Chemical leaching of coals would be required to produce cleaner coals for some special applications where physical benefi-ciation may not be effective enough.This would also help in recovering Li and rare earth metals...Chemical leaching of coals would be required to produce cleaner coals for some special applications where physical benefi-ciation may not be effective enough.This would also help in recovering Li and rare earth metals besides in the sequestration of CO_(2).About 20 Indian coals having complexly distributed moderate to high ash contents were sequentially treated with various alkali–acid such as NaOH-HCl,HF,HCl,HCl-HF,and NaOH-HCl-HF leaching.This aimed to establish and design the best stepwise sequential process for the highest degree of demineralisation through a chemical leaching process.Kinetics and process intensification studies were carried out.More than 80%demineralisation of Madhaipur and Neemcha coals was observed using the best sequential treatment designed presently.The repeated stepwise treatment of the alkali and the acid was also studied,which was found to significantly enhance the degree of demineralisation of coals.The integrated process of alkali–acid leaching followed by solvent extraction(Organo-refining)and vice versa of the treated coal was also studied for producing cleaner coals.展开更多
通过分析定量化不同肥料管理模式下的农田水氮利用效率和氮素平衡状况,为推荐合理的肥料管理模式提供依据。以连续6年(1992年9月—1998年7月)不同肥料管理模式(传统化肥,T1;有机肥,T2;有机无机配施,T3)的田间试验数据为基础,对土壤-作...通过分析定量化不同肥料管理模式下的农田水氮利用效率和氮素平衡状况,为推荐合理的肥料管理模式提供依据。以连续6年(1992年9月—1998年7月)不同肥料管理模式(传统化肥,T1;有机肥,T2;有机无机配施,T3)的田间试验数据为基础,对土壤-作物系统碳氮水循环过程模型WHCNS进行了校验,应用校验后的模型定量化分析了不同肥料管理模式下的农田氮素淋失、水氮利用效率及氮素平衡。结果表明:3个处理6年的总渗漏量均很大,在1230 mm左右,占总降雨量(无灌溉)的35%~38%,与试验地土壤质地偏砂性有关。3个处理的水分利用效率大小顺序为T3>T1>T2,作物产量的差异是其主要原因,T3处理的作物产量最高而T2处理的作物产量最低。3个处理的氮素利用效率大小顺序为T3>T2>T1,氮素的主要去向是作物吸收和硝态氮淋洗,其中只施化肥处理的氮素淋洗率最大,占氮肥总量的33.6%,有机无机配施处理的氮素淋洗率最低,仅占氮肥总量的23.5%。经过6年轮作后的土壤与初始条件相比,只施用化肥的土壤氮素亏缺严重,达到144 kg N·hm-2,而加入有机肥模式土壤氮素亏缺较小,T2和T3处理分别为55、79 kg N·hm-2。有机无机配施模式在保证作物较高产量的情况下,不仅减小了硝态氮的淋洗,提高了水氮利用效率,而且有利于保持土壤氮素平衡,是3种肥料管理模式中最好的。展开更多
文摘Chemical leaching of coals would be required to produce cleaner coals for some special applications where physical benefi-ciation may not be effective enough.This would also help in recovering Li and rare earth metals besides in the sequestration of CO_(2).About 20 Indian coals having complexly distributed moderate to high ash contents were sequentially treated with various alkali–acid such as NaOH-HCl,HF,HCl,HCl-HF,and NaOH-HCl-HF leaching.This aimed to establish and design the best stepwise sequential process for the highest degree of demineralisation through a chemical leaching process.Kinetics and process intensification studies were carried out.More than 80%demineralisation of Madhaipur and Neemcha coals was observed using the best sequential treatment designed presently.The repeated stepwise treatment of the alkali and the acid was also studied,which was found to significantly enhance the degree of demineralisation of coals.The integrated process of alkali–acid leaching followed by solvent extraction(Organo-refining)and vice versa of the treated coal was also studied for producing cleaner coals.
文摘通过分析定量化不同肥料管理模式下的农田水氮利用效率和氮素平衡状况,为推荐合理的肥料管理模式提供依据。以连续6年(1992年9月—1998年7月)不同肥料管理模式(传统化肥,T1;有机肥,T2;有机无机配施,T3)的田间试验数据为基础,对土壤-作物系统碳氮水循环过程模型WHCNS进行了校验,应用校验后的模型定量化分析了不同肥料管理模式下的农田氮素淋失、水氮利用效率及氮素平衡。结果表明:3个处理6年的总渗漏量均很大,在1230 mm左右,占总降雨量(无灌溉)的35%~38%,与试验地土壤质地偏砂性有关。3个处理的水分利用效率大小顺序为T3>T1>T2,作物产量的差异是其主要原因,T3处理的作物产量最高而T2处理的作物产量最低。3个处理的氮素利用效率大小顺序为T3>T2>T1,氮素的主要去向是作物吸收和硝态氮淋洗,其中只施化肥处理的氮素淋洗率最大,占氮肥总量的33.6%,有机无机配施处理的氮素淋洗率最低,仅占氮肥总量的23.5%。经过6年轮作后的土壤与初始条件相比,只施用化肥的土壤氮素亏缺严重,达到144 kg N·hm-2,而加入有机肥模式土壤氮素亏缺较小,T2和T3处理分别为55、79 kg N·hm-2。有机无机配施模式在保证作物较高产量的情况下,不仅减小了硝态氮的淋洗,提高了水氮利用效率,而且有利于保持土壤氮素平衡,是3种肥料管理模式中最好的。
