The term martial art is used as a heading to discuss a wide range of combative styles; however, the term is deployed in ways that exposes a disconnection between the term and the styles to which it is referring. In th...The term martial art is used as a heading to discuss a wide range of combative styles; however, the term is deployed in ways that exposes a disconnection between the term and the styles to which it is referring. In this paper, I explore the disconnection between the martial arts and posit that martial art is an oxymoron as described by Michel de Certeau. As an alternative to the oxymoronic use of martial art, I examine two conceptions of practice： the first advanced by Alasdair Maclntyre and applied to martial arts by Charles Hackney; the second advanced by Todd May and amended with ideas from Noel Carroll. The latter conception of practice begins to establish a new way to consider the relationships among the combative styles and how these can be incorporated into the term martial arts, thereby quelling the disconnection between the term and the styles.展开更多
The preceding parts of the review concerned kinanthropometric parameters, skeletal muscle recruitment, ergometry, systemic responses and adaptations. Main teachings of this third part of the whole review follow. At th...The preceding parts of the review concerned kinanthropometric parameters, skeletal muscle recruitment, ergometry, systemic responses and adaptations. Main teachings of this third part of the whole review follow. At the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Game, most vitamin users (91 percent) were boxers. After 18 days of endurance training at the altitude of 1800 m, in boxers, 1) erythropoietin and reticulocytes values increased, 2) remained unchanged parameters of iron metabolism and maximal oxygen uptake values, 3) iron supplementation decreased total body hemoglobin values. Zinc supplementation and/or regularity while boxing influenced plasma levels of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc in boxers. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion increased punches frequency and time to fatigue in boxers. Boxing-induced thermal dehydration yielded 1) body and muscle masses decrease compensated by increased neural input to muscle, to maintain muscle strength, but 2) a 26.8 percent performance fall. In boxers, fluid and food intake restriction 1) changed neither blood vitamin status nor plasma glutathione levels, 2) yielded a) a negative mood profile and a performance decrease, when resulted in body mass fall by 5.16 percent but b) no performance decrease when fall was by three percent. Diet protein or protein and caloric components decrease increased, in boxers, protein catabolism and, for the same submaximal workload, heart rate and oxygen intake. In food-restricted boxers, myoprotein catabolism increased with decreasing meal intake frequency. Competition and no-competition boxers utilize massage. Massage increased perceptions of recovery after a whole boxing performance. High level of cardiorespiratory fitness accelerates recovery process between boxing rounds.展开更多
Seven percent voluntary body weight decrease by boxers requires 21 days while 4.4 percent increase needs only one day. Energy and fluid intakes reduction does not affect boxers punching force. Boxers effective punch m...Seven percent voluntary body weight decrease by boxers requires 21 days while 4.4 percent increase needs only one day. Energy and fluid intakes reduction does not affect boxers punching force. Boxers effective punch masses and body weights correlate. Wrist girths and competition rankings of boxers correlate. Boxers show leanness body fat percentage. Boxers, generally highly mesomorphic, with increasing body weight, show ectomorphy decreases but endomorphy and mesomorphy increases. Vibration treatment enhances power in boxers arm flexors. Presence, nature and thickness of bandages and gloves donned influence boxers punch force. Stance posture adopted by boxers ends in locomotion functional parameters adaptations. Muscular recruitment sequence during rear straight punches may be influenced by the target height (head or body levels) and the boxer intention (produce maximal force or maximal speed). Handgrip strength: 1) increases from younger to older and from lighter to heavier boxers, and 2) correlates with competition ranking. Rear knee extension increases rear straight punching force to the head. Compared to uppercut and straight punches, the hook produces the highest change in hand velocity. Maximal forces are larger for the rear than the lead hand, and greater in more than in less experienced boxers. Hook punch force is greater than those of uppercut and straight punches. Boxer aim (produce maximum force or maximum speed) influence his punching force. Massage neither prevents a decrement in repeated performance nor has detrimental effects on performance, but increases recovery perceptions, compared with the passive rest intervention.展开更多
The present journal paper is the second of the three parts of a whole boxing practitioners physiology review. It is related to the boxing practice-derived systemic responses and adaptations. The first part of the revi...The present journal paper is the second of the three parts of a whole boxing practitioners physiology review. It is related to the boxing practice-derived systemic responses and adaptations. The first part of the review has dealt with kinanthropometric parameters, skeletal muscle recruitment and ergometry. The following and third part of the review is going to deal with dietary supplementation, weight control, recovery, altitude, faith, life expectancy, gender and childhood. Search engines and printed documents have helped gather the information that have been commented in the present and second part: responses and/or adaptations relating to 1) metabolism, 2) skeleton, 3) nervous system, 4) endocrine system, 5) cardiovascular system, 6) urinary tract and 7) pulmonary system. Detailed titles and subtitles of this part of the review are found at the end of the journal paper introduction. The main teachings from the present journal paper may be acquired through the consultation of the tables and figures that are positioned in the text, not forgetting the reminders and advice(s) that appear at the end of each of the seven parts of the journal paper (2.1.6., 2.2.2., 2.3.2., 2.4.2., 2.5.4, 2.6.4. and 2.7.3.).展开更多
文摘The term martial art is used as a heading to discuss a wide range of combative styles; however, the term is deployed in ways that exposes a disconnection between the term and the styles to which it is referring. In this paper, I explore the disconnection between the martial arts and posit that martial art is an oxymoron as described by Michel de Certeau. As an alternative to the oxymoronic use of martial art, I examine two conceptions of practice： the first advanced by Alasdair Maclntyre and applied to martial arts by Charles Hackney; the second advanced by Todd May and amended with ideas from Noel Carroll. The latter conception of practice begins to establish a new way to consider the relationships among the combative styles and how these can be incorporated into the term martial arts, thereby quelling the disconnection between the term and the styles.
文摘The preceding parts of the review concerned kinanthropometric parameters, skeletal muscle recruitment, ergometry, systemic responses and adaptations. Main teachings of this third part of the whole review follow. At the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Game, most vitamin users (91 percent) were boxers. After 18 days of endurance training at the altitude of 1800 m, in boxers, 1) erythropoietin and reticulocytes values increased, 2) remained unchanged parameters of iron metabolism and maximal oxygen uptake values, 3) iron supplementation decreased total body hemoglobin values. Zinc supplementation and/or regularity while boxing influenced plasma levels of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc in boxers. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion increased punches frequency and time to fatigue in boxers. Boxing-induced thermal dehydration yielded 1) body and muscle masses decrease compensated by increased neural input to muscle, to maintain muscle strength, but 2) a 26.8 percent performance fall. In boxers, fluid and food intake restriction 1) changed neither blood vitamin status nor plasma glutathione levels, 2) yielded a) a negative mood profile and a performance decrease, when resulted in body mass fall by 5.16 percent but b) no performance decrease when fall was by three percent. Diet protein or protein and caloric components decrease increased, in boxers, protein catabolism and, for the same submaximal workload, heart rate and oxygen intake. In food-restricted boxers, myoprotein catabolism increased with decreasing meal intake frequency. Competition and no-competition boxers utilize massage. Massage increased perceptions of recovery after a whole boxing performance. High level of cardiorespiratory fitness accelerates recovery process between boxing rounds.
文摘Seven percent voluntary body weight decrease by boxers requires 21 days while 4.4 percent increase needs only one day. Energy and fluid intakes reduction does not affect boxers punching force. Boxers effective punch masses and body weights correlate. Wrist girths and competition rankings of boxers correlate. Boxers show leanness body fat percentage. Boxers, generally highly mesomorphic, with increasing body weight, show ectomorphy decreases but endomorphy and mesomorphy increases. Vibration treatment enhances power in boxers arm flexors. Presence, nature and thickness of bandages and gloves donned influence boxers punch force. Stance posture adopted by boxers ends in locomotion functional parameters adaptations. Muscular recruitment sequence during rear straight punches may be influenced by the target height (head or body levels) and the boxer intention (produce maximal force or maximal speed). Handgrip strength: 1) increases from younger to older and from lighter to heavier boxers, and 2) correlates with competition ranking. Rear knee extension increases rear straight punching force to the head. Compared to uppercut and straight punches, the hook produces the highest change in hand velocity. Maximal forces are larger for the rear than the lead hand, and greater in more than in less experienced boxers. Hook punch force is greater than those of uppercut and straight punches. Boxer aim (produce maximum force or maximum speed) influence his punching force. Massage neither prevents a decrement in repeated performance nor has detrimental effects on performance, but increases recovery perceptions, compared with the passive rest intervention.
文摘The present journal paper is the second of the three parts of a whole boxing practitioners physiology review. It is related to the boxing practice-derived systemic responses and adaptations. The first part of the review has dealt with kinanthropometric parameters, skeletal muscle recruitment and ergometry. The following and third part of the review is going to deal with dietary supplementation, weight control, recovery, altitude, faith, life expectancy, gender and childhood. Search engines and printed documents have helped gather the information that have been commented in the present and second part: responses and/or adaptations relating to 1) metabolism, 2) skeleton, 3) nervous system, 4) endocrine system, 5) cardiovascular system, 6) urinary tract and 7) pulmonary system. Detailed titles and subtitles of this part of the review are found at the end of the journal paper introduction. The main teachings from the present journal paper may be acquired through the consultation of the tables and figures that are positioned in the text, not forgetting the reminders and advice(s) that appear at the end of each of the seven parts of the journal paper (2.1.6., 2.2.2., 2.3.2., 2.4.2., 2.5.4, 2.6.4. and 2.7.3.).
