the maximum power densities were 0.2230,0.4136,0.3614,and0.4964 W/m^3,respectively.Ipomoea aquatica had the largest effect on bioelectricity generation promotion.In addition,electrochemically active bacteria,Geobacter and Desulfuromonas,were detected in the anodic biofilm by high-throughput sequencing analysis,and Comamonas(Proteobacteria),which is widely found in MFCs,was also detected in the anodic biofilm.These results confirmed the important role of plants in IVCW-MFCs.

复合垂直流人工湿地基质理化性质对nirS和nirK型反硝化菌多样性的影响

深入研究复合垂直流人工湿地基质理化性质及其对相关脱氮反硝化微生物的影响,可为解析人工湿地污水处理及提高脱氮效率提供理论依据。2020年12月采集贵州喀斯特地区复合垂直流人工湿地4口池(一级垂直流下行池、一级垂直流上行池、二级垂直流下行池、二级垂直流上行池)的基质样品,用Illumina高通量测序技术获得反硝化功能基因序列,分析其种群组成和多样性特征,并采用冗余分析揭示反硝化菌群落与基质理化性质之间的相关性。结果表明,复合垂直流人工湿地中4口池的基质理化性质存在显著差异;pH在4口池中均呈中性,溶解氧(DO)呈先下降后升高趋势,下行池的基质电导率(EC)均比上行池要高;总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量随着人工湿地梯级呈显著下降趋势,未出现厌氧现象;NO_(3)^(-)-N和NH_(4)^(+)-N含量在二级垂直流下行池中大量积累并达到峰值。在多样性分析中,nirS、nirK型反硝化菌丰度随着人工湿地梯级呈先降低后升高的趋势,多样性随人工湿地级数逐渐降低,且下行池丰度多样性显著高于上行池。基质中nirS型反硝化菌共5门9属,nirS型为6门14属,变形菌门是nirS、nirK型反硝化菌群的共同优势菌门,相对丰度为55.36%~65.72%、30.06%~45.66%。nirS、nirK型反硝化菌共有OTUs数分别为392、245,并与反硝化菌群OTUs数目趋势一致,从多角度表明nirS型反硝化菌群丰度明显高于nirK型,且共有OTUs占有率高达41.6%和41.7%,表明各级池中反硝化菌群相似度较高。冗余分析表明基质中nirS和nirK反硝化菌群的构建主要受pH、NH4+-N、DO、TP、TN影响,且nirS型对pH、nirK型对NH4+-N的响应更为强烈。

Effect of artificial aeration on the performance of vertical-flow constructed wetland treating heavily polluted river water

Three lab-scale vertical-flow constructed wetlands （VFCWs）, including the non-aerated （NA）, intermittently aerated （IA） and continuously aerated （CA） ones, were operated at different hydraulic loading rates （HLRs） to evaluate the effect of artificial aeration on the treatment efficiency of heavily polluted river water. Results indicated that artificial aeration increased the dissolved oxygen （DO） concentrations in IA and CA, which significantly favored the removal of organic matter and NH4＋-N. The DO grads caused by intermittent aeration formed aerobic and anoxic regions in IA and thus promoted the removal of total nitrogen （TN）. Although the removal efficiencies of CODEr, NH4＋-N and TN in the three VFCWs all decreased with an increase in HLR, artificial aeration enhanced the reactor resistance to the fluctuation of pollutant loadings. The maximal removal efficiencies of CODEr, NH4＋-N and total phosphorus （TP） （i.e., 81%, 87% and 37%, respectively） were observed in CA at 19 cm/day HLR, while the maximal TN removal （i.e., 57%） was achieved in IA. Although the improvement of artificial aeration on TP removal was limited, this study has demonstrated the feasibility of applying artificial aeration to VFCWs treating polluted river water, particularly at a high HLR.

Toxic effect of perfluorooctane sulfonate on plants in vertical-flow constructed wetlands

Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)can be taken up and bioaccumulated in plants,but the toxic mechanisms of PFASs on wetland plants are still unclear.In present study,the toxic influences of perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS)on Eichhornia crassipes(E.crassipes)and Cy perus alternifolius(C.alternifolius)in a vertical-sub surface-flow constructed wetland were evaluated.The results showed that E.crassipes was more tolerant to PFOS stress than C.alternifolius,and the growth and chlorophyll synthesis of the two plants were promoted by low concentration(<0.1 mg/L)of PFOS,and the chlorophyll synthesis was inhibited by high concentration(10 mg/L)of PFOS but the growth did not change obviously.The catalase activity and malondialdehyde content in the leaves of the two plants increased,peroxidase activity decreased under exposure to high concentrations of PFOS,and superoxide dismutase activity did not change.Under PFOS stress,the membrane of plant leaves and the cell structure of the two wetland plants were destroyed,and the mitochondrial contour of root cells became incomplete.Tanscriptomic analysis showed that the expression levels of genes related to cell wall formation,the cell apoptosis pathway,material synthesis,and metabolism in the plants were changed by PFOS.Analysis in fluorogenic quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)also confirmed that the photosynthesis system of E.crassipes was inhibited,while that of C.alternifolius was promoted.

Decontamination efficiency and root structure change in the plant-intercropping model in vertical-flow constructed wetlands

Subtropical climatic conditions can contribute to the death of the aerial parts of constructed wetland plants in winter. This presents a barrier to the widespread application of constructed wetland and is an issue that urgently needs to be solved. Three contrasting experi- ments, the plant-intercropping model （A）, the warm- seasonal plant model （B）, and the non-plant model （C）, were studied in terms of their efficiency in removing pollutants, and the change in root structure of plants in the plant-intercropping model within the vertical-flow con- structed wetlands. The results indicate that model A was able to solve the aforementioned problem. Overall, average removal rates of three pollutants （CODcr, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorous （TP）） using model A were significantly higher than those obtained using models B and C （P 〈 0.01）. Moreover, no significant differences in removal rates of the three pollutants were detected between A and B during the higher temperature part of the year （P〉 0.05）. Conversely, removal rates of the three pollutants were found to be significantly higher using model A than those observed using model B during the lower temperature part of the year （P 〈 0.01）. Furthermore, the morphologies and internal structures of plant roots further demonstrate that numerous white roots, whose distribution in soil was generally shallow, extend further under model A. The roots of these aquatic plants have an aerenchyma structure composed of parenchyma cells, therefore, roots of the cold-seasonal plants with major growth advantages used in A were capable of creating a more favorable vertical-flow constructed wetlands media- microenvironment. In conclusion, the plant-intercropping model （A） is more suitable for use in the cold environment experienced by constructed wetland during winter.

复合潜流-潮汐流人工湿地基质对微污染水体的净化性能研究

为强化组合人工湿地对微污染水体的修复,构建了两级复合潜流-潮汐流组合人工湿地(IVCW-TFCW1)和一个单独运行的潮汐流人工湿地(TFCW2)。连续运行结果表明:在进水中,COD、NH_(3)-N、TN、TP的平均浓度分别为106.69、9.36、14.36和1.03 mg·L^(-1)的条件下,IVCW-TFCW1能够有效地净化微污染河水,其对COD、NH_(3)-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为93.79%、98.62%、77.24%、18.16%。其中,IVCW对COD、NH_(3)-N的去除率达到87.38%和97.29%,二级TFCW1在此基础上进一步净化,使其出水浓度降至6.60和0.13 mg·L^(-1),达到了国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)Ⅰ类标准。通过对实验结果的比较,发现不同湿地单元对COD、NH_(3)-N、TN的净化效果均表现为:IVCW-TFCW1>IVCW>TFCW2;对于TP的净化效果:TFCW1>IVCW>IVCW-TFCW1。微生物群落分析结果表明,IVCW中硝化螺菌属丰度显著高于TFCW1和TFCW2。TFCW2中具有除磷作用的黄杆菌属丰度明显高于IVCW和TFCW1,揭示了不同湿地单元微生物进行脱氮除磷机制与净化能力。

丘陵地带农村生活污水收集处理研究--以眉山市仁寿县为例

为探索研究适合丘陵地带农村生活污水的收集处理模式,选取四川省眉山市仁寿县文宫镇的三个村组作为示范点,开展农村生活污水收集管网和集中处理终端建设研究。在对示范村组气候特征、地势地形、民房分布、污水排放及污水水质等进行充分调研分析的基础上,结合四川省农村生活污水排放标准,进行示范点污水收集处理系统的设计、施工、调试及试运行。示范工程建成试运行一年以来,入户支管无破损,主管网系统排水流畅,处理系统出水水质稳定达标,终端系统与周边环境相容性高,系统运行维护简便。本研究可为丘陵地带农村生活污水收集处理提供参考依据及技术模板。

Modeling the effects of constructed wetland on nonpoint source pollution control and reservoir water quality improvement

This article describes the integrated modeling approach for planning the size and the operation of constructed wetlands for maximizing retention of nonpoint source pollutant loads and reservoir water-quality improvement at a catchment scale. The experimental field-scale wetland systems （four sets, 0.88 ha each） have been in operation since 2002, where water depth was maintained at 30-50 cm and hydraulic loading rate was at 6.3-18.8 cm/day. The wetland system was found to be adequate for treating polluted stream water with stable removal efficiency even during the winter. The integrated modeling system （modified-BASINS） was applied to the Seokmoon estuarine reservoir watershed and calibrated with monitoring data from constructed wetland, stream, and reservoir. The calibrated integrated modeling system estimated that constructing wetlands on 0.5% （about 114 ha） of the watershed area at the mouth of reservoir could reduce 11.61% and 13.49% of total external nitrogen and phosphorus loads, respectively. It also might improve the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of the reservoir by 9.69% and 16.48%, respectively. The study suggested that about 0.1%-1.0% of the watershed area should be allocated for constructed wetland to meet specified water-quality standards for the estuarine reservoir at the polder area where land use planning is relatively less complicated.

复合垂直流人工湿地真菌群落与基质微环境的关系研究

采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对喀斯特地区复合垂直流人工湿地中基质微环境的真菌群落结构与多样性进行测序与分析,以探究真菌群落与基质微环境之间的关系,为复合垂直流人工湿地的维护、高效脱氮以及周边生态环境的改善提供依据。结果表明,各级湿地基质微环境对真菌群落特征表现有显著影响,土壤真菌多样性及丰度呈现出了先减小再增加的趋势。优势菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、罗兹菌门(Rozellomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota),数量占80%以上。此外,孢霉菌门(Mortierellomycota)与单毛壶菌门(Monoblepharomycota)也占有一定比例。从一级垂直流下行池至生物稳定塘的过程中,各级湿地的不同导致属水平真菌群落结构有显著性差异,木霉菌属(Trichoderma)、鬼伞属(Coprinellus)、Paraphaeosphaeria、Aquamyces分别为一级垂直流下行池至、上行池以及二级垂直流下行池、上行池的优势菌属,生物稳定塘的优势菌属是塞伯林德纳属(Cyberlindnera)与口蘑属(Tricholoma)。冗余分析以及斯皮尔曼分析表明,环境因子的不同也是导致各级湿地中真菌群落结构差异的主要原因之一。研究中,影响真菌群落变化的主要驱动因素为pH值、溶解氧质量浓度、氨态氮质量比、硝态氮质量比和总氮质量比,与此同时子囊菌门青霉属菌(Penicillium)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)与木霉属(Trichioderma)的真菌对复合垂直流人工湿地脱氮起到了一定的作用。

Removal,distribution and plant uptake of perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS)in a simulated constructed wetland system

A vertical-flow constructed wetland(VFCW)was used to treat simulated domestic sewage containing perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS).The removal rate of PFOS in the domestic sewage was 93%–98%,through soil adsorption and plant uptake,suggesting that VFCWs can remove PFOS efficiently from wastewater.The removal of PFOS in the VFCW was dependent on soil adsorption and plant uptake;moreover,the percentage of soil adsorption was 61%–89%,and was higher than that of the plants uptake(5%–31%).The absorption capacity of Eichhornia crassipes(E.crassipes)(1186.71 mg/kg)was higher than that of Cyperus alternifolius(C.alternifolius)(162.77 mg/kg)under 10 mg/L PFOS,and the transfer factor of PFOS in E.crassipes and C.alternifolius was 0.04 and 0.58,respectively,indicating that PFOS is not easily translocated to leaves from roots of wetland plants;moreover,uptake of PFOS by E.crassipes was more than that of C.alternifolius because the biomass of E.crassipes was more than that of C.alternifolius and the roots of E.crassipes can take up PFOS directly from wastewater while C.alternifolius needs to do so via its roots in the soil.The concentration of 10 mg/L PFOS had an obvious inhibitory effect on the removal rate of total nitrogen,total phosphorus,chemical oxygen demand,and ammonia nitrogen in the VFCW,which decreased by 15%,10%,10%and 12%,respectively.Dosing with PFOS in the wastewater reduced the bacterial richness but increased the diversity in soil because PFOS stimulated the growth of PFOS-tolerant strains.

人工湿地基质环境因子对AOA和AOB多样性的影响

该文以贵州某地复合垂直流人工湿地作为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术研究氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)群落分布与多样性特征。结果表明,不同等级人工湿地对基质环境因子和微生物AOA和AOB群落分布特征均有显著影响,总体上AOB群落多样性及丰度均大于AOA,且AOB主导氨氧化过程。AOA的优势菌门主要为泉古菌和奇古菌门,AOB中变形菌门占优。人工湿地发现优势菌属为亚硝化弧菌属、亚硝化单胞菌属和亚硝化螺菌属。冗余分析表明,人工湿地基质环境因子导致AOA和AOB群落分布呈显著差异。AOA群落主要影响因子为铵态氮、pH和电导率,且呈显著正相关关系,而硝态氮会限制AOA群落的生长发育。对于AOB群落,p H与亚硝化螺菌属是主要影响因子,且呈显著正相关关系。亚硝化单胞菌属和亚硝化弧菌属主要影响因子是铵态氮、硝态氮和总氮,且呈显著正相关关系,而与溶解氧呈显著负相关。研究结果可为人工湿地功能微生物资源利用及科学管理提供依据。

广州市增城区农村生活污水设施运维分析

农村污水治理作为乡村振兴战略的重要任务直接影响着乡村建设的成果,但目前我国农村生活污水治理仍存在许多问题。因此,迫切需要进一步探讨现有农村生活污水处理方法的问题与现状,为我国农村污水治理提供参考。总结了集中式处理模式与分散式处理模式的优缺点,概括了目前我国农污治理现状,并以广州市增城区为例,对该地区内多座农村生活污水设施进行了现场调查和水质监测,根据调查结果统计分析了各类处理工艺的出水水质情况,并总结了增城区的运维经验。

复合构建湿地运行初期理化性质及氮的变化

研究了在间歇式进水条件下 ,复合构建湿地系统对氮的去除效果 ,阐述了温度、溶氧、pH等理化因子变化的原因。实验初期 ,系统尚处于不稳定时期 ,对N的去除不够理想。随着系统运转逐步步入稳定状态 ,对KN、NH+ 4 N、NO-2 N有明显的去除效果 ,平均去除率分别为 5 0 %、6 6 %和 71%。硝化 -反硝化作用是氨氮去除的主要途径。从总体上看 ,有植物系统中硝态氮的出水含量较对照系统高 ,说明间歇式进水以及植物的存在都有利于硝化作用的发生。实验发现 ,复合构建湿地在冬季仍能较好地改善水质 ,是一种有效的水链管理对策 。

复合人工湿地运行2a净化水禽污水效果

通过构建表流与潜流湿地相结合的复合人工湿地来处理水禽污染的富营养化水体,研究了运行2年的复合人工湿地对化学需氧量(CODcr)、总悬浮物(TSS)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)的去除作用。研究表明,复合人工湿地对CODcr、TSS、TN和TP的2年平均去除率分别为42.64%、72.64%、31.69%和52.67%;对污染物CODcr、TSS、TN、TP的去除效果随复合人工湿地运行时间变化而有所差异。在表流湿地中,夏季对CODcr的平均去除率要优于秋季,秋季潜流湿地和复合人工湿地对CODcr的平均去除率优于夏季。在对TSS的平均去除率,表流湿地、潜流湿地和复合人工湿地都表现为秋季优于夏季。表流湿地对TN的平均去除率表现为夏季显著优于秋季。在对TP的平均去除率中,表流湿地和复合人工湿地都表现为秋季优于夏季,而潜流湿地对TP的去除效果表现为秋季低于夏季。通过对进出水中的TP、TN、TSS和CODcr进行回归分析发现,除复合人工湿地和表流湿地区TSS的进水质量浓度与出水质量浓度无明显相关性外,其他复合人工湿地不同构建类型进出水的CODcr、TN、TP质量浓度均存在显著线性相关关系。该研究可为我国北方地区应用复合人工湿地处理富营养化水体提供理论依据。